Marubucin hoto mai rufi: Medvedeva Svetlana (@ msvetlana012018)
Jay - matsakaiciyar tsuntsu mai dauke da kyankyasai da kuma babban kukan shrill. Sunansa na Latin yana da alaƙa da kalmomin "hayaniya", "chatty". Jinsin na jays ya hada da nau'ikan guda takwas da sama da nau'ikan arba'in, wadanda suka banbanta da juna a nau'ikan plumage daban.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Jay
Sunan Latin - Garrulus glandarius aka ba ta a 1758 ta Karl Linnaeus. Idan kalma ta farko a cikin sunan ta ce tsuntsu yana da halin hayaniya, to na biyun ya fito ne daga Latin glandis, wanda ke nufin maɗaukaki da kuma jaddada fifikon abincinsa.
Linnaeus ta sami kamanceceniya da wannan tsuntsu tare da wakilan dangin corvidae, wanda ya hada da rooks, jackdaws, jugs, magpies, hankaka kansu, game da nau'in 120 gaba daya. Kakannin wadannan tsuntsayen an samo su ne a Turai; ragowar su na Miocene na Tsakiya ne, inda suka rayu kimanin shekaru miliyan 17 da suka gabata.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Launin fuka-fukan fure na shuɗin shuɗa bai da ƙarfi kamar yadda ake gani. Wannan yaudarar an ƙirƙira ta da ƙyamar haske a cikin tsari. Yana ƙirƙirar shimfiɗa mai ɗimbin yawa wanda ke ba da irin wannan kuzarin haske. Idan ka fisge alkalami ka duba ta wani bangare daban, to launin mai haske ya ɓace.
Ta hanyar nauyi, tsuntsayen ba su wuce 200 g ba, amma sun fi kyau saboda doguwar wutsiya da babban kai. Tsawon tsuntsu, la'akari da wutsiya, na iya isa 400 mm, amma a kan matsakaici - 330 mm, tare da ci gaban kusan 150 mm. Beak mai ƙarfi wanda ke da ikon fasa itacen oak, kwayoyi da sauran manyan baƙar fata. Yana da ɗan ƙarami, amma mai ƙarfi, girmansa daga ƙasan hancin matsakaita 33 mm.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: tsuntsaye jay
Mafi yaduwa, nau'in da aka zaɓa na Turai tare da ƙananan raƙuman tara. Tsuntsu mai laushi mai laushi, a kansa yana da haske kuma an ɗan cire shi da sauƙi. Lokacin da aka firgita, gashin fuka-fukan a bayan kai suna tashi. Blackaramar baƙar fata mai kama da gashin baki ta faɗaɗa daga baki. Launin jiki launin toka-ja ne, jiblar Siberia suna da kai mai jan launi, kuma na Turai sun fi sauƙi, akwai fuka-fukai masu duhu a kai, suna ƙirƙirar ratsi. Waɗanda ake samu a cikin Caucasus da Crimea suna da baƙar fata "hat".
Wuya ta fi wuya. Murfin gashin fuka-fukan na jirgin sama na baya shuɗi ne da ratsin baki, gashin gashin ya zama baƙi tare da alamun farin a ƙarshen. Fuka-fukan wutsiyoyi baƙaƙe ne, an yi fentin manya da na ƙasa da fari. Paafafun suna launin ruwan kasa.
Bidiyo: Jay
Groupungiyar da ke da ƙananan raƙum uku daga Arewacin Afirka: tare da ruɓaɓɓen ruɓaɓɓen fata, ruwan toka mai ruwan toka, kan haske da murfin duhu. Rukuni guda huɗu daga Gabas ta Tsakiya, Crimea, Turkiyya: tare da launuka masu launi iri ɗaya, rawanin baki da abin rufe fuska.
A Mongolia da Asiya ta Tsakiya akwai saxaul jay, ya sauka a cikin waɗannan daji kuma ba ya son tashi sama da gaske. Ya fi girma girma fiye da jackdaw, launin toka mai launi tare da baƙar fata wutsiya, tabo zagaye baki a maƙogwaronsa da ɗan tabon da yake zuwa daga ido zuwa baki.
A cikin dazukan Caspian na Iran, an ga wasu ƙananan raƙuman tsuntsu na saxaul mai ruwan toka da rawanin duhu. A cikin Himalayas - Himalayan, wanda kuma ana samunsa a Afghanistan da Indiya: baya mai launin toka, a kan ciki, launin toka mai launin ja. An manna wuyanta da farin fuka-fukai, kai baƙi ne.
