Yankin Mosko, duk da yawan birni, yana da wadatattun fauna. Dabbobin Moscow da yankin na Moscow suna da wakiltar taiga, steppe da wasu nau'ikan, kowane ɗayansu ya sami nasa sararin samaniya.
Fauna da yanayin yankin Moscow
Yankin yankin na Moscow, wanda ke matsayi na 57 tsakanin yankuna na Tarayyar Rasha, ba shi da girma musamman kuma ya kai kimanin 44,4,000 km². Koyaya, wurare da yawa tare da daji, kusan kyawawan dabi'u an kiyaye su anan. Yanayi mai yanayi mai yanayin zafi da lokacin sanyi mai sanyi, tare da murfin dusar ƙanƙara har zuwa rabin mita da yawan narkewa, shima yana taimakawa ga yalwar rayayyun halittu. Dusar ƙanƙara ta farko ta faɗi a watan Nuwamba, kuma an san Janairu a matsayin mafi tsananin watan, lokacin da ƙasa ta daskare a zurfin zuwa 0.6-0.8 m.
Kimanin kwanaki 130 a shekara, iska a cikin yankin Moscow ba ya ɗumi sama da sifili, kuma ana jin zafi da sanyi sosai a gabas / kudu maso gabas, wanda yanayin yanayin yankin ya bayyana. Bugu da kari, kudu maso gabashin yankin ba shi da danshi kamar arewa maso yamma. Ana ɗaukar Zaraysk a matsayin birni mafi zafi, kuma Yuli shine watan da ke da rana.
Fauna na yankin Moscow yana nuna halin canzawa. A arewa maso yamma, ainihin dabbobin taiga suna rayuwa (alal misali, launin ruwan goro da lynx), kuma a kudu, akwai masu bin tafarkin gaskiya, gami da hamster mai launin toka da jerboa.
Dabbobin yankin na Moscow (ban da ƙwari masu yawa) suna da kusan nau'ikan 450 waɗanda suka haɗa da fuka-fukai, iyo da wasan ƙasa, da dabbobi masu rarrafe da amphibians.
Dabbobi masu shayarwa
Masana ilmin dabbobi sun kirga nau'ikan 75 daga iyalai 21 da umarni 6. Manyan masu farauta (beyar, lynxes da Wolves), da yawa ungulate (roe deer, elk and deer), rodents (launin toka / baƙar fata, ɓeraye, ɓarna, ƙwarya da ƙasa), kwari (moles da shrews), kazalika da shahidai ana samun su a yankin Moscow. badgers, beavers, karnukan raccoon, Foxes, muskrats, hares, otters, chope da sauran dabbobi.
Hakanan akwai nau'ikan da aka gabatar: mink na Amurka, squirrel mai tashi, Siberian roe deer. Fiye da nau'ikan jemage 10 ake samu a yankin Moscow.
Brown kai
Wannan dabbar, wacce ba safai ake gani ba ga yankin na Moscow (mutane 10-20), suna zaune a cikin kurmi mai zurfin ruwa tare da iska mai karfi, karkashin burodi da dogayen ciyawa, galibi a yamma / arewa maso gabashin yankin. Beyar tana zaune shi kadai, yana lura da yankuna da mamaye yanki daga 73 zuwa 414 km². Mace tana rike da 'ya'yan, amma yankin nata ya ninka na maza sau 7.
Gwanon ruwan kasa yana da komai, amma ciyayi sun mamaye (75%) a cikin abincin:
- 'ya'yan itace;
- kwayoyi da acorns;
- tubers, Tushen da kuma tushe.
Da yardar rai beyar tana cin kwari, tsutsotsi, kadangaru, kwadi, beraye (ɓeraye, ɓawon ƙasa, marmot, chipmunks) da kifi.
