Wannan ita ce kadai babban kyanwa da ke rayuwa a tsaunuka, inda dusar ƙanƙara ta dawwama tana shuru. Ba tare da dalili ba cewa masu hawa hawa suka karɓi taken rabin lokaci na "Damisa mai Dusar Kankara" waɗanda suka yi nasarar cinye shahararrun tsaunuka masu faɗin mita dubu bakwai na Tarayyar Soviet.
Bayanin damisar dusar ƙanƙara
Uncia uncia, wanda ke zaune a tsaunuka na Asiya ta Tsakiya, ana kiransa damisa ko irbis... Meran kasuwar Rasha sun ari kalma ta ƙarshe a cikin rubutun asali "irbiz" daga mafarautan Turkawa a cikin ƙarni na 17, amma ƙarni ɗaya kawai bayan wannan "dabba mai kyau" aka gabatar da ita ga Turawa (har yanzu a cikin hoto). Anyi wannan a cikin 1761 ta Georges Buffon, wanda ya kasance tare da zane tare da nuna cewa Da zarar (damisa mai dusar ƙanƙara) an horar da ita don farauta kuma ana samunta a Farisa.
Bayanin kimiya daga Bajamushe ɗan masanin halitta Johann Schreber ya bayyana wani ɗan lokaci daga baya, a cikin 1775. A cikin ƙarni masu zuwa, mashahuran masanan da kuma matafiya sun yi nazarin damisar dusar ƙanƙarar, ciki har da Nikolai Przhevalsky. Misali, tsarin binciken halittu, ya gano cewa damisar dusar kankara mallakar wasu tsoffin halittu ne wadanda suka bayyana a doron duniya kimanin shekaru miliyan 1.4 da suka gabata.
Bayyanar
Kyakyawan cat ne, mai kama da damisa, amma mafi ƙanƙanta da ƙari. Akwai wasu alamomin da suka banbanta damisar dusar kankara da damisa: doguwar (3/4 ta jiki) mai kauri da kuma tsari na musamman na rotse da tabo. Damisar dusar ƙanƙara ta girma ta kai 2-2.5 m (gami da wutsiya) tare da tsayi a ƙeƙasasshen kusan mita 0.6. Maza koyaushe sun fi mata girma kuma suna da nauyin kilogiram 45-55, yayin da nauyin na biyun ya bambanta a kewayon 22-40 kg.
Damisa mai dusar ƙanƙara tana da ƙarami, zagaye kai tare da gajere, zagaye kunnuwa. Ba su da tassels, kuma a cikin hunturu kusan an binne kunnuwansu a cikin babban fur. Damisa mai dusar ƙanƙara tana da idanu masu bayyana (don dacewa da gashi) da kuma santimita 10 na tsaba. Shortananan gaɓoɓin sun fi dacewa a kan manyan yatsun kafa tare da ƙwanƙwasawa masu iya janyewa. Inda damisar dusar ƙanƙara ta wuce, akwai waƙoƙin zagaye ba tare da alamun alamar ba. Saboda tsananin gashi da babbar gashi, wutsiyar tana da kauri fiye da ita, kuma damisar dusar ƙanƙara tana amfani dashi azaman daidaitawa yayin tsalle.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Damisa mai dusar ƙanƙara tana da kauri mai laushi da laushi mai laushi, wanda ke ba dabbar dumi a cikin tsananin sanyi. Gashi a baya ya kai 55 mm. Dangane da yawa na sutura, damisar dusar ƙanƙara tana kusa da babba, amma ga ƙananan kuliyoyi.
An fentin baya da bangarorin sama na bangarorin a cikin launi mai ruwan toka mai haske (mai karkata zuwa fari), amma cikin ciki, ɓangarorin ƙugu na gaɓoɓin da ƙananan ɓangarorin koyaushe sun fi haske baya. An kirkiro da tsari na musamman ta haɗuwa da manyan rotse mai siffar zobe (wanda a ciki akwai ƙaramin ɗigon ruwa) da kuma launuka masu launin toka mai duhu / duhu. Spotsananan wurare suna ado da shugaban damisar dusar ƙanƙara, an rarraba manya daga cikin wuya da ƙafafu. A bayan baya, tabo ya zama yawo lokacin da aibobi suka hade da juna, suna yin ratsi mai tsawo. A rabi na biyu na wutsiyar, tabo yawanci suna kusan shiga cikin zobe wanda bai cika ba, amma ƙarshen wutsiyar daga sama baƙi ne.
Jawo lokacin hunturu galibi launin toka ne, tare da fure mai hayaƙi (wanda aka fi saninsa a baya da gefuna), wani lokacin tare da haɗuwa da hasken rawaya... An tsara wannan launi don rufe damisa mai dusar ƙanƙara tsakanin kankara, duwatsu masu toka da dusar ƙanƙara. A lokacin bazara, asalin asalin fur ɗin ya ƙare da kusan fari, wanda a kansa wuraren da duhu ya bayyana karara. Matasan damisar dusar ƙanƙara koyaushe suna da launi mai ƙarfi fiye da tsofaffin danginsu.