Jay da aka kawata yana rayuwa a tsibiran Japan kuma ya bambanta sosai da dangi a launi: wuyan shuɗi da kai, fikafikan da wutsiya baƙaƙen shuɗi ne mai kalar purple, akwai fuka-fukai a wuya. Jiki yana da launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa-ja.
An samo jay ɗin da aka kirkireshi a cikin Malesiya da Thailand. Kajinta suna da taguwa kuma a hankali duhu zuwa baƙi, abin wuya ne kawai ya kasance fari-fari. Hannun layin asali kwata-kwata, mai tsananin haske, shuɗi, a cikin tsuntsu daga yankin Arewacin Amurka. Nono, ciki da kuma karkashin baki launin toka-fari ne, kanshi a wuyansa an tsara shi da bakin baki. Arshen fuka-fukai a fuka-fuki da wutsiya fararen dusar ƙanƙara ne.
A cikin Florida, shuɗin shuke-shuke masu rai suna rayuwa. Maƙogwaro da ciki launin toka ne, na baya baya launin toka ne mai duhu, sauran launuka kuma shuɗi ne mai duhu. A Amurka akwai wani nau'in da ake samu a ƙasashen Meziko, yana ɗauke da sunan baƙin magip jay mai duwatsu na doguwar jela da ƙyallen, kamar aku. Launin irin waɗannan mutane shuɗi ne mai haske, ciki fari ne, kumatu da wuya suna baƙar fata, “hular” da murtsun suna da launi iri ɗaya.
Hakanan akwai nau'in Yucatan wanda ba safai ba. A fayyace, tsuntsayen suna kama da mayu, amma tare da gajeren jela. Dukan tsuntsayen baƙi ne, fikafikan da wutsiya shuɗi ne masu haske, kuma bakinsa rawaya ne. Kuma wani nau'in yana kama da mayu, amma a launi: dukkan cikinsa fari ne, sauran gashin kuwa baki ne, a saman ido akwai gira mai shuɗi, akwai ɗan madaidaicin shuɗi a kumatu. Irin waɗannan mutane ana kiransu farin ciki.
A ina jay ke rayuwa?
Photo: Jay tsuntsu a cikin hunturu
Waɗannan hanyoyin suna yaduwa ko'ina cikin Turai, haka kuma a Maroko da Aljeriya, zangon ya faɗaɗa gabas zuwa bayan Urals da arewacin Gabas ta Tsakiya, ta hanyar Azerbaijan da Mongolia zuwa China, Koriya da Japan. A cikin Rasha, ana samun su a duk yankin inda akwai gandun daji, daga ɓangaren Turai, zuwa gaɓar Gabas ta Gabas, a cikin Kuriles da Sakhalin, ban da yankin yanayin ƙarancin ruwa.
Baya ga Eurasia, ana samun tsuntsaye a Arewacin Amurka. Suna zaune a cikin gandun daji iri daban-daban, musamman beech da ƙaho, amma an fi son itacen oak, kuma ana samunsa a wuraren shakatawa, a cikin manyan lambuna. A cikin yankunan arewacin da kuma cikin Siberia, suna zaune a cikin bishiyoyin bishiyoyi da gandun daji masu tsiro. A mafi yawan waɗanda ke kudu, suna zaune a wuraren da akwai shrubs. A cikin tsaunuka, suna tashi zuwa yankin pre-alpine.
Babban saxaul jay yana zaune a yankin Asiya ta Tsakiya da Mongolia. Tana zaune ne inda shrub din da ya bashi sunan shi yayi girma, tunda a lokacin hunturu, wannan nau'in yana yawanci ciyar da tsabar saxaul. Hakanan ana iya samun waɗannan tsuntsayen a kusa da wuraren zama a yankunan karkara da kuma a gidajensu na bazara, babban abu shine akwai gandun daji kusa da nan. Zasu iya yin yawo a lokutan sanyi na shekara, suna bayyana a cikin gandun daji marasa tsari da kuma rukunin bishiyoyi daban-daban.
Menene jay ke ci?
Hotuna: Bird na dangin jay
Tsuntsaye ne masu cin komai kuma abincin su ya dogara da yanayi. Daga rayayyun halittu, tana farautar kwari iri-iri, zata iya kama kwado ko kadangaru, kuci katantanwa da ƙwaya. Tsuntsayen suna kai wa ƙananan beraye da tsuntsaye hari, suna lalata gida, suna cin ƙwai da kajin. Idan a lokacin dumi akwai karin abincin dabbobi a cikin cikinsu, to a lokacin sanyi, wannan shine kayan lambu.