Deer daraja
Abubuwan da aka sake jujjuyawar su, da gangan suka koma yankin Moscow. An samo shi a cikin kowane nau'in gandun daji, amma ya fi son haske da haske, inda akwai makiyaya kyauta da kuma ciyawar daji. Ya wadatar da filayen kiwo, karami yankin da jan barewa yake zaune. Waɗannan su ne dabbobin zamantakewa da na yanki - barewar da ke kula da rashin iyakokin iyakokin ta kori baƙon da ke yawo cikin garken garken.
Kerkeci gama gari
An gane shi mafi girma a cikin iyali - tsayin a bushe shi ne 0.7-0.9 m tare da tsayin jiki na 1.05-1.6 m kuma nauyin 32 zuwa 62 kg. Mafarauta suna gane kerkeci ta hanyar “gungumensa”, wutsiya mai kauri da ke ta faduwa a koyaushe, wanda ke ba da labarin yanayin dabba kawai ba, har ma da matsayinsa a cikin kunshin.
Abin sha'awa. Kerkeci ya zauna a wurare daban-daban, amma mafi yawan lokuta ana bude su (gandun daji-steppe, steppe da sharewa), guje wa tsayayyen mutane.
Fur din ta doguwa ce, mai kauri kuma mai hawa biyu, yana sa kerkeci ya zama mai karfin gaske. Layi na farko shine gashi mai tsaro mai kaifi wanda yake tunkude ruwa / datti. Layer ta biyu (ƙarƙashin ƙasa) ta ƙunshi mai hana ruwa ƙasa.
Tsuntsayen Moscow
Dabbobin fuka-fukai na Mosko da Yankin Mosko sun ƙunshi nau'ikan 301, gami da loons, geese, grebes, pelicans, storks, falcons, pigeons, owls, swifts, woodpeckers, sparrow da cuckoos, kazalika da kaji marasa adadi, charadriiformes da cranes.
Bitaramin ɗaci, ko saman
Nau'o'in kiwo a gabar ruwan ruwa mara kyau waɗanda suka cika ciyayi. Gwanin da ke juyawa tsuntsu ne mai rufin asiri wanda yake farkawa da dare. M malalaci ne don tashi, kuma yana yin jiragen da aka tilasta akan tazara mai nisa, yana ajiyewa kusa da saman ruwa da kuma danshin ruwa.
Menuananan menu abin sha sun haɗa da:
- karamin kifi;
- Invertebrates na cikin ruwa;
- kwadi da tadpoles;
- kajin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta (ba safai ba).
Zagayen da ke juye a hankali yana hawa sandar, yana manne da mai tushe da dogayen yatsu. Bitaramin ɗacin rai, kamar na babba, yana tashi sama don hunturu kuma ya dawo daga kudu shi kaɗai, ba tare da ƙirƙirar garken tumaki ba. Yawanci yakan tashi bayan faduwar rana.
Gogol na gama gari
Smallaramin agwagi mai nutsuwa mai ruwa mai kankara, gajeren baki da baƙar fari da fari. An samo shi a cikin ƙungiyoyi warwatse, kuma sabanin sauran agwagwa ba ya ɓacewa yayin yin gida a cikin garken tumaki da yawa.
Kogunan bishiyoyi (suna girma a gefen tafkunan gandun daji da koguna) suna zama gida, inda mace ke kwanciya daga ƙwai kore zuwa 5 zuwa 13. Abincin da aka fi so shine invertebrates na cikin ruwa. Gogol na yau da kullun yana zuwa hunturu a yankuna masu dumi, inda akwai teku, manyan koguna, tafkuna ko tabkuna.
Fagen Peregrine
Mai cin abincin dangi, girman hankaka mai kaho. Bayanta an rufe ta da fuka-fuka masu launin shuɗi, ciki ya banbanta da haske, ɓangaren saman kansa baƙi ne. Halin dalla-dalla na bayyanar shine baƙar fata "gashin-baki".
