Idan ya zo ga darajar shahararrun dinosaur, Triceratops kawai Tyrannosaurus ne ke kama shi har zuwa sikelin. Kuma duk da irin wannan zance da akeyi akai-akai a cikin littattafan yara da na encyclopedic, asalin sa da kuma yadda yake a bayyane har yanzu suna tattara sirrikan mutane da yawa a kanta.
Bayanin Triceratops
Triceratops na ɗaya daga cikin inoan dinosaur ɗin da fitowar su ta saba, a zahiri, ga kowa da kowa... Yana da kyau, duk da cewa yana da girma, dabba mai kafa hudu tare da babban kwanyar da ba daidai ba dangane da girman jikin ta. Shugaban wani Triceratops ya kasance aƙalla kashi ɗaya bisa uku na duka tsawonsa. Kwanyar ta wuce cikin wata gajeriyar wuya wacce ta hade da baya. Sahonin sun kasance a saman kan Triceratops. Waɗannan manyan 2 ne, sama da idanun dabbar da ƙarami ɗaya a hanci. Tsarin dogon kashi ya kai kimanin mita a tsayi, ƙarami ya kasance ƙarami sau da yawa.
Yana da ban sha'awa!Abun da ya ƙunshi ƙashi mai kama da fanka ya bambanta sosai daga duk wanda aka sani har wa yau. Yawancin magoya bayan dinosaur suna da tagogi masu kauri, yayin da mai son Triceratops ya sami wakilcin babban kashi, mara bege guda.
Kamar yadda yake tare da sauran dinosaur da yawa, akwai ɗan rikicewa game da yadda dabbar take motsi. Gyarawa da wuri, la'akari da siffofin babban kwanyar dinosaur, ya nuna cewa yakamata a sanya ƙafafun gaba tare da gefunan gaban gangar jikin don samar da wannan kai da tallafi mai dacewa. Wasu sun ba da shawarar cewa ƙafafun goshin sun kasance a tsaye. Koyaya, yawan karatu da sake fasalin zamani, gami da kwaikwayo na kwamfuta, ya nuna cewa ƙafafun kafa a tsaye, suna tabbatar da sigar ta biyu, daidai da layin jiki, amma tare da gwiwar hannu ɗan lankwasa zuwa garesu.
Wani fasalin mai ban sha'awa shine yadda kafafun gaba (daidai da hannayenmu) suka tsaya a ƙasa. Sabanin Tokophores (stegosaurs da ankylosaurs) da sauropods (dinosaur mai kafafu huɗu masu ƙafa huɗu), yatsun Triceratops sun nuna a wurare daban-daban, maimakon sa ido. Kodayake dadaddiyar ka'idar farkon bayyanar dinosaur na wannan jinsin ya nuna cewa magabatan kai tsaye na manyan Late Cretaceous Keratopsian jinsinsu sun kasance masu kafafu biyu (sunyi tafiya da kafafu biyu), kuma hannayensu sunyi aiki sosai don fahimta da daidaitawa a sararin samaniya, amma basuyi wani aikin tallafi ba.
Ofaya daga cikin mafi kyawun binciken Triceratops shine nazarin fatarta. Ya juya, ta hanyar yin hukunci da wasu burbushin halittu, akwai ƙananan ƙyallen ruwa a samansa. Wannan na iya zama baƙon abu, musamman ga waɗanda galibi suka ga hotunansa da fata mai santsi. Koyaya, ya kasance a kimiyance ya tabbatar da cewa jinsunan da suka gabata suna da bristles a fata, galibi yana cikin yankin jela. Wasu burbushin halittu daga China sun goyi bayan ka'idar. Anan ne dadadden dinosaur din Keratopsian ya fara bayyana zuwa karshen zamanin Jurassic.
Triceratops yana da girman jiki... Afafu huɗu masu wuyan hannu sun tallafa masa. Legsafafun baya sun fi na gaba tsayi kaɗan kuma suna da yatsu huɗu, na gaban suna da uku kawai. Ta hanyar karɓaɓɓun ƙa'idodin dinosaur a lokacin, Triceratops ba shi da ɗan kaɗan, kodayake kamar ma yana da nauyi kuma yana da jela. Shugaban Triceratops yana da girma. Tare da wani bakin baki na musamman, wanda yake a karshen bakin bakin bakinsa, cikin lumana ya ci ciyayi. A bayan kai akwai ƙashi mai tsayi "frill", wanda ake muhawara game da shi. Triceratops ya yi tsayin mita tara kuma tsayi kusan mita uku. Tsawon kai da frill ya kai kimanin mita uku. Wutsiyar ita ce ɗaya bisa uku na jimlar jikin dabbar. Triceratops yakai nauyin tan 6 zuwa 12.