Itacen oak babban abinci ne na wannan wakilin kwastomomi a cikin daɗaɗɗun daɗaɗɗun gandun daji na Eurasia da Arewacin Amurka. An daɗe da lura da daidaito tsakanin adadin waɗannan tsuntsayen da girbin itacen ɗebo, mazaunin waɗannan tsuntsayen a yankin da kasancewar itacen oak.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Jays, yana adana bishiyoyi har kusan dubu biyar don hunturu, ɓoye su cikin keɓaɓɓun wurare, kuna ɗauke dasu. Ta wannan hanyar, suna ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar shukar. Yawancin itacen ɓaure da yawa da aka binne a cikin gansakuka ko ƙasa sun toho nesa da inda aka girbe su a lokacin bazara.
Wadannan tsuntsayen sun dace da cin ciyawar. Bakinsu madaidaiciya yana da kaifafan gefuna, da ƙananan, amma ƙafafu masu sassauƙa sanye take da kayoyi masu kaifi da ƙarfi. A cikin lokaci daga kaka zuwa bazara, lokacin da akwai sauran abinci kaɗan, cikinsu yana cike da itacen ɓaure ta hanyar 70-100%. Abincin su ya ƙunshi tsaba na tsire-tsire iri-iri, gami da spruce, pine, beech.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Wannan tsuntsu na iya daukar 'ya'yan itace guda biyar a lokaci daya, yayin da daya ke cikin bakin sa, wani kuma a cikin bakin sa, wasu kuma uku a cikin goiter.
Fuka-fukai, a cikin ƙananan yawa, ba tare da haifar da wata cutarwa ga amfanin gona ba, ciyar da:
- hatsi;
- sunflower;
- alkama;
- masara;
- legumes.
Wani lokaci suna jin daɗin kansu:
- raspberries;
- lingonberi;
- strawberries;
- tsuntsu ceri;
- rowan.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Daga cikin kwarin da jay ke ci a lokacin bazara, kashi 61% na kwari ne, kashi 1.5% ne kawai ke da amfani, sauran ba ruwansu da amfanin gona.
Daga kwari kwari, menu nata sun hada da:
- tagulla na zinariya;
- May beetles;
- jijiyoyi;
- bebelen kwari;
- mara nauyi da kuma pine silkworm;
- tsutsa masu yawa;
- cizon ganye.
Tsuntsayen, don neman abinci, suna ziyartar shukar inabi da lambuna. A lokacin kaka, bayan girbi, ana iya ganin su a cikin filaye da gadaje, inda suke diban sauran ƙananan kayan lambu: dankali, beets, karas, da hatsi a cikin gonakin da aka girbe.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Tsuntsayen tsuntsayen daji
Wadannan tsuntsayen suna da hankali sosai, ana iya ganin hakan a halayensu lokacin da suke zaune kusa da gidaje. Idan kuna ciyar dasu, to suna zuwa akai-akai, suna masu sanarwar dawowar tasu da kakkausar murya, da babbar murya. Ana jira har sai an sanya yanka burodi ko wani abinci a wurin da suka saba.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Jay a cikin madubi yana ganin kansa kamar tunani, misali, aku yana ganin ɗan'uwansa a wurin.
Wasu mutane a cikin jama'a suna rayuwa a zaune, wasu suna ƙaura zuwa yankuna masu ɗumi, wasu suna ƙaura zuwa yankin da suke zaune. Suna tafiya cikin rukuni na lambobi daban-daban daga raka'a biyar zuwa hamsin, akwai lokuta idan irin wannan garken ya kai adadin kofe dubu 3. Tsuntsayen suna gida a wurare daban-daban, duka a cikin daji da kuma kusa da makiyaya, kuma za su iya zama a kan wani babban hawthorn daji.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Wadannan halittu masu hayaniya suna da nutsuwa sosai, kuma muryar su tana da banbanci sosai, zasu iya kwaikwayon tsuntsaye da hayaniya daban-daban. A gida, ana iya koya musu magana.
Zasu iya haɗuwa a cikin garken don kare tsuntsayen ganima. Tsuntsaye suna wucewa cikin rabi na biyu, kuma kajin a ƙarshen bazara. Waɗannan kwarjinin suna rayuwa tsawon shekaru 7.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Sau da yawa ana iya ganin tsuntsaye a cikin gidan tururuwa, inda ba za su iya ciyar da kwari ba kawai, asid dinsu na kore kwayoyin cuta. Zai yuwu cewa cizon waɗannan kwari suna kwantar da itching yayin haɓakar gashin tsuntsu yayin nishi.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Tsuntsayen suna ƙirƙirar nau'i-nau'i, suna iya ɓacewa zuwa ƙungiyoyi na kusa da garken tumaki. Yaren sadarwa ta hanyar faɗakarwa sauti iri iri ne da ihu. Sauran nau'ikan tsuntsaye da dabbobi suma suna ganin alamun haɗari da jays ke bayarwa.
