Duk wanda koda yake bashi da wata masaniya game da asalin duniyar dabbobi a doron kasa ya san hakan masashon kudan zuma yana daya daga cikin tsoffin kwari a duniyarmu. Masana kimiyya sun faɗi bayyanar su tun kafin bayyanar mutum - shekaru miliyan 60-80 da suka gabata. Kuma a karshen karni na 20, an gano wani kwaro mai dauke da tarihin wannan nau'in a daya daga cikin ma'adanai a arewacin Burma (Myanmar), a daskarewa a cikin digon ambar. Kuma wannan nemo - kuyi tunani kawai! - kimanin shekaru miliyan 100.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Photo: Bee masassaƙin
Dandanon zuma ya riga ya saba da ɗan adam. Tare da farauta, mutanen zamanin da sun kasance suna aikin cire zuma daga ƙudan zuma. Tabbas, zuma wani yanki ne mai mahimmanci na abincin kakanninmu na nesa, amma shine kawai tushen asalin sukari da aka sani a wancan zamanin.
Bayyanar ƙudan zuma yana da alaƙa da fitowar tsire-tsire masu furanni a Duniya. An ɗauka cewa waɗanda suka fara zaɓan zaɓe sun kasance ƙwaro - ƙwari waɗanda sun ma fi na kudan zuma tsufa. Tun da tsire-tsire na farko ba su fara samar da ruwan sanyi ba, ƙwaro ya ci ƙwarinsu. Tare da bayyanar nectar, tsarin juyin halittar kwari ya zo matakin bayyanar proboscis, sannan zuwa tsawaita da kuma bayyanar mai zuma, kwantena don shayar da nectar.
Bidiyo: Masassaƙin kudan zuma
A wannan lokacin ne hymenoptera mafi girma ya bayyana - tsoffin magabatan zuma na zamani. Sun mamaye, sannu a hankali suna mallakar sabbin yankuna da yawa. Sun kirkiro da ilhami na komawa don yin kwalliya ga furannin jinsinsu, kuma wannan yana da matukar mahimmanci ga juyin halittar shuke-shuke masu furanni. A tsawon wannan tsawon rayuwar, yawancin kudan zuma sun taso, kuma yanzu masana kimiyya sun tsara nau'ikan wadannan kwari sama da dubu 20.
Daya daga cikin mafi girma daga cikin dangin kudan zuma shine masassarar kudan zuma. Sunan kimiyya shine Xylocopa valga. Kwarin bashi da sunansa "masassaƙi" bisa tsarin rayuwarsa, musamman ma ta hanyar yin gida gida. Tare da taimakon maƙwabta masu ƙarfi, ƙudan zuma suna haƙo rami a cikin itace, suna shirya gidajensu a can.
Kifin masassaƙin ya ninka na kusan uwan dan uwanta kusan sau biyu kuma ba shi da launi mai launin rawaya-baƙar fata. Bugu da kari, wadannan kwari ba su da yawa kuma ana sanya su a matsayin ƙudan zuma.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Kwarin masassaƙin kudan zuma
Bayyanar ita ce take rarrabe kudan zina masassaƙin daga duk sauran membobin jinsin. Da fari dai, kwari suna da girma sosai, mata na iya kaiwa tsawon 3-3.5 cm. Maza sun fi ƙanƙanta - 2-2.5 cm.
Abu na biyu, kan, nono da ciki na masassaƙan gaba ɗaya baƙi ne, masu sheki, babu ratsi mai launin rawaya, kamar na ƙudan zuma. Kusan duka jiki an lulluɓe da kyawawan gashin purple shunayya. Ba sa nan a cikin ciki kawai. Fukafukan sun yi kadan kaɗan da kwatankwacin jikin, a bayyane kuma kamar an raba gefen gefuna. Dangane da wannan tsarin, ana bayyana launin shuɗin-shuɗin su.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: saboda launin fuka-fukai ne yasa mutane suke raba kudan zumar masassaƙin zuwa shuɗi da shunayya. Koyaya, babu wasu bambance-bambance, banda launi, da aka samo a waɗannan rukunan biyu, saboda haka ana ɗaukar wannan rarrabuwa ba kimiyya ba, amma mai kyauta.
