Jackals suna ne gama gari wanda ya hada nau'ikan wakilan uku ko hudu na dangin canine (Canidae) da ke zaune a Afirka da Asiya, da kuma yankin kudu maso gabashin Turai.
Bayanin jackal
Dabbobi masu shayarwa daga dangin canine (canine) da kerkolfci (lat. Canis) sun fiya bayyana bambancin jinsin. Duk da wannan, kasancewar dabbobi mai dimbin siffa ba babba ba mai kaifin bakin bakin baki abu ne na yau da kullun ga dukkan nau'ikan.... Matsakaicin tsawon kwanyar, a matsayinka na doka, bai wuce cm 17-19 ba. Canines suna da kaifi, manya da ƙarfi, kaɗan sirara, amma sun dace sosai da farauta. Iris na idanu launin ruwan kasa ne mai haske ko kuma mai duhu. Kunnuwa a tsaye suke, an ware su daban, dan kadan mara dadi.
Bayyanar
Jakiloli suna da matsakaicin matsakaici don wakilan gidan canine (canine), kuma a tsarin jikinsu, dabba mai kama da ƙaramar kare:
- Yakin da aka tsiri - yayi kama da jackal masu tallafi na baki a bayyane, kuma babban bambancin shine gajeren bakin da ya fi fadi. Rawan haske yana gudana tare da bangarorin, wanda a zahiri ya baiwa jinsin suna ga dabba. Launin jikin na sama launin toka-ruwan kasa-kasa, wutsiya kuma a launi mai duhu tare da farin fari. Canines na jinsin sune mafi ƙarfi da haɓaka sosai na duk jackal. A cikin yankin dubura da kan bakin bakin akwai glandon kamshi na musamman;
- Baki mai goyon baya - ya bambanta da launi mai launin ja-launin toka tare da gashin duhu a bayanta, wanda ke samar da wani irin "baƙin mayafin sirdi", ya faɗaɗa har wutsiya. Wannan rigar sirrin sananniyar alama ce ta nau'in. Manya suna da tsawon jiki na 75-81 cm, tare da jela tsawon 30 cm kuma tsayi a bushewar cm 50. Matsakaicin nauyi ya kai kilogiram 12-13;
- Jaket na kowa - karamar dabba ce, mai kamanceceniya da raguwar kerkeci. Matsakaicin tsayin jiki ba tare da jela ba ya kai kusan 75-80 cm, kuma tsayin babba a kafaɗu, a ƙa'ida, bai wuce rabin mita ba. Matsakaicin nauyin jackal galibi ya bambanta tsakanin kilogram 8-10. Babban launi na Jawo launin toka ne, tare da kasancewar launin ja, rawaya ko inuwa. A yankin baya da gefuna, launin baki daya ya koma sautunan baƙi, kuma a yankin ciki da maƙogwaro, launin rawaya mai haske ya mamaye;
- Jakadan Habasha - dabba ce mai doguwar fuska da doguwa, tare da bayyanar da yanayin da yawa ko ƙasa da haka ga iyali. Launi na Jawo ja ce mai duhu, tare da haske ko maƙogwaron fari mai tsabta, farin kirji da gefen ciki da gabobin. Wasu mutane suma suna da halin kasancewar wuraren haske a wasu sassan jiki. Sashin saman jela da bayan kunnuwa baƙi ne. Matsakaicin nauyin namiji baligi ya kai kilo 15-16, kuma na mata bai wuce kilogiram 12-13 ba. Tsayin dabba a kafadu yana tsakanin 60 cm.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Launin jackal ya bambanta sosai dangane da halaye na yankin mazaunin, amma furcin rani galibi yana da laushi da gajarta fiye da gashin hunturu, kuma yana da launi mai launi ja.
Jakar Jaki sau biyu a shekara: a bazara da kaka, kuma tufafin lafiyayyu ya canza cikin kusan makonni biyu.
Hali da salon rayuwa
Ofayan mahimmancin bambance-bambance a tsakanin dodo mai raɗaɗi shine salon rayuwar sa ba dare ba rana, kuma ana ba wa kowane nau'in dabbobi farauta. Koyaya, halin waɗannan dabbobin a halin yanzu ba shi da cikakken nazari, saboda ɓoye-ɓoye da rashin yarda da mutane.
Dodan dawa na yau da kullun suna cikin nau'in dabbobi masu zaman kansu waɗanda basa yin ƙaura na lokaci-lokaci. Wasu lokuta wakilan jinsin suna iya yin nisa sosai daga mazauninsu na dindindin don neman abinci mai sauki, kuma galibi ana samunsu a yankunan da asarar dabbobi da yawa ko kuma wadatattun wuraren daji wadanda ke basu damar cin mushe.