A gani, za su iya karanta yadda aka ji daga matsayin fuka-fukan a kan kai. Lokacin da firgita, ɗaukacin na tsuntsun ya ruɗe. A cikin raɗaɗɗun jays, ta'addancin halin ɗabi'a ne na tsaye; tare da tashin hankali, gashin fuka-fukan akan ƙugu suna ɗaukar shugabanci daga bayan kai zuwa bakin.
Lokacin saduwa a cikin yankunan arewacin kewayon sau ɗaya ne a shekara, farawa a watan Mayu, a ƙasan kudu - sau biyu. Daga farkon bazara, an kafa nau'i-nau'i. Namiji ya kula da mace, ya tashi ƙasa ƙasa, ya yi sautuka iri-iri, kuma ta ɗauki matsayi tana neman abinci, kajin, abokin tarayya yake ciyar da ita. A wannan lokacin, ma'auratan sun fara ginin gida. Yawanci galibi yana da mita huɗu zuwa shida sama da ƙasa, a mahaɗar wani muhimmin reshe da babban akwati. Faɗin sa kusan 19 cm, tsayin sa yakai 9 cm.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Al'adar neman aure ita ce tsuntsaye suna yin gida-gida sau daya a lokaci daya, amma sun kare daya ne kawai.
Ga tushe na waje, an kakkarye flexiblean itace masu sassauƙa daga bishiyoyi masu rai, komai an rufe shi da ƙananan iganƙara, saiwoyi, an liƙe shi da yumɓu, a saman wannan shimfida mai taushi mai taushi an yi ta ne da gansakuka, lichen, ciyawa bushe da ganye. Duk aikin yana ɗaukar mako guda. Idan wani ya sami gida, to masu shi sun barshi. Lokacin da magonry ya ɓace, tururi ya sa na biyu.
Jays na fara yin ƙwai a cikin Turai da kuma yankunan kudanci na Tarayyar Rasha a watan Afrilu. Akwai kwai 2-10 a cikin gurbi, amma a matsakaita akwai kwai 5 masu launin shuɗi ko kore. A wannan lokacin, ba a jin tsuntsayen kwata-kwata, suna guje wa daukar hankali. Mace ta hau kan ƙwai, bayan kwana 17 kajin sun makance kuma sun bar bawon ba zato. Bayan kwana biyar, idanunsu suka buɗe, gashin fuka-fuka sun fara girma bayan mako guda.
Kwana goma na farko mace zata kasance akan gida, sannan iyayen sukanyi bi-bi-bi suna ciyar da su, dumama da kare su. A lokacin ciyarwar, iyaye suna tashi don abinci na awanni 20 a rana, a wannan lokacin suna ciyar da kajin kusan sau 40. Bayan makonni uku, jariran suna shirye su tashi daga cikin gida. 'Yan kwanaki kafin hakan, suna rarrafe daga ciki kuma suna tafiya tare da rassan, amma ba su yi tafiya mai nisa ba.
Bayan sun riga sun fara tashi sama da kansu, sai su ci gaba tsakanin mita 10-20 daga gida. Har zuwa lokacin sanyi, yara ba sa matsawa nesa da iyayensu kuma suna tashi a cikin ƙaramin garken. Da farkon lokacin hunturu, sun zama masu zaman kansu. Balagagge na jima'i yana faruwa a shekara mai zuwa.
Halittan makiya na jays
Hotuna: Jay
Wadannan tsuntsayen suna farautar manyan dabbobi masu cin kashinsu. Da dare, mujiya da na mikiya na yin barazana. Da rana, manya-manyan fankoki, falgons na peregrine, goshawks, da hankaka sun afka wa jays. Daga cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, wakilan dangin weasel suna farautar su: martens, ferrets, sables, ermines. Suna cin kajin da kwai, amma kuma suna iya afkawa wani baligi da ke zaune a kan gida.
Gasar abinci na jays sune masu yanke itace, taurari, kayan alatu, baƙar fata, da gicciye. Amma tsuntsaye masu hayaniya suna da saurin fushi ga baƙi. Zasu iya kawo musu hari, su tsorata masu fafatawa, kamar shaho.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A yankin da baƙon fata ke ciyarwa koyaushe, jay lokaci-lokaci yakan tashi, yana bin bakaken gasa da hayaniya. Wannan ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da bakaken fata suka bar wannan yankin.