Tsuntsayen peregrine shine mafi tsuntsu mafi sauri a duniya, yana haɓaka saurin fiye da 322 km / h (90 m / s) a cikin jirgin da zai nitse. A cikin jirgin da ke kwance, mai saurin gudu ne kawai ke saurin filon peregrine.
Mai farauta yana farautar dabbobi kamar:
- tauraruwa;
- tattabaru;
- agwagi da sauran ƙananan tsuntsaye;
- kananan dabbobi masu shayarwa (mafi sau da yawa).
Tsuntsayen peregrine suna bin wanda aka azabtar daga wata ƙasa ko yin sama a sama, kuma da lura da shi, sai ya tashi ya nitse kusan a daidai kusurwar dama, ya buge shi ta yadda ya kamata tare da ƙafafuwansa ninke biyu kuma an matsa shi a jiki. Bugawa tare da farcen yana da ƙarfi wanda har kan babban wasa wani lokacin yakan tashi sama.
Dabbobi masu rarrafe da amphibians
Wadannan dabbobin na yankin na Moscow suna da wakilcin nau'in 11 na amphibians da nau'ikan dabbobi 6 masu rarrafe, duka masu guba kuma basa haifar da wata hatsari ga mutane.
Macijin gama gari
Dukkannin macizai suna sanye da kayan aiki masu dafi tare da dogon layi (in ba haka ba bakin ba zai rufe) hakora ba, wanda, idan aka cije su, sai su yi gaba. Hakora tare da magudanar magungunan kwari a kai a kai suna faduwa, suna ba da sababbi.
Mahimmanci. Macijin yana da jiki mai kauri, da gajeren wutsiya da madaidaicin kai mai kusurwa uku tare da guntun dafin dafin da ke fitowa, wanda aka raba shi da gani ta jiki ta hanyar bayyananniyar hanyar mahaifa.
Maciji na yau da kullun yana rayuwa a cikin gandun daji kuma ana zana shi a wuraren da ya dace da sautin, suna rufe shi daga masu yuwuwar cutar (ƙananan rodents da kwaɗi). Kai hari, macijin ya yi mummunan rauni, kuma yana jiran guba ta yi aiki don haɗiye gawar.
Bleadangare mai laushi
Tana da jiki mai tsayi, an dan matse ta daga bangarorin, da kuma gashin kananun kan yatsunsu, wanda ke taimaka mata saurin hawan katako da duwatsu masu tsayi. Idanun suna lulluɓe da fatar ido masu motsi kuma an sanye su da membra mai laushi. Kamar kowane ƙadangare, tana rarrabe abubuwa da kyau, amma tana farautar waɗanda ke motsi ne kawai.
Dabbobi masu rarrafe suna da ji mai kyau, kuma ƙarshen bakin harshe yana da alhakin taɓawa, ƙanshi da dandano.
Abubuwan da ake so na gizagizan masu saurin haɗi sun haɗa da kwari tare da tsutsa, kwalliyar ƙasa da ƙwarin duniya. A lokacin bazara, bayan an wayi gari, kadangaru sun fara haihuwa, suna kwanciya har zuwa kwai 16 a cikin rami mara zurfi, rana ta haskaka su sosai.
Dogara sanda gaggautsa
An sanya shi a matsayin ƙadangare mara ƙafa wanda ya ɓace gabobinsa yayin aiwatarwar juyin halitta, amma an banbanta shi da macizai ta hanyar fatar ido mai motsi, buɗe kunnen waje (bayan idanu) da babban wutsiya.
Ritanƙƙan sanda, wanda ake kira maƙalar tagulla, yana girma har zuwa rabin mita kuma yawanci launin ruwan kasa ne / toka mai launin ƙarfe. Maza suna bayar da manyan duhu ko shuɗaɗɗen wuraren da suke a bayan baya. A wasu lokuta ana samun zabiya a tsakanin tagulla - mutane masu launin ruwan hoda da idanu ja.