Dodan Habasha masu farauta ne. Mutanen Oromo, wadanda ke zaune a yankin kudancin Habasha, sun kira irin wannan dabban dabban "dodo mai doki", wanda hakan ya samo asali ne daga dabi'un mai shayarwa da kuma damar rakiyar shanu masu ciki da mares don cin abinci a wurin da aka jefar dama bayan haihuwa. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, wannan nau'ikan yanki ne da keɓaɓɓe.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Jaki masu goyon bayan baki suna da wahalar fahimta, a sauƙaƙe suna iya yin ma'amala da mutane kuma da sauri sukan saba da mutane, saboda haka wani lokacin sukan zama kusan dabbobi masu lahani.
Yaran dabbobi, a matsayin ƙa'ida, suna kasancewa a wurin haihuwarsu, inda mutane 2-8 suka haɗu cikin garken. Mata suna barin yankin haihuwarsu da wuri, wanda ke tare da fifikon maza a wasu yankuna.
Dodanni nawa ke rayuwa
Tsammani na rayuwa a cikin yanayi na dodo na taguwa ba safai ya wuce shekaru goma sha biyu ba, kuma jackal na cikin yanayi na iya rayuwa tsawon shekaru goma sha huɗu. Sauran raƙuman ruwan jackal suma suna rayuwa cikin shekaru goma zuwa goma sha biyu.
Jima'i dimorphism
Girman jiki na baligi galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin alamun dimorphism na jima'i a cikin diloli. Misali, mazan da ke ratsi-rawa suna da girma fiye da matan da suka manyanta a wannan jinsin.
Jaran Jaka
Duk da kamannun kamannun waje, dodanni ba kowane jinsi suna da kusanci da juna ba:
- Yankunan da aka tagu (Canis adustus), waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin wakilcin C.a. bweha, C.a. tsakiya, C.a. kaffensis da C.a. cincincinci;
- Jackal mai goyon baya na baki (Canis mesomelas), wanda keɓaɓɓun wakilcin C.m. mesomelas da C.m. schmidti;
- Jakadan Asiatic ko na kowa (Canis aureus), wanda ke ƙarƙashin wakilcin C.a. maeoticus da C.a. aureus;
- Jakin Habasha (Canis simensis) - a halin yanzu yana cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan da ba su da yawa a cikin dangin Canis.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Godiya ga karatuttukan kwayoyin halittun da aka yi kwanan nan, masana kimiyya sun sami damar tabbatar da cewa duk jakunan Habasha sun fito ne daga kerkeci.
Ya kamata a sani cewa fatalwa da baƙaƙen tallafi, waɗanda suke kusa da juna, sun iya rabuwa da kyarkeci da sauran karnukan daji na Eurasia da Afirka kimanin shekaru miliyan shida ko bakwai da suka gabata.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Yankunan da aka tube sun yadu ko'ina a Afirka ta Kudu da Afirka ta Tsakiya, inda wakilan jinsunan suka fi son zama a cikin dazuzzuka da dausayi kusa da mazaunin ɗan adam. A irin waɗannan wurare, dodo mai raɗaɗi ya fi kusa da wasu nau'in, amma ya fi na wadanda suka zo. Ana samun jakkunan da ke da bakar fata a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ana samunsu a gabar gabashin gabashin babban yankin, daga Cape of Good Hope zuwa Namibia.
Dodannin gama gari suna zaune a yankuna da yawa. A duk tsawon zangon, irin wannan dabbar ta fi son wurare da yawa da shuke-shuken, gadajen da ke kusa da jikin ruwa, tsarin watsi da sakewa tare da yawan magudanan ruwa da kuma sandunan tsattsauran rami. A cikin tsaunuka, wakilan jinsin suna hawa zuwa tsayin da bai wuce m 2500 ba, kuma a cikin dutsen dabba ba ta da yawa. Koyaya, kasancewar jikkunan ruwa a mazaunin jackal na kowa yafi so fiye da dole.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Jakilai suna iya jurewa masu sauƙin yanayin gwamnatocin ƙasa da sau 35 a cikin C, amma ba su iya motsawa gaba ɗaya a kan rufin dusar ƙanƙara mai zurfi, saboda haka, a lokacin damuna mai dusar ƙanƙara, mai farautar yana motsawa ta hanyar da mutane ko manyan dabbobi suka bi.