Daga cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, masu fafatawa da wadannan wakilan masu wucewa gori ne; suna kuma cin ciyawa da tsaba iri, da kayan abincin tsuntsaye. Za a iya kashe tsuntsaye ta hanyar sinadarai da ake amfani da su a ƙasar noma don magance kwarin. An lalatar dasu da gangan cikin gonakin inabi da gonakin inabi. Halittu masu fuka-fukai ba sa cutar da gonakin 'ya'yan itace ƙwarai, amma suna cikin tarko tare da taurari da fure.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Tsuntsaye tsuntsaye na Rasha
A Turai, yawan jay yana da nau'i nau'i 7.5-14.6, wanda yayi daidai da manya miliyan 15-29.3. A wannan yanki na duniya, ana samun kashi 45% na duka, sabili da haka, a ƙididdigar kimanin, a duk duniya, adadin su ya kai mutane miliyan 33-65.1 da suka manyanta. A cikin Turai, idan kun gano abubuwan da ke faruwa tsakanin 1980 da 2013, matsakaiciyar yawan jama'a abin lura ne, ana tsammanin ci gaban alƙaluma idan babu wata babbar barazana. An yi la'akari da halin da ake ciki a matsayin barga.
Waɗannan hanyoyin wucewar suna da yanki mai yawa na rarrabawa kuma basa kusantar ƙofar masu rauni. Yawan launin shudi a Arewacin Amurka shima yana da karko.
Ofaya daga cikin raƙuman saxaul jay, Ili, shine sanadin damuwa. Yana da wani endemic jinsin. Yana zaune a Kazakhstan, a kudancin yankin Balkhash. An jera shi a cikin Littafin Ja na Kazakhstan azaman keɓaɓɓun ƙasashe tare da kunkuntar kewayo da lambobi marasa ƙarfi. Ana samun sa a cikin Karakum, Kyzylkum, hamadar Balkhash. Gidajen zama tsakanin kogunan Ili da Karatal, wasu lokuta suna kama kishiyar bankunan waɗannan kogunan. A cikin rabin rabin karnin, yankin bai canza ba. Tsuntsaye suna zama marasa ƙarfi, ba tare da ƙaura ba.
Kariya na jays
Hotuna: Jay tsuntsu
Podoces panderi ilensis Ili jay ne tare da mazaunin Asiya ta Tsakiya. Wadannan rukunin jirgin suna rayuwa ne a cikin dunes, amma ba kan gangaren yashi ba, amma a cikin dazuzzukan daji: saxaul, zhezgun, acacia. Hakanan suna guje wa wuraren da ke da kauri, suna yin gida gida a cikin ɓacin rai, tsakanin dunes. Ba a san adadin su daidai ba, kuma yawancin ƙauyuka ba su da daidaito.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cikin 1982, a gefen dama na kogin. Ko kuma, an sami gurbi 15 a yanki na 15 km2, kuma an sami gurbi 30 akan wani 35 m2. Bayan shekara bakwai, ba a cika samun tsuntsaye a wurin ba, duk da cewa akwai tsofaffin gurbi. Wato, kafin a sami tsuntsayen a wurin. An bayyana raguwar lambar ta hanyar karin filin noma don dasa al'adu.
Hakanan, raguwar yawan jama'a yana shafar karancin rayuwar kajin wannan nau'in: kasa da kaza daya a kowane biyu. Clutaya daga cikin kama ya ƙunshi ƙwai 3-5. Wadannan jays din suna da makiya da yawa: dawakai, masu farautar dangin weasel, bushiya da macizai, cikin sauki za su iya isa gida, wanda ba ya can sama da kasa. Kuma babu inda za a ɓoye daga tsuntsayen dabbobi a cikin hamada.
Don adana wannan biotope, ya zama dole a bar manyan yankuna da ba a taɓa su ba, wanda hakan ya yiwu bayan ƙirƙirar ajiyar Pribalkhash a cikin 2016. Hakanan ya zama dole ayi nazarin dalilan da suke haifar da karancin haifuwa.
Mai haske da kara jay shine ainihin kayan adon dazukan mu. Mai hankali, a lokaci guda, mai son sani, sau da yawa takan bayyana a cikin birni, tana da wuraren shakatawa na daji, inda sau da yawa za a same ta. Tsuntsu mai hankali wanda aka tashe shi tun yana ƙarami yana iya zama dabbar dabba ta magana.
Ranar bugawa: 03.03.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 07/05/2020 a 12:47