Bayyanar
A tan 6-12, wannan dinosaur babba ne. Triceratops shine ɗayan mashahuran dinosaur a duniya. Babban fasalin sa shine babban kwanyar sa. Triceratops ya motsa akan wasu gaɓoɓi huɗu, waɗanda suke kallo daga gefe kamar karkanda ta zamani. An gano jinsin Triceratops guda biyu: Triceratopshorridus da Trriceratopsproorus. Bambancinsu ba shi da muhimmanci. Misali, T. horridus yana da ƙaramin ƙaho na hanci. Koyaya, wasu suna gaskanta cewa waɗannan bambance-bambancen sun kasance daga jinsi daban-daban na Triceratops, maimakon jinsuna, kuma mafi kusantar alama ce ta jima'i.
Yana da ban sha'awa!Masana kimiyya a duk faɗin duniya sun daɗe suna ta muhawara game da yin amfani da kyan gani da ƙaho kuma akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa. Da alama an yi amfani da kahon a matsayin tsaron kai. Wannan ya tabbata da gaskiyar cewa lokacin da aka sami wannan sashin jikin, ana lura da lalacewar inji.
Wataƙila an yi amfani da frill ɗin azaman hanyar haɗi don haɗawa don tsokokin jaw, ƙarfafa shi. Hakanan za'a iya amfani dashi don haɓaka yanayin farfajiyar jiki da ake buƙata don sarrafa zafin jiki. Dayawa sun yi amannar cewa an yi amfani da fanka a matsayin wani nau'in nuna jima'i ko isharar gargaɗi ga mai laifin, lokacin da jini ya ruga cikin jijiyoyin tare da abin da ke kanta. Saboda wannan dalili, yawancin masu zane-zane suna nuna Triceratops tare da ƙawancen zane wanda aka zana akan shi.
Triceratops girma
Triceratops an kiyasta shi da masu binciken ilimin kimiyyar kayan tarihi sun kusan tsayin mita 9 da tsayin kusan mita 3. Babban kwanya zai rufe sulusin jikin mai shi kuma ya auna tsawon mita 2.8. Triceratops yana da ƙafafu masu ƙarfi da ƙahonin fuska uku masu kaifi, mafi girma daga cikinsu an tsawaita shi da mita. Wannan dinosaur an yi imanin yana da taro mai kama da baka. An kiyasta farin dinosaur mafi girma ya kai kimanin tan 4.5, yayin da mafi girma rhino baƙi yanzu ya kai kimanin tan 1.7. Ta hanyar kwatanta, Triceratops na iya yin girma zuwa tan 11,700.
Salon rayuwa, hali
Sun rayu kimanin shekaru miliyan 68-65 da suka wuce - a cikin zamanin Cretaceous. A daidai wannan lokacin ne mashahurin dinosaur ɗin masu farautar dabbobi Tyrannosaurus Rex, Albertosaurus da Spinosaurus suka wanzu. Triceratops ya kasance ɗayan sanannen dinosaur na ganye a lokacinsa. Akwai burbushin da yawa na kasusuwa. Koyaya, wannan baya nufin da yiwuwar ɗari bisa ɗari cewa sun rayu cikin ƙungiyoyi. Yawancin abubuwan da aka gano na Triceratops galibi ana samun su ɗaya bayan ɗaya. Kuma sau ɗaya kawai kafin zamaninmu aka binne mutane uku, wanda ake tsammanin bai balaga ba Triceratops, aka samu.
Babban zane na motsi na Triceratops an dade ana muhawara akansa. Wasu suna da'awar cewa ya yi tafiya a hankali tare da ƙafafunsa dabam a gefensa. Binciken zamani, musamman waɗanda aka tattara daga nazarin abubuwan da aka buga, sun ƙaddara cewa mai yiwuwa Triceratops ya hau kan ƙafafun kafa, yana ɗan lankwasawa a gwiwoyi zuwa ɓangarorin. Abubuwan da aka sanannun bayyanar Triceratops - ƙazamai da ƙaho, ana zargin ya yi amfani da shi don kare kai da kai hari.
Wannan yana nufin cewa irin wannan makamin shine wanda yayi saurin saurin tafiyar dinosaur. A alamance, idan ba shi yiwuwa a tsere, zai iya kai wa makiya hari ba tare da barin yankin da aka zaɓa ba. A wannan lokacin, tsakanin masana burbushin halittu da yawa, wannan shine kawai ingantaccen dalili. Matsalar ita ce cewa duk dinosaur na ceratopsia dinosaur suna da ƙyalli a wuyansu, amma dukansu suna da fasali da tsari daban-daban. Kuma dabaru yana nuna cewa idan kawai ana nufin su yaƙi masu farauta ne, za a daidaita fasalin zuwa mafi inganci.