Yankin da wurin zama na jakadan Habasha ya kasu kashi bakwai, biyar daga cikinsu suna arewacin yankin Habasha, kuma manyan biyun suna yankin kudu, gami da yankin Habasha. Ya kamata a san cewa jakunan Habasha suna da ƙwarewar ilimin muhalli. Irin wadannan dabbobin suna rayuwa ne kawai a wuraren da ba su da bishiyoyi da ke tsayin mita dubu uku har ma da dan kadan, wuraren zama na makiyaya mai tsayi.
Jakar cin abinci
Abincin da dirarren dabbar ta saba amfani da ita ta ƙunshi 'ya'yan itace da ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa, gami da beraye, da kuma wasu ƙwari. Babban wasan da dodo yake iya kamawa shine kurege. Koyaya, babban takamaiman fasalin dabbar da take taguwar ita ce rashin yawan naman gawa a cikin abincin - dabbar ta fi son ƙwari da rayuwa mai ganima.
Dodan dawa na kowa dabba ce mai kusan komai kuma ta fi son ciyarwa da daddare.... Carrion yana da mahimmanci a cikin abincin wannan dabba. Manya suna da matuƙar son kama ƙananan tsuntsaye da dabbobi da yawa, suna cin kadangaru, da macizai da kwadi, da katantanwa, suna cin ƙwari da yawa, gami da ciyawa da tsutsa iri daban-daban. Jakiloli suna neman mataccen kifi kusa da gaɓar ruwa, kuma a cikin tsananin hunturu suna farautar tsuntsaye. Jarirai sun cinye Carrion tare da ungulu.
Jarabawa yawanci tafi farauta su kadai ko a biyu. A wannan halin, dabba daya ce takai abin farautar, ta biyun kuwa ta kashe ta. Godiya ga tsalle mai tsayi, mai shayarwa na iya kama tsuntsayen da suka riga sun tashi sama. Mafi yawan lokuta, pheasants da warblers suna fama da hare-hare ta diloli. Manya suna cin abinci mai yawa da berriesa fruitsan itace, kuma suna zaune kusa da mazaunin ɗan adam, dabbar tana da damar ciyar da datti akan tarin shara da shara a ciki tare da sharar gida.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Jakar Jaki na da yawan surutu da kuwwa, kuma kafin su tafi farauta, irin wannan dabbar tana fitar da halayya mai karfi, wanda ke tuna wani babban kuka, wanda nan da nan duk wasu mutane da ke kusa da shi suka dauke shi.
Kusan kashi 95% na yawan abincin da ake kira na jackson Habasha ana wakilta ne da beraye. Masu farautar wannan nau'ikan suna farautar manya-manyan kwari makafi na Afirka da wasu, wadanda suka fi girma girma, wakilan dangin Bathyergidae. Beraye da nau'ikan ɓeraye ba sau da yawa ganima ne ga jakadan Habasha. Wani lokaci dabbobi masu shayarwa sukan kama kyankyasai da 'ya' yan yara. Ana bin sawun ganima a wuraren da aka bude, kuma harkallar masu farautar dabbobi yanzu ba safai ake samunsu ba.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Lokacin kiwo na diloli masu rairayi kai tsaye ya dogara da labarin kasa na rarrabawa, kuma lokacin haihuwar na dauke da matsakaita na kwanaki 57-70, bayan haka ana haihuwar kwiyakwiyi uku ko hudu a lokacin damina. Dodannin da aka yi wa tudu suna yin kogonsu a cikin tsaunuka na zamani ko amfani da tsoffin burbushin aardvark don wannan dalili. A wasu lokutan jakar mace tana tona rami ita kadai.
A kwanakin farko bayan haihuwar 'ya'yan, namiji da kansa yana ba wa mai ciyarwa abinci. Lokacin ciyar da madara yakan kai kimanin makonni daya da rabi, bayan haka macen ke zuwa farauta tare da namiji kuma suna ciyar da 'ya'yansu masu girma tare. Dodan da aka yi wa tudu dabbobi ne da suke da mace ɗaya wanda suke rayuwa bibbiyu.
An kafa nau'i-nau'i na jakuna na kowa sau ɗaya kuma ga dukkan rayuwa, kuma maza suna taka rawa sosai a cikin ayyukan tsara rami da haɓaka odaodansu. Zafin mata na faruwa ne daga shekaru goma na ƙarshe na Janairu zuwa Fabrairu ko Maris. Yayin rudani, diloli suna ihu da ƙarfi da ƙarfi. Ciki yana ɗaukar kimanin kwanaki 60-63, kuma an haifi puan kwikwiyo a ƙarshen Maris ko kafin bazara. 'Ya'yan' ya'yan kwikwiyo a cikin burrow an shirya su a cikin wani wuri da ba za a iya wucewa ba.