Mata sun bambanta da maza ba kawai a cikin girma ba, har ma a wasu wasu sifofin. Don haka, misali, mata suna da tsini, eriya mafi tsayi tare da jajayen tabo, ana iya ganin hakoran hakora a ƙafafun kafa na baya, kuma launin zafin da yake rufe jikin yana da shuɗi mai duhu, yayin da a cikin maza yana iya zama launin ruwan kasa.
Idanun masasunan ƙusa yana da fasali iri ɗaya da na yawancin kwari. Suna nan gefen duka kai. Bugu da kari, akwai wasu karin idanu guda uku kan rawanin kudan zuma.
Domin kudanci masassaƙin ya iya jurewa da ayyukanta - itace mai cinyewa - yanayi ya bashi kyakkyawar ƙwanƙwara da septa mai ɗanɗano da hammata mai ƙarfi. Kuma waɗannan, ba shakka, sune manyan sifofin da suka banbanta wannan nau'in kwari daga dangi mafi kusa - ƙudan zuma na ƙudan zuma.
Ina kudanci masassaƙin yake zama?
Hoto: Masassaƙin kudan zuma gama gari
Daga lokacin da suka bayyana a wannan duniya tamu, kudan zuma sun mallaki yanayin kasa sosai. Sun bar gidajen iyayensu sun ruga zuwa sabbin yankuna. An yi imanin cewa arewa da gabas sun haɗu da Himalayas, kuma a kudu da teku, tsoffin ƙudan zuma sun ruga zuwa yamma.
Da farko sun isa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya sannan suka fara mamaye yankin Masar. Mataki na gaba na ci gaba ya zama zuwa arewacin tekun Afirka, sa'annan mahaukatan sun isa Tekun Atlantika har zuwa gaba - zuwa Yankin Iberian.
Kuma sun zo yankin ƙasarmu daga Tsakiyar Turai, suna yawo har zuwa Ural. Duwatsun Ural sun zama babban cikas ga ƙudan zuma. Yanayin waɗancan wurare yana da tsananin wahala, kuma taiga mai cike da duhu bai ba ƙudan zuma damar dogaro da yawan abinci ba. Beudan zuma sun kasa shiga Siberia da Gabas mai nisa.
Amma wannan duk tarihi ne da kuma yadda halittar take rarraba ta. Tabbas, yanzu mazaunin ƙudan zuma ya fi yawa, kuma mutane sun kula da wannan. Ta hanyoyin kasuwanci, teku da kasa, an kawo kudan zuma zuwa Amurka da Mexico, sannan kuma zuwa Australia da New Zealand.
Ga kudan zuma masassaƙin, manyan wuraren har yanzu suna cikin Tsakiyar Turai da Yammacin Turai da Caucasus. Amma Rasha, a nan an rarraba jinsin a cikin mafi kyawun yanayin rayuwa. Waɗannan su ne Krasnodar Territory da Stavropol Territory, Middle da Lower Volga, Central Black Earth Region da sauran yankuna masu yanayi iri ɗaya.
Me kudanci masassaƙi yake ci?
Photo: Bee Masassaƙin Jar Littafin
Abincin man ƙudanci masassaƙa kusan ba ya bambanta da na ƙudan zuma:
- tsabagen ruwa;
- fure-fure;
- perga;
- zuma.
Da farko dai, ba shakka, tsire-tsire ne da kuma furannin furannin shuke-shuke - babban abincin a cikin lokacin daga bazara zuwa kaka. Bugu da kari, kudan zuma na cin perga (wanda kuma ake kira gurasar kudan zuma) da zumar su. Abun da aka fi so don kudanci masassaƙin itace itaciya ne da itacen fure mai launin ja. Amma gabaɗaya, suna lalata sama da nau'in 60 na shuke-shuke masu melliferous.
Idan kayi zurfin duba menu na masassaƙin masassaƙin, zaka iya rarrabe abubuwa masu mahimmanci da yawa. Don haka, alal misali, domin kwayar kudan zuma gaba daya ta zama mai karfi da inganci, kwari suna cin daskararren zuma da zuma - wadatattun kayan abinci na carbohydrates.