Ka'ida daya ce tak ke bayyana banbancin siffofin frill da ƙaho: tunani. Ta hanyar samun nau'ikan siffofi daban-daban na wadannan siffofin, wasu jinsin dinosaur na ceratopsian zasu iya gano wasu mutane daga jinsinsu don kada su rude yayin saduwa da wasu jinsunan. Sau da yawa ana samun ramuka a cikin masoyan samfuran da aka haƙo. Ana iya ɗauka cewa an same su ne a yaƙi tare da wani nau'in jinsin. Koyaya, akwai ra'ayi game da kasancewar kamuwa da cutar parasitic na keɓaɓɓun samfuran. Don haka, duk da cewa yiwuwar ƙahonin na iya yin nasara kan mai farauta, amma har yanzu ana iya amfani da su don nuni da gwagwarmaya mara ma'ana tare da kishiyoyin.
Triceratops an yi imanin cewa ya rayu da farko a cikin garken shanu.... Kodayake a yau babu tabbatacciyar shaidar wannan gaskiyar. Ban da yara uku Triceratops da aka samo a wuri guda. Koyaya, duk sauran ragowar sun fito ne daga mutane masu kadaici. Wani abin da yakamata a tuna akan babban tunanin garken shine gaskiyar cewa Triceratops ba ƙarami bane kwata-kwata kuma yana buƙatar abinci mai yawa na shuka a kullun. Idan irin waɗannan buƙatun sun ninka sau da yawa (wanda aka lissafa ta rabon garken garken), irin wannan rukunin dabbobi zai kawo babbar asara ga yanayin halittar Arewacin Amurka a wancan lokacin.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Fahimtar cewa manyan dinosaur masu cin nama kamar su Tyrannosaurus na iya yuwuwar hallaka babban mutum, balagagge namiji Triceratops. Amma ba za su sami wata 'yar karamar damar kai hari ga kungiyar wadannan dinosaur din ba, wadanda suka taru don kariya. Saboda haka, yana yiwuwa akwai wasu ƙananan ƙungiyoyi waɗanda aka kirkira don kare mata masu rauni da jarirai, wanda ɗa namiji babba ke jagoranta.
Koyaya, ra'ayin cewa Triceratops, wanda ke rayuwa mafi yawancin rayuwa, shi ma ba mai yiwuwa bane, tare da cikakken nazarin yanayin yanayin ƙasa baki ɗaya. Na farko, wannan dinosaur din ya bayyana a matsayin mafi yawan jinsunan Keratopsian kuma watakila ma mafi yawan dinosaur mai yawan ciyayi a Arewacin Amurka a wannan lokacin. Saboda haka, ana iya ɗauka cewa lokaci-lokaci yakan yi tuntuɓe ga danginsa, yana ƙirƙirar ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. Na biyu, manyan ganye a yau, kamar giwaye, na iya tafiya cikin ƙungiyoyin biyu, ko dai a garken uwaye da jarirai, ko kuma su kaɗai.
Lokaci-lokaci, wasu mazan na iya ƙalubalance shi don ya maye gurbinsa. Wataƙila sun nuna ƙahoninsu da fan a matsayin kayan aiki mai ban tsoro, watakila ma sun yi yaƙi. A sakamakon haka, babban namiji ya sami damar saduwa da mata harem, yayin da wanda ya fadi dole ne ya yi yawo shi kadai, inda yake cikin hatsarin fadawa daga maharan. Wataƙila waɗannan bayanan basu da tabbas 100%, amma ana iya lura da irin wannan tsarin tsakanin sauran dabbobi a yau.
Tsawon rayuwa
An ƙayyade lokacin ƙarewa ta kan iyakar Cretaceous Paleogene mai wadatar iridium. Wannan iyakar ta raba Cretaceous daga Cenozoic kuma tana faruwa a sama kuma a cikin samuwar. Sake sake rarraba jinsunan da suka danganci masu ra'ayin sabbin ka'idoji masu linzami na iya canza fassarar nan gaba game da bacewar babban dinosaur na Arewacin Amurka. Yawan burbushin Triceratops ya tabbatar da cewa sun dace da abubuwan da suke musamman, kodayake, kamar sauran mutane, har yanzu basu tsira daga halaka ba.
Jima'i dimorphism
Masu binciken sun gano ragowar abubuwa biyu. A kan wasu, ƙahon tsakiya ya ɗan guntu, a kan wasu ma ya fi tsayi. Akwai ka'idar cewa waɗannan alamun alamun lalata tsakanin mutane ne na dinosaur na Triceratops.