Wakilan jinsin suna karkata zuwa rayuwa ta sirri, kuma suna ciyar da mollusks, kwarkwata itace, tsutsotsi da tsutsayen kwari.
Kifi
A cikin tafkunan ruwa na yankin Moscow, a cewar masanan ilimin kimiya, aƙalla an sami nau'in kifaye 50. Mazaunan masarautar karkashin ruwa sun banbanta a mazauninsu, wanda ya raba su zuwa rukuni 3 - kogi, tafki-kogi da kifin tafkin.
Pike
Wannan mai kama da tarkon ya girma har zuwa 2 m, yana samun kusan poods uku na taro kuma yana rayuwa (a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai kyau) na aƙalla shekaru 30. Pike din yana da kai mai kaifi da kuma bakin cike da hakora masu kaifi, inda kasalallun kasada, kananan abubuwa da kuma rudu ke fadowa.
Pike yana da yawan walwala cewa ba kasafai yake wadatar da kifi ba, amma yana afkawa duk wata halitta mai rai wacce bata wuce 1/3 na jikin pike ba. Moles / beraye waɗanda suka tsinci kansu cikin ruwa, haɗe da ƙananan tsuntsayen ruwa ko kajinsu, galibi sukan faɗa cikin fagen hangen nesa, sannan cikin bakinsa.
Tench
Kifi mai ɗanɗano daga dangin kifi irin su ɗan gajeren gajere wanda aka lulluɓe shi da ƙananan sikeli (har zuwa 100 a tsakiyar layi) da gamsai mai yawa. Arshen caudal ba shi da daraja, kuma ƙaddarar launi ta ƙaddara ce.
Gaskiya. A cikin ruwa mai haske tare da ƙasa mai yashi, ana samun layuka masu launin azurfa, kuma a cikin jikin ruwa mai laushi - launin ruwan kasa mai duhu tare da ruwan tagulla.
Lin yana da saukin kai kuma baya son motsawa sosai. Kifin sau da yawa yakan tsaya a tsakanin kaurin, kusan a ƙasan, yana ɓoye can daga haske mai haske. Yana farautar benthic invertebrates - molluscs, kwari larvae da tsutsotsi.
Rabare gama gari
Har ila yau an san shi da gabashin ko Danube bream. Ana kiran samari da yara masu kiwo. Bambance-bambance yana da jiki mai tsayi, har zuwa kusan sulusin tsayinsa, inda akwai keel mara girman da yake tsakanin ƙashin ƙugu da ƙuraje. Bakin bakin da kuma kan wajan ba su da girma, kuma farkon yana ƙarewa a cikin bututun da zai iya janyewa.
Waɗannan suna da hankali kuma mafi ƙarancin kifi waɗanda suka fi son wanzuwar gama gari. Sun kasance cikin rukuni-rukuni, yawanci a cikin ruwa mai zurfi, inda akwai ciyayi da yawa.
Gizo-gizo
An bambanta su da kwari ta yawan ƙafafu (8, ba 6 ba). Dukkan arachnids masu guba da marasa guba suna zaune a yankin Moscow. Thearshen sun haɗa da gizo-gizo gidan, masu yawo a gefe, masu saƙa, mawaƙa da sauransu.
Mai tsako
Suna rayuwa ne kawai a cikin daji, suna guje wa haɗuwa da mutane. Maƙerin dunƙulen yana nufin ɗaukar nau'in kwaro guda ɗaya (sauro mai dogon kafa) kuma a garesu ne yake sakar manyan webs ɗin madauwari.
Abin sha'awa. Wanda ya firgita ya faɗo ƙafafunsa tare da jiki don juyawa zuwa bambaro ga abokan gaba, ba a san da su sosai game da rawanin rawanin da ciyawa. Idan aka taɓa shi, bambaro ya faɗi ƙasa ya gudu da ƙafafunsa.
