A bayan bayyanar tsuntsaye akwai soja na duniya. Thearshen ƙarshen yana tafiya da sauri kuma yana tashi da kyau, yana iyo da kyau, yana nitsewa har ma da haƙa hanyoyin sadarwa ta ƙasa.
Bayanin ƙarshen mutu
Fratercula arctica (dan uwan Arctic) sunan kimiyya ne don Puffin na Atlantic, wanda ke wakiltar dangin auks daga umarnin Charadriiformes. A zahiri, tsuntsun ba shi da kamanni da ɗan'uwan mai tsarki: a maimakon haka, mai nishaɗi abin misali a cikin baƙar fata mai wutsiya kuma mai tsananin taurin kai, "takalman lemu". Jamusawa sun kira ta aku aku, Turawan Ingila sun kira puffin, kuma Russia sun kira matattu karshen, suna mai da hankali kan katuwar, amma da ɗan maras dadi.
Bayyanar, girma
Babban baki mai haske, kusan rabin baki shine mafi kyaun dalla-dalla game da wannan tsuntsu na teku wanda ya fi ɗan kurciya girma. Bakin-baki, an zana shi da launuka uku (farare, lemo mai ruwan toka), ya canza tare da shekaru: ba ya girma a tsayi, amma yana da fadi. Fitila mai launin rawaya mai haske tana gudana tare da gemun baki, kuma ana samun farin fata mai launin shuɗi mai haske a mahaɗar bakin da mangoron. A lokacin tsufa, haruffa masu halayyar kirkira suna kan jan saman baki.
Mahimmanci. Bayan kowane narkakken narkarda bakin, dan lokaci kadan saboda tsananin farin ciki, asalinsa yana canza launi izuwa launin toka mai duhu, kuma ƙarshen dullus.
Puffin bai wuce kilogiram 0.5 ba tare da matsakaita na tsawon cm 26-36. Launin jikin yana da bambanci (saman baƙi, ƙasa mai fari), yana ɓoye tsuntsu mai ɗan ruwa-ruwa biyu a bayan bangon teku mai duhu, lokacin da aka kalle shi daga sama, da kuma kan hasken haske na sama, lokacin da aka kalle shi daga ƙasa. Filayen kan kuma yana da launi kala-kala - daga saman bakin bakin zuwa baya zuwa wuya akwai ko da tsirin gashin fuka-fukai, wadanda aka maye gurbinsu da na haske akan kuncin tsuntsun.
Idanun puffin kanana ne kuma, godiya ga haɓakar fata na launin ja da launin toka, sun bayyana a cikin kusurwa uku. Tare da narkewar yanayi, waɗannan ƙananan fata na ɗan lokaci sun ɓace kuma wuraren da ke toka-toka a kan kai / wuya sun yi duhu sosai. Kamar yawancin tsuntsayen da ke tashi sama fiye da yadda suke iyo, gabobin puffin suna kusa da jela. A kan ƙasa, wani mutum mai ƙiba mai ban dariya yana tsaye a cikin shafi, kamar penguuin, yana jingina a kan ledojin lemu na yanar gizo.
Salon rayuwa, hali
Ffan Puffins gida a cikin manyan yankuna, wani lokacin ya ƙunshi dubun dubun nau'i-nau'i, idan yankin ya ba da izini. Tsuntsaye suna zama a cikin gangaren tsaunuka tare da ƙananan koguna da yawa ko kuma su tona maɓuɓɓugansu (fiye da zurfin mita), suna amfani da baki mai kaifi da fika.
Abin sha'awa. Puffin na tsuntsayen da ba su cika yin burgewa ba, kuma ba ramuka bane, amma ramuka masu tsayi masu tsawon mita wadanda aka wadata su da gidan kwana da bayan gida.
Bayan shirya rami, ƙarshen mutu ya tashi zuwa teku don kifi, kwasfa gashin fuka-fukai ko katako tare da maƙwabta. Bakin bakin yana da hannu a wargajewar, amma ba ya zuwa manyan raunuka. Endsarshen ƙarshen har yanzu masu faɗakarwa ne - ɗayan, firgita da tashi, na iya tayar da mulkin mallaka gabaɗaya. Tsuntsayen suna ta sauri suna haurawa sama, suna duba bakin teku kuma, ba tare da lura da haɗarin ba, suka koma gidajen su na asali.