Tarihin ganowa
An fara gano Triceratops a cikin 1887. A wannan lokacin, an sami gutsutsuren kwanya da ƙaho biyu kawai. An gano asali ne a matsayin nau'in bison prehistoric mai ban mamaki. Bayan shekara guda, sai aka gano wani cikakken abin da aka tsara na kwanyar. John Bell Hatcher ya fito da karin shaidar asalin da asalin kwanyar. A sakamakon haka, an tilasta wa masu neman farko su canza tunaninsu, suna kiran burbushin halittu Triceratops.
Triceratops shine batun mahimman ci gaba da binciken haraji. Hasashen na yanzu ya hada da ra'ayin cewa yayin da dabbar ta balaga, an sake rarraba nama daga yankin tsakiya na dutsen zuwa gawar. Sakamakon wannan gaskiyar zai zama ramuka a cikin dutsen, yana mai da shi girma, ba tare da ƙara ɗora masa ba.
Gutsure-tsaren hotunan hanyoyin sadarwar jijiyoyin jiki akan fata, wanda ke rufe dutsen, na iya zama wani nau'in talla na halin mutum... Wasu masana suna jayayya cewa irin wannan bayyanar na iya zama ado mai kayatarwa ga mai ɗaure, yana mai da shi muhimmiyar alama don bayyanar jima'i ko ganowa. Wannan halin yanzu ana duba shi yayin da masana kimiyya suka raba shaidar da ke nuna cewa jinsin halittu daban-daban da kuma fiestra masu dogaro suna wakiltar matakai daban-daban na girma iri daya na jinsin Triceratops.
Jack Horner na Jami'ar Jihar Montana ya lura cewa keratopia suna da ƙashi a cikin kwanyar su. Wannan yana bawa kyallen takarda damar daidaitawa cikin lokaci, fadadawa da kuma sake gyara don kara sake fasalta.
Yana da ban sha'awa!Tasirin irin waɗannan canje-canjen haraji suna da ban mamaki. Idan ire-iren jinsunan dinosaur din Cretaceous dinosaur sun kasance nau'ikan halittu wadanda basu balaga ba na sauran jinsunan baligai, to da raguwar abubuwa ya faru da wuri fiye da yadda ake da'awa. Triceratops an riga an ɗauka ɗayan ragowar ƙarshe na manyan dabbobi. Ya kasance sananne ne saboda yawancin burbushin sa a cikin tarihin.
Yawancin jinsunan dinosaur a halin yanzu ana sake nazarin su saboda yiwuwar dabarar Triceratops. Kayan kwalliya na Triceratops yana dauke da fibroblasts mai warkarwa. Wannan muhimmiyar fa'ida ce mai amfani ga huda daga abokan hamayya ko daga manyan dabbobi masu cin nama. Masana kimiyya har yanzu basu gama tabbatar da cewa irin wannan kayan aikin ya zama dole don nuna iko, tsere, gata, ko duka a lokaci guda ba.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Tsarin Triceratops 'Hellscream ya hada da sassan Montana, North Dakota, Dakota ta Kudu, da Wyoming. Wannan jerin dunƙulen dunƙulen-dunƙulen ƙasa ne, duwatsu masu laka da duwatsu, waɗanda aka haɗu da tashoshin kogi da delta, waɗanda suka kasance a ƙarshen Cretaceous da farkon Paleogene. Lowananan yankin yana gefen gabas na yammacin tekun yamma. Sauyin yanayi a wannan lokacin ya kasance mai sauƙi da yanayin yanayi.
Abincin abinci na Triceratops
Triceratops ya kasance ciyawar ganye mai hakora 432 zuwa 800 a baki mai kama da baki. Kusancin haƙoransa da haƙoransa suna nuna cewa ya mallaki ɗaruruwan hakora saboda maye gurbinsa da aka yi. Triceratops mai yiwuwa ya tauna ferns da cicadas. Hakoransa sun dace da tsinke shuke-shuke masu zare.
Hakanan zai zama mai ban sha'awa:
- Velociraptor (mai watsa shirye-shiryen bidiyo)
- Stegosaurus (Latin Stegosaurus)
- Tarbosaurus (lat. Tarbosaurus)
- Pterodactyl (Latin Pterodactylus)
- Megalodon (lat.Carcharodon megalodon)
A kowane gefen muƙamuƙin akwai "batura" na ginshikan haƙoran 36-40. Kowane shafi ya ƙunshi daga 3 zuwa 5 guda. Manyan samfuran suna da hakora. A bayyane, mahimmancin maye gurbinsu da girmamawa akan yawa yana nuna cewa Triceratops dole ne ya cinye tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire masu yawa.
Makiya na halitta
Har zuwa yanzu, ba a gano cikakkun bayanai game da makiya na dinosaur na Triceratops ba.