Gicciye
Kuna iya haɗuwa da shi a cikin gandun daji (gauraye da pine), a cikin fadama, ƙasashe masu dausayi, makiyaya da lambuna. Mata suna girma har zuwa 2.5 cm, maza yawanci rabin girma ne, amma duka an kawata su da magana, mai kamar giciye. Bugu da kari, an rufe jikinsu da wani abu mai lahani, wanda ke sanya su haske da rashin danshi da ke yin danshi. Cephalothorax yana da garkuwa tare da nau'i biyu na idanu. Yawancin kwari masu tashi - kwari, butterflies, sauro, ƙudan zuma da ƙari - sun zama ganima ga gizogizan giciye.
Karakurt
Dangane da alaƙar jini da zawarawa baƙar fata, ana ɗaukarsu mai daɗaɗa mai guba, kuma suna faɗakar da su game da wannan tare da launukan da ba a saba gani ba - launuka ja 13 masu haske (da ke kan iyaka da farin layi) a kan baƙar fata mai haske. Babban namiji ma bai kai santimita ba, yayin da mace ta kai tsawon 2 cm.
Hankali. Karakurt baya rayuwa har abada a yankin Moscow, amma yana rarrafe anan daga yankuna makwabta lokacin da rani mai zafi ya faru.
Harin Karakurt, a matsayin ƙa'ida, don kare kansa, kuma yayin kai hari, mace ce ke cizon da ƙarfi, ta huda fata da 0.5 mm.
Kwarin na Moscow
Yawancin jinsuna da ke zaune a cikin Moscow da yankin Moscow suna cikin Red Book na Yankin Moscow (2018). Sabon bita ya bayyana nau'ikan 246, wadanda suka mallaki butterflies (198 taxa), hymenoptera (41) da beetles (nau'in 33).
Butterfly Admiral
Labarin malam buɗe ido, wanda aka gani a gefunan gandun daji da sharewa, makiyaya, gefen tituna da bakin kogi. Saboda canjin canjin da ke faruwa a tsakanin jama'a, ana lura dashi sau da yawa akan sikelin. Malam buɗe ido yana cin ƙuƙuka, hops da sarƙaƙƙiya na yau da kullun, a lokaci guda yana kwan ƙwai a wurin - ɗaya a kowane ganye. Caterpillars suna ci gaba a can daga Mayu zuwa Agusta.
Ladybug irin ƙwaro
Coccinella septempunctata wani nau'in gama gari ne wanda ya dace da yankin Moscow, ya kai tsawon 7-8 mm. Abu ne mai sauki a gano ta garkuwar kirji ta baki tare da farin fari da farin elytra mai dauke da dige 7 baki. Ana daukar Ladybug mai amfani, yayin da yake cinye aphids da mites gizo-gizo, shirya duk inda wadannan kwari suke kiwo.
Dabbobi masu shayarwa na Littafin Ja
Buga na zamani na littafin Red Book na yankin Mosko ya hada da nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa guda 20 (kwari 4, jemage 5, beraye 7 da dabbobi masu cin nama 4), kuma nau'ikan 11 sun kasance ba sa cikin Red List na 1998.
Buga da aka sabunta ya hada da:
- ,arami, ƙarami har ma da haƙoran haƙori;
- karamin bikin maraice;
- Jemage na Natterer;
- jaket na fata na arewa;
- dormouse da hazel dormouse;
- linzamin-rawaya;
- jirgin karkashin kasa;
- Bature na Turai.
An samo nau'ikan jinsuna biyu - babban daren da kuma Rashan Rasha - a cikin Littafin Rubuce na Tarayyar Rasha.
Karewar nau'in
A yayin kasancewar Rasha a yankin Mosko, nau'ikan 4 sun bace: bison, Baƙin Turai, barewa da tur. Thearshen ya ɓace a matsayin jinsin halittu, yayin da wasu (musamman, bison da jan barewa) masanan ilimin kimiyyar suna ƙoƙarin sake gabatarwa.