Ana shayar da Ca witha da madara har zuwa wata biyu ko uku, amma a kusan makonni uku, mace tana fara ciyar da hera heran ta, tana mayar da abincin da ta haɗiye. Da farkon kaka, samari masu zaman kansu sun zama masu cin gashin kansu, don haka suna tafiya farauta su kaɗai ko kuma a ƙananan rukuni... Mata na balaga a cikin shekara guda, kuma maza a cikin shekaru biyu.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Yarinya ya kai ga balagar jima'i yana ɗan shekara shida zuwa takwas, amma samari suna barin dangi ne kawai shekara ɗaya.
Yin jima'i a cikin wakilan nau'in jinsunan Habasha wanda ke da wuya a yanayin yanayi, a watan Agusta zuwa Satumba, kuma an haifi zuriyarsu a cikin 'yan watanni. A cikin zuriyar dabbobi, a matsayin mai ƙa'ida, akwai ppan kwikwiyo 2-6 waɗanda duk membobin shirya ke ciyar da su.
A cikin shirya, alpha biyu ne kawai yawanci ke kiwo, wanda shugaba ke wakilta tare da mace baliga. Yaran dabbobi suna fara motsawa tare da membobin shirya kawai daga watannin shida, kuma dabbobin sun zama cikakkun yara yan shekara biyu.
Makiya na halitta
Kowane irin jackal yana da makiya na halitta da yawa. Don ƙaramar dabba mai rauni kuma mafi ƙarancin rauni, kusan kowane mai farauta na matsakaici da manyan girma na iya haifar da haɗari. Misali, haɗuwa da kerkeci, inda mazauninsu ke tsinkaya da mazaunin diloli, ba ya da kyau ga na ƙarshe. Kusa da ƙauyuka, ko da karnuka na tsakar gida na iya cizon diloli.
Farautar wannan dabba mai zaman kanta tana taimakawa ga raguwar yawan dodannin bakar fata. Fushin wannan nau'in mai laushi ne kuma mai yawa, saboda haka, a Afirka ta Kudu, ana amfani da konkoma karãtunan fata (psovina) na jakuna masu baƙar fata don ƙera katifu na fur (abin da ake kira kaross). Ci gaban ƙashi, wanda wasu lokuta akan same shi a ƙwanƙolin jackal gama gari kuma yana da gashi mai tsayi, ana ɗaukarsa a mafi yawancin sassan Indiya a matsayin mafi kyawu, wanda ake kira "ƙahonin jackal".
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Daga cikin mutane bakwai na jakunan Habasha, mutum daya ne kawai, wanda ke zaune a tsaunukan Bale, yana da mutane sama da dari, kuma jimlar wannan nau'in a halin yanzu ta kusan dabbobi manya dari shida. Mafi mahimmancin dalilai dake barazana ga wanzuwar wani jinsi ya cika iyaka. Ba ƙaramin muhimmanci ba ne a rage jimillar ƙwaryar Habasha, wacce aka lasafta ta a matsayin haɗari mai haɗari, su ma duk nau'ikan cututtukan da mafarauta ke kamuwa da su daga karnukan gida marasa lafiya.
Yana da ban sha'awa! An tsara fasinjan don zama ne kawai a cikin makiyaya mai tsayi tare da yanayi mai sanyi, kuma yankin waɗannan yankuna yanzu suna taƙuwa a ƙarƙashin mummunan tasirin ɗumamar yanayi.
Lokaci zuwa lokaci, al'adun mutane suna farautar diloli na Habasha, tunda kyawawan halayen warkarwa suna da nasaba da hanta wannan dabba mai cin nama. A halin yanzu an saka jakar Habasha a shafin Red Book a matsayin jinsin da ke cikin hatsari. Anyi bayanin yadda aka samu nasarar rarrabuwar kawuna ta yadda aikin dabba ya fi yawa, haka nan kuma ikon sa na amfani da wurare masu yawa na halittar dan adam.
Koyaya, wani lokaci da suka wuce, wasu raƙuman raƙuman diloli ba su da yawa.... Misali, a cikin Sabiya da Albania, kuma tun daga 1962 da yankin Bulgaria, an hana farautar fitinanniyar dodo. A yau, yawan irin wannan dabba mai shayarwa an ba shi matsayin "Daga cikin haɗari", wanda ya faru ne saboda sassauƙa da kuma daidaitawar dabba zuwa yanayin rayuwa iri-iri.