Kuma tushen furotin ga ƙudan zuma fure ne. Yana taimaka wajan kiyaye endocrine da muscular system a cikin lafiya. Yayin tattara fulawa, kudan zuma suna jika shi da miyau da kuma danshi domin ya jike, ya ɗan tsaya da yawa kuma baya ratse yayin dogon jirage. A wannan lokacin, godiya ga sirrin kudan zuma da kuma dukiyar fulawar ita kanta, aikin narkar da kurar pollen na faruwa, sakamakon haka ne kudan zuma ke zama.
Manya da ƙudan zuma suna cin abinci akan perga. Sun kuma yi amfani da shi don juya shi a cikin gruel da / ko jelly na masarauta, ya zama dole don ciyar da tsutsa, tare da taimakon ɓoyewar gland na jaw.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Bee masassaƙin
Duk da girman da yake da shi idan aka kwatanta shi da danginsa na kusa, kudan zina masassaƙin baya yin wata barazana ga wata halitta a cikin dabbobin daji. Wadannan kwari kwata-kwata ba su da karfi. Tabbas, masassaƙin mata na iya amfani da makamin nata kawai - abin harbawa, amma tana yin hakan ne kawai don kare kai ko kuma haɗarin gaske ga rayuwarta.
Koyaya, yawan dafin da aka yi mashi da masassaƙin ƙuraren kafinta babba ne, saboda haka yana haifar da kumburi mai raɗaɗi. Amma idan ba ku yi ƙoƙari ku afka wa gidan kudan zuma ba kuma ba ku zolayar ta da kanta ba, to da alama ba za ta ma kula da kasancewar kowa ba. Tana da isassun damuwa ba tare da ita ba.
Duk kudan zuma masu aiki ne a dabi'ance, amma kudanci masassaƙin aiki ne na gaske. Gaskiya ga laƙabin ta, tana yin rami mai zurfi a tsohuwar da ruɓaɓɓen itace. Zai iya zama komai - gine-ginen gona, kowane irin rubabbun allon da katako, itace da ta mutu, kututture, tsofaffin bishiyoyi. Itace mai laushi cikin sauƙi ta ba da kanta ga matsin lamba na muƙaman ƙudan zuma mai ƙarfi, kuma gidaje masu ɗimbin yawa sun bayyana a ciki, inda larvae zai rayu kuma ya bunkasa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: kudanci masassaƙin ya fi son itace kawai. Idan an zana fentin ko an bi da shi tare da mahaɗan kariya da na ado, waɗannan gourmets ɗin ba za su yi sha'awar sa ba.
Aikin cizon rami yana da hayaniya, kudan zuma na yin sauti kwatankwacin buzuwar ƙaramin madauwari. Ana iya jin wannan sauti a nesa na mita da yawa. Sakamakon kokarin da masaskin kafinta ya yi amfani da shi, an samar da wata kofar zagaye da kyau zuwa gida gida da kuma wurare masu matakai daban-daban na ciki har zuwa zurfin 30 cm.
Kifin masassaƙin ba kudan zuma ba ne. Waɗannan kwari ne su kaɗai. Kowace mace tana shirya nata mulkin mallaka. Ayyukan kudan zuma yana gudana daga Mayu zuwa Satumba, kuma a ƙarƙashin yanayin yanayi mai kyau - har zuwa Oktoba.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Kwarin masassaƙin kudan zuma
Ba kamar ƙudan zuma ba, ba a raba gidan masassaƙin masassaƙi zuwa sarauniya, ma’aikata, da kuma drones. Akwai mata da maza a nan kawai. Amma, kamar kowane kwari na wannan nau'in, cikakken mulkin mallaka yana sarauta tsakanin masassaƙa. Wannan matsayin ya samo asali ne saboda gaskiyar cewa babban aikin samar da mulkin mallaka, ciyarwa da kuma kula da kwayar halittar ya sauka akan mace.
Maza ba sa aiki tuƙuru, kuma aikinsu shi ne takin mata. A lokacin kiwo, maza suna da sha'awar su sosai. Ganin kudan zuma mai dacewa, sai namijin ya dauki wani matsayi a wani tsauni ya yi kara da karfi, yana kokarin jan hankalinta.