Bayan an tsaftace fuka-fukan sun bushe, ƙarshen ƙarshen ya shafi asirin gland din don su guji yin saurin jikewa. Yin iyo shine mafi ƙarfi gefen dan uwan Arctic, wanda baya ƙasa da zafin nama ga agwagwa, nutsar ruwa, idan ya cancanta, zuwa 170 m kuma tsaya acan tsawon mintuna 0.5-1. A karkashin ruwa, gajerun fikafikan puffin suna aiki kamar silifa, kuma ƙafafun kafafun yanar gizo suna ba da shugabanci kamar ruɗu.
Wannan mai kiba mai gajerun fuka-fukai yana yawo sosai, yana hanzarta zuwa kilomita 80 / h, yana yin tasi a jirgin tare da baza kafafuwan lemu. Amma a cikin iska, ƙarshen mutuƙar ya rasa ikon yin amfani da shi a cikin ruwa kuma da wuya ya tsallake raga mai sauƙi. Dangane da tashin sama, ana gwada shi da dangi na kusa da murre: yana tashi da ƙarfi daga teku har ma da mafi muni - daga ƙasa. Thearshen ƙarshen ya sauƙaƙe zuwa cikin iska daga teku (abin ban dariya yana watsarwa a gefen ruwa) da ƙasa, duk da haka, ba ta zubewa da kyau sosai, yana yin ciki da ciki ko kuma ya faɗa cikin raƙuman ruwa.
Gaskiya. Daga cikin mafi yawan tsuntsayen ruwa, puffin ba a rarrabe shi da ɗayan, amma ta haɗuwa da halaye - virtuoso iyo, zurfin zurfafawa, saurin jirgi da gwatso, duk da cewa suna tafe a ƙasa.
'Yan uwan Arctic suna shakatawa a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi ko ɗaya, ciyar da wannan lokacin a cikin ruwa. Don ci gaba da gudana, ffan puffins dole su ci gaba da aiki tare da ƙafafunsu, har ma a cikin bacci. Arshen mutuƙar ya yi kururuwa baƙon abu, ko kuma maimakon nishi, yana miƙewa da maimaita sautin "A", kamar dai yana kuka ko gunaguni.
Yaya tsawon ƙarshen mutu yake rayuwa
Har ila yau masu lura da tsuntsaye ba su san tsawon lokacin da matsakaita nau'in jinsi zai iya rayuwa a cikin daji ba, tunda karar bugun kwano ba ya bayar da sakamako na kwarai. An sanya zoben a kan tafin hannu, wanda yake a matsayin kayan aiki na aikin mashi da kuma haƙa rami: ba abin mamaki bane cewa bayan fewan shekaru thean rubutun da ke kan karfen ya goge (idan zoben har yanzu yana kan ƙafa). Ya zuwa yanzu, rikodin hukuma yana da shekaru 29, kodayake masu lura da tsuntsaye suna zargin 'yan puff na iya rayuwa tsawon lokaci.
Jima'i dimorphism
Bambanci tsakanin maza da mata an bayyana a cikin girma - mata ba su da yawa, amma sun fi na maza ƙanana. A lokacin kiwo, puffins sun zama masu haske: wannan ya shafi fatar da ke kewaye da idanuwa da babban baki, wanda aka ba shi babban aikin jawo hankalin abokin tarayya.
Deadananan raƙuman ragowa
Fratercula arctica ya kasu kashi uku da aka sani kananan, wadanda suka banbanta da juna a girma da zangonsu:
- Fratercula arctica arctica;
- Fratercula arctica grabae;
- Fratercula arctica naumanni.
Puananan puffins na ƙananan raƙuman farko sun girma zuwa 15-17.5 cm tare da tsawon baki na 41.7-50.2 mm (tare da tsayi a ƙasan 3.45-3.98 cm). Tsuntsayen ƙasashe masu raunin F. arctica grabae da ke zaune a tsibirin Faroe sun kai kimanin kilo 0.4 tare da tsayin reshe wanda bai fi cm 15.8 ba. Puffins F. a. Naumanni yana zaune a arewacin Iceland kuma yana da nauyin kimanin 650 g tare da fiffika tsawon 17.2-18.6 cm Bakin akan puffins din Icelandic yana da tsayi 49.7-55.8 mm kuma 40.2-44.8 mm tsawo.