Masana kimiyya kuma suna suna na biyar (wolverine), wanda ke fitowa lokaci-lokaci a cikin dazukan yankin Moscow. Dabbobin da suke rayuwa koyaushe a yankin Smolensk da kusa da Tver sun zo nan har zuwa tsakiyar karni na sha tara. Amma a wayewar gari na karni na 20, zangon wolverines ya koma gabas (yankin Kostroma) da arewa (yankin Vologda).
Rage bambancin jinsuna
Tun lokacin da aka buga littafin Rubuce-Rubuce na farko na Yankin Mosko, babu wani jinsin da ya ɓace daga yankinsa, wanda aka bayyana ta rashin iya lalata manyan gandun daji da kuma hanyar sadarwa ta hanyoyin da ke haifar da yankin kore na Moscow. Amma yanzu masu ra'ayin kiyaye muhallin sun damu kuma sun ambaci wasu dalilai da dama wadanda ke girgiza dorewar halittu:
- ci gaban gida mai ƙarfi;
- sake gina manyan hanyoyi;
- amfani da gandun daji don dalilan shakatawa.
Waɗannan dalilan ne ke iya rage bambancin jinsin, wanda ya kasance sananne a tsakanin radius na kilomita 30-40 daga babban birnin.
Rare nau'in taiga
Yawan masu kankanta har ma da hakora suna raguwa saboda yanke-yanke (na gidajen bazara) na tsohuwar dazuzzuka da ke da duhu da kuma yawan hayayyafa irin na mai rubutun haushi.
Lalacewar wuraren zama na al'ada - mai yanke jiki (mafi yawan itacen oak) da gandun daji masu yanke jiki, tsofaffin wuraren shakatawa - yana kuma barazanar irin waɗannan ƙananan lambobin na yankin na Moscow kamar ƙaramin shrew, linzamin-mai-toka-ja, hazel dormouse, regiment da karkashin kasa vole. Wadannan dabbobin sun fi kowa kusanci da iyakar arewa da kewayonsu kuma sau da yawa a wasu bangarorin.
Bature na Turai
Ba zai iya yin gogayya da Ba'amurke (wanda aka gabatar) mink kuma yana iya zama kyakkyawan nau'in haɗari. Bakon, zama kusa da mink na Turai, yana ƙaruwa sosai da haihuwa (puan kwikwiyon 6-8 a kowane juji) kuma ya raba na biyu daga duk wuraren da ake zaune.
Mink na Turai an tilasta shi ya zauna kusa da ruwa mai ƙarancin abinci, wanda ya ƙare a yankuna na nishaɗin taro ko ci gaban dacha. Hanya guda daya tak da za a kiyaye jinsin ita ce ganowa da kare matsuguninta na gargajiya.
Sauran halittu masu rauni
Yawancin jemagu suna shan wahala daga lalata gidajensu na rana - tsoffin bishiyoyi masu rami ko gine-ginen da suka lalace. Mutanen da aka zazzauna, kamar jakunkunan fata na arewa da jemage na Natterer, sun dogara da amincin kwanukan hunturu - kogwanni, adit, ɗakunan da aka yasar da kurkuku.
Yawan otter yana raguwa saboda gine-ginen bakin teku, da kuma saboda farauta. Ci gaba mai aiki, haɗe tare da nishaɗi mai yawa, sanya desman a ƙarshen rayuwa.
An yarda da desman na Rasha da kuma babban jerboa a matsayin jinsin da ke da matukar rauni, wanda batan sa daga jerin dabbobi a yankin Moscow na iya faruwa nan gaba.
Ga lynx da beyar, gina manyan gidaje na rani a cikin kurmi a baya ya zama sanadin kisa, kuma gabaɗaya, halin da ake ciki yanzu na fauna na yankin Moscow yana ba da tsoro ƙwarai da gaske. A cewar masana ilimin halittu, sabon fitowar littafin Red Book na yankin Mosko zai taimaka wajen hana bacewar nau'ikan halittu.