Idan mace ba ta nuna aikin da ya dace ba kuma ba ta bar gidajan ba, to shi kansa maigidan zai sauka zuwa mafakarta ya ci gaba da “zawarci” har sai wanda aka zaba ya rama. Maza sunada aure fiye da daya, kowannensu yana kiyaye karamin "harem", wanda mata 5-6 ke rayuwa a ciki.
Shirya wurin kwana, mace tana yin fure a ƙasan ramin kuma ta shayar da shi da ruwan aljihunta da kuma nata miyau. Ta sanya kwai a cikin hadin kayan abinci mai gina jiki. Daga zafin bishiyar da aka bari bayan ya ɗan cinye ramin kuma an manne shi da miyau, ƙudan zuma yana yin wani bangare, don haka yana rufe kwayar halitta da tsutsa mai zuwa a ciki.
A kan ɓangaren da aka kafa, ya sake yaɗa cakuda nectar mai gina jiki, ya sa kwai na gaba kuma ya rufe sel na gaba. Don haka, kudan zuma ya cika ramin duka kuma ya koma kan sabo. A sakamakon haka, gidan kafinta na masassaƙin ya sami tsari mai ɗimbin yawa da rassa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: ana iya kiran mazaunin ƙudancin masassaƙin da "'yan gida gida", tunda zuriya da yawa na mutane zasu iya amfani dasu.
Bayan kwan ƙwai, mace na kallon gida na ɗan lokaci kuma tana kiyaye shi. Mafi yawancin lokuta, mata masu girma suna mutuwa yayin sanyin hunturu, amma idan suka sami damar tsira daga hunturu, to a bazara mai zuwa zasu fara sabon zagayen kiwo.
Tsutsa suna girma da ci gaba da kansu. A ƙarshen lokacin bazara, suna pupate, kuma a farkon hunturu, ƙwayoyin sun riga sun sami ƙudan zuma, waɗanda aka tilasta su kasance a kulle har sai sun sami ƙarfi sosai.
A lokacin bazara, wanda ya riga ya balaga, mutane da suka balaga suna cinye hanyar su zuwa yanci kuma suna rugawa wajen neman nectar. Rayuwar su mai zaman kanta ta fara, sun fara shirya gidajen su na asali da kuma mallakar sabbin yankuna.
Abokan gaba na ƙwararren masassaƙin ƙudan zuma
Hoto: Masassaƙin kudan zuma gama gari
Saboda girmansu da kuma gidajensu masu ƙarfi na katako, ƙudan zuma masassaƙi suna da makiya ƙalilan a cikin daji fiye da ƙudan zuma na yau da kullun. Da farko dai, wadannan, hakika, tsuntsayen kwari ne - masu cin kudan zuma, shrike, masu cin kudan zinare da sauran su.
Haɗari yana cikin ɓoye wa ƙudancin masassaƙi da kuma wuraren zama na kwaɗi. Waɗannan suna cin abinci a kan nau'ikan kwari daban-daban, amma ba sa damuwa da cin abinci a kan kudan zuma, suna kame shi da ƙura da dogon harshensu mai mannewa. Wani wakilin wakili na masoyan waɗannan kwari shine gizo-gizo. Yana sakar gidan yanar sadarwar sa kusa da inda kudan zuma yake kuma kama mutane da ita.
Ba ƙaramin haɗari ga ƙudancin ƙudancin masassaƙin dangi ne na nesa kamar ƙaho. Suna da girma sau biyu, suna da fa'ida sosai kuma suna iya lalata ƙudan zuma da yawa don abincinsu.
Wani dabi'a, kodayake ba abokin gaba mafi hatsari na kudanci masassaƙin mazari ba ne. Ba koyaushe suke kai hari ba, musamman a kan irin waɗannan manyan wakilan ƙudan zuma. Sun fi son ganima. Koyaya, a waccan shekarun lokacin da mazari ke hayayyafa sosai, abinci baya wadatarwa, kuma kudan zuma masassaƙi suna shiga abincinsu tare da wasu kwari.