Gaskiya. Representativeasar wakiltar mafi yawan puffins tana cikin Iceland, inda kusan 60% na yawan mutanen duniya na Fratercula arctica suke zaune.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Puananan puffins na Atlantic a bakin teku / tsibirin Arewacin Atlantika da Tekun Arctic. Tsarin jinsin ya shafi Arctic, yankunan bakin teku na arewa maso yammacin Turai da arewa maso gabashin yankin Arewacin Amurka. Coloan mulkin mallaka mafi girma a Arewacin Amurka (sama da nau'i-nau'i dubu 250) sun zauna kudu da St. John, a cikin wurin ajiyar yanayin Witless Bay.
Wasu manyan matsugunan puffin an samo su a wurare masu zuwa:
- yamma da arewacin Norway;
- gabar ruwan Newfoundland;
- Tsibirin Faroe;
- gabar yamma ta Greenland;
- Orkney da Tsibiran Shetland.
Ananan yankuna suna cikin Svalbard, Tsibirin Burtaniya, Labrador da yankin Nova Scotia. A cikin ƙasarmu, yawancin ffan puffins suna zaune ne a kan Tsibirin Ainovsky (gabar Murmansk). Hakanan, ana ganin ƙananan yankuna a Novaya Zemlya, arewa maso gabas na Kola Peninsula da tsibirai dake kusa da ita.
Gaskiya. A wajen lokacin saduwa, ana samun ffan puffins a cikin Tekun Arctic, gami da Tekun Arewa, wanda ke fitowa lokaci-lokaci a cikin Arctic Circle.
'Yan uwan Arctic suna son yin gida a kan tsibirai, suna gujewa manyan bakin teku duk lokacin da zai yiwu. Kyakkyawan gida na puffin tsibiri ne mai tsibiri ko dutse mai tsayi tare da bangon dutsen mai duwatsu, wanda aka lulluɓe da ƙasa mai laushi a saman, inda zaku iya haƙa ramuka. Puffins koyaushe suna hawa na ƙarshe, suna barin ƙananan maƙwabta - kitties, guillemots, auk da sauran tsuntsayen ruwa.
Mutuwar ƙarshen abinci
Ruwan teku ba ya daskarewa a cikin sanyi mai sanyi, wanda puffins da suka mallaki (sabanin gulls) ke amfani dashi albarkatun abinci na ciki. Tsuntsaye sau da yawa sukan haɗiye kifin da aka kama, ba tare da fitowar ba, suna hawa sama kawai da manyan samfura.
Abincin na ƙarshen mutu shine:
- hake da herring soya;
- gerbil da capelin;
- herring;
- yashi yashi;
- kifin kifi da jatan lande
Abin sha'awa. Thearshen ƙarshen ya riƙe kofuna a bakin tare da taimakon harshensa da ƙusoshin ƙugiya, wanda a kan sa tarar kifi. Ko da mataccen ƙarshen ba ya barin abin da ya kama - bakinta yana matse sosai.
Puffins sun saba da farautar kifin da bai wuce 7 cm ba, amma zai iya jimre wa abin da ya ci sau biyu (har zuwa 18 cm). Kokarin babba yana cin kusan kifi 40 a kowace rana, wanda nauyinsa duka ya kai kilogiram 0.1-0.3. A gudu daya, tsuntsun ya kama kusan dozin, amma an bayyana shari'ar tare da kifi 62 rataye a bakin wani masunta mai gashin tsuntsu. Don haka, a cikin gungu, puffins suna ɗaukar ganima don girma kajin.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Thearshen mutuƙar yana da aure kuma an ɗaura shi zuwa ƙasarsa ta asali: a lokacin bazara ya koma ƙasarsa, galibi zuwa bur burinsa na rayuwa. Urtsawancin kai yana kunshe da girgizawa da “sumbantawa” (taɓa baki). Namiji yana nuna ƙwarewar mafarauci, yana kawo kifi ga mace kuma yana tabbatar da cewa zai iya ciyar da kajin. Su biyun suna haƙa rami tare, suna sanya gida a ƙarshen, abin dogaro ne daga mummunan yanayi da masu farauta masu fuka-fukai. Qwai (mafi sau da yawa - biyu) puffins incubate, maye gurbin juna. Bayan kyankyasar kwan, kajin yana zaune a cikin gida tsawon wata guda, da kuma wasu makonni biyu - a ƙofar ramin, ɓoye a ciki idan akwai haɗari.