Kuma a kusancin farfajiyar duniya, kudan zuma masassaƙi suna kwanto ga ɓeraye da sauran ɓerayen ƙwayoyin cuta. Mafi yawansu ba sa iya isa wurin gidajen masassaƙan sai su lalata su, kamar yadda suke yi da amsar ƙudan zuma, amma galibi manya suna cin abincin rana tare da waɗannan ƙananan dabbobin. Tunda kudan zuma ba masassaƙin mutane bane kuma basu zama na gida ba, bai kamata su jira taimako ba a yaƙi da abokan gaba.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Kwarin masassaƙin kudan zuma
Duk da cewa mahimmancin kasancewar kudan zuma a cikin daji yana da wuyar wuce gona da iri, amma yawan su yana raguwa kullum.
Akwai dalilai da yawa don wannan:
- karuwar yawan gonaki;
- lura da tsire-tsire masu furanni tare da magungunan kwari;
- rashin lafiya;
- maye gurbi sakamakon ketarewa.
Irin wannan lamarin kamar karuwar filayen noma da noman lamuran da ke kan su ana iya daukar su a matsayin babban abin da ke haifar da raguwar yawan kudan zumar kafinta. A cikin yanayin yanayi - a cikin makiyaya, a cikin dazuzzuka - tsire-tsire suna rayuwa tare da lokutan furanni daban-daban. Wasu suna fure a farkon bazara, wasu a lokacin rani, wasu kuma a lokacin kaka. A cikin filayen, an dasa al'adu, wanda furannin sa bai wuce wata guda ba. Sauran lokaci, ƙudan zuma ba su da abin da za su ci, sai su mutu.
Bugu da ƙari, tsire-tsire masu ladabi suna jan hankalin ɗimbin rodents. A cikin yaƙi da su, mutum yana amfani da ƙwayoyi da yawa waɗanda ke taimakawa adana girbin. Esudan zuma, a gefe guda, yana shafa shuke-shuke da aka kula da shi, ya sami gagarumar kashi kuma wani lokacin mai guba na guba.
Masasunan ƙudan zuma ba su da inshora daga cututtuka. Larvae, pupae da manya sun kamu da cutar kwari (mites) kuma sun sami cuta mai tsanani - varratosis. Tick daya zai iya kashe mutane da yawa.
Idan ana maganar raguwar yawan masasunan kudanci, mutum ba zai kasa yin ambaton ayyukan dan adam ba a yayin ketare nau'ikan halittu. Sakamakon irin waɗannan ayyukan an miƙe a kan lokaci, amma masana kimiyya sun riga sun kafa hujjoji game da haɗuwar maye gurbi mai haɗari tsakanin nau'in kiwo. Irin waɗannan ƙudan zuma sun zama masu saukin kamuwa da cututtuka daban-daban, yanayin da ya saba da shi bai dace da su ba, kuma yankuna sun mutu kawai.
Kariyar kudan zuma
Photo: Bee masassaƙin littafin Red Book
Yawan masassaƙin masassuka yana raguwa. An lura da raguwa mai yawa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. Baya ga dalilan da aka bayyana a sashin da ya gabata, wannan aikin yana da tasirin gaskiyar cewa kudan zuma ba su da wurin zama. Ana sare gandun daji, ana maye gurbin gine-ginen katako da na zamani da na aiki - dutse, kankare, bulo.
A kokarin dakatar da wannan yanayin, an san kudanci masassaƙin a matsayin jinsin kariya kuma an lasafta shi a cikin littafin Red Book of Russia.Yawancin mazaunin wannan kwari na musamman sun zama ajiyar yanayi.
Ba boyayye bane cewa mahimmancin neman ƙudan zuma a cikin yanayi bawai kawai yana da nasaba da ikon amfani da dukiyoyinsu ba, amma yana da mahimmancin gaske ga yanayin kimiyyar halittar duniyar baki ɗaya. Kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na abincin da mutane ke ci sun dogara ne da ƙura. Ba tare da ambaton muhimmiyar rawar da ƙudan zuma suke takawa ba a cikin jerin kayan abinci da kuma tsarin rayuwa a cikin namun daji.
Masassaƙin kudan zuma - wakili mai ban mamaki na duniya mai rai, mai karfi da mai cin gashin kansa. Mutane ba su taɓa sarrafa shi ba, ya rage kawai ya kasance tare a cikin tsarin muhalli ɗaya tare da shi, ba tare da haifar da lahani ba, amma kare shi ta kowace hanya.
Ranar bugawa: 03/29/2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 19.09.2019 a 11:22