Abin sha'awa. An lura da zagaye mara iyaka akan mulkin mallaka na puffin, tunda abokin haɗin gwiwa wanda ya dawo tare da kamun bai taɓa zama nan da nan ba, amma ya yi da'ira a kan dutsen na mintina 15-20. Lokacin da na farkon ya sauka, na biyun sai a cire shi daga cikin gida ya tashi zuwa teku.
'Ya'yan puffins suna da ƙafafu masu launin ruwan kasa da baki, kunci ya ɗan fi na iyayensu haske, kuma gashin fuka-fuka a kawunansu ba baƙi ba ne, amma launin toka ne mai duhu. Yaran yara a hankali (tsawon shekaru da yawa) ya canza zuwa baligi. A lokacin bazara, 'yan puffins suna yin ƙaura yayin faruwar kifaye suna zuwa Yammacin Atlantika. Matasan da suka kware sosai game da ƙa'idar tashi ba suyi ta iyo ba.
Makiya na halitta
Thearshen ƙarshen ba shi da abokan gaba na halitta da yawa, amma manyan jiragen ruwa, waɗanda ke tsunduma cikin kleptoparasitism (yaye ganima ta hanyar fashi), an gane su ne masu cutarwa. Ba su keɓance kansu da mataccen kifin da aka wanke a gabar teku ba, amma suna ɗauke da kifin da aka kama da mafi rauni daga tsuntsaye kuma suna lalata gidajensu.
Jerin abokan gaba na ƙarshen mutuwa sun haɗa da:
- skua-gajeren wando;
- babban gull teku;
- burgomaster;
- merlin;
- ɓata;
- arctic fox.
Skuas fashi a cikin gungun - ɗayan ya kama da ƙarshen mutu, ɗayan kuma ya yanke hanya, yana tilasta su su ba da ganima. Gaskiya ne, 'yan fashi da fuka-fukai ba sa fashin' yan'uwan Arctic fata, don kada su kawo su cikin yunwa. Mai yawan zubar da jini a bayan skuas yana kama da mutumin da ya kashe ƙarancin yara, kaji da ƙwai a lokacin ci gaban Arewacin Atlantika. Tare da mutane, beraye, karnuka da kuliyoyi sun zo waɗannan wuraren, suna kammala halakar matattun ƙarshen lahani.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Tun da naman puffins yana kama da kifi sosai, ana yin su ba don abinci ba, amma saboda farin ciki. A mafi yawan ƙasashe inda brothersan uwan Arctic ke zama, an hana farautar su, musamman lokacin ciyar da kaji. A wasu ƙasashe, ana ba da izinin kamun kifi lokaci-lokaci. Yanzu haka ana kame Puffins a tsibirin Faroe, Iceland da wasu sassan Norway, gami da tsibirin Lofoten. A cewar IUCN, yawan mutanen Turai ya kai mutum miliyan 9.55-11.6 wadanda suka balaga, yayin da aka kiyasta yawan mutanen duniya zuwa miliyan 12-14.
Mahimmanci. A cikin ƙarni uku masu zuwa (har zuwa 2065), an yi hasashen yawan jama'ar Turai zai ragu da kashi 50-79%. Wannan yanayin ne mai hatsari, ganin cewa Turai tana da sama da kashi 90% na dabbobin duniya.
Dalilai na raguwar yawan matsalar:
- gurɓatar ruwan teku, musamman mai;
- predation of invasive nau'in;
- cin kifin da yawaitar hake da cod (puffins suna cin soyayyensu);
- mutuwar manyan tsuntsaye cikin raga;
- yadawa ga magungunan kashe qwari da koguna suka tafi da su cikin teku;
- m yawon shakatawa.
Atlantic Puffin an jera shi a cikin IUCN Red List kuma an san shi azaman nau'in Rauni. Har zuwa 2015, Fratercula arctica yana da aarancin haɗari - jinsin daga cikin haɗari.