Hali da salon rayuwa
Wannan dabbar yanki ce mai saurin kaɗaici: mata ne kawai tare da manyan kyanwa suke yin ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa. Kowane damisa mai dusar ƙanƙara yana da fili na kansa, wanda yankinsa (a wurare daban-daban na kewayon) ya fara daga 12 km² zuwa 200 km². Dabbobi suna yiwa iyakokin yankinsu alamomi da alamun ƙamshi, amma basa ƙoƙarin kare shi a cikin faɗa. Damisar dusar ƙanƙara yawanci farauta ce a wayewar gari ko kuma kafin faduwar rana, sau da yawa a rana. Sananne ne cewa damisar dusar ƙanƙara da ke rayuwa a cikin Himalayas suna farautar farauta da yamma.
Da rana, dabbobin suna hutawa a kan kankara, galibi suna amfani da kogo ɗaya har tsawon shekaru. Sau da yawa ana saita gidan cikin ɗakunan duwatsu da kogwanni, daga cikin masu sanya duwatsu, sun fi son ɓoyewa a ƙarƙashin tsaunuka. Shaidun gani da ido sun ce sun ga damisar dusar ƙanƙara a cikin Kyrgyz Alatau, suna kwance a kan ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙarami a cikin gidajen bakaken ungulu.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Irbis yakan keɓe yankinsa na sirri lokaci-lokaci, yana bincika sansanonin / wuraren kiwo na masu kula da daji da kuma bin hanyoyin da aka sani. Galibi hanyarta (idan tana saukowa daga kololuwa zuwa fili) yakan bi ta kan tsaunuka ko tare da rafi / kogi.
Saboda doguwar hanyar, juyawar ya ɗauki kwanaki da yawa, wanda ke bayyana bayyanar dabbar a wani wuri. Kari akan haka, dusar kankara mai zurfi da sako-sako tana jinkirta motsin ta: a irin wadannan wurare damisar dusar kankara tana yin hanyoyi na dindindin.
Har yaushe irbis ke rayuwa
An tabbatar da cewa a cikin daji, damisa mai dusar ƙanƙara na rayuwa tsawon shekaru 13, kuma kusan ninki biyu a cikin wuraren shakatawa na dabbobi. Matsakaicin tsawon rai a cikin fursuna shine shekaru 21, amma an rubuta wani al'amari lokacin da wata damisa mai dusar ƙanƙara ta rayu shekara 28.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Irbis an san shi azaman nau'in Asiya ne na musamman, wanda kewayon sa (wanda ke da kusan kilomita miliyan 1.23) ya bi ta tsaunukan tsaunuka na Tsakiya da Kudancin Asiya. Yankin da ke da matukar muhimmanci ga damisar dusar ƙanƙara ya haɗa da ƙasashe kamar:
- Rasha da Mongoliya;
- Kirgizistan da Kazakhstan;
- Uzbekistan da Tajikistan;
- Pakistan da Nepal;
- China da Afghanistan;
- Indiya, Myanmar da Bhutan.
A yanayin kasa, yankin ya faro ne daga Hindu Kush (a gabashin Afghanistan) da Syr Darya zuwa Kudancin Siberia (inda ya rufe Altai, Tannu-Ola da Sayan), suka ratsa Pamir, Tien Shan, Karakorum, Kunlun, Kashmir da Himalayas. A Mongolia, ana samun damisar dusar kankara a cikin Mongolian / Gobi Altai da kuma cikin tsaunukan Khangai, a Tibet har zuwa arewacin Altunshan.
Mahimmanci! Rasha kawai ke dauke da kashi 2% cikin 100 na duk duniya: wannan shi ne arewa da arewa maso yammacin yankunan jinsunan. A cikin ƙasarmu, jimlar yanki na damisa mai dusar ƙanƙara tana gabatowa kilomita dubu 60². Ana iya samun dabbar a yankin Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, Buryatia, Khakassia, Jamhuriyar Altai da kuma a tsaunukan Sayan na Gabas (gami da tsaunukan Munku-Sardyk da Tunkinskie Goltsy).
Irbis baya jin tsoron manyan tsaunuka da dusar ƙanƙara mai dawwama, yana zaɓar buɗe filayen sararin samaniya, tuddai mai laushi / ƙarami da ƙananan kwari tare da ciyayi masu tsayi, waɗanda ke haɗe da duwatsu masu duwatsu da tarin duwatsu. Wani lokaci dabbobi suna bin mafi mahimmancin yanki tare da shrubs da scree, wanda zai iya ɓoyewa daga idanun prying. Damisar dusar ƙanƙara mafi yawancin suna rayuwa sama da iyakar dajin, amma lokaci zuwa lokaci sukan shiga dajin (galibi a cikin hunturu).
Abincin dusar ƙanƙara
Mai sauƙin farauta yana magance ganima sau uku nauyinta. Ngasashe suna da sha'awar gastronomic akai a cikin damisa mai dusar ƙanƙara:
- ƙahonin awaki da na Siberia;
- Argali;
- raguna masu shuɗi;
- takins da kwantena;
- argali da katako;
- barewa da barewa;
- serau da barewa;
- dabbobin daji da barewa.
Tare da raguwar kaifin dabbobin daji, damisar dusar kankara ta sauya zuwa kananan dabbobi (squirrels da pikas) da tsuntsaye (pheasants, snowcocks, and chukots). Idan babu abincin da aka saba, zai iya mamaye beyar mai ruwan kasa, kazalika da lalata dabbobi - tumaki, dawakai da awaki.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Wani balagagge mai cin nama yana cin kilogiram 2-3 a lokaci guda. A lokacin rani, abincin nama yana zama mai cin ganyayyaki lokacin da damisar dusar ƙanƙara suka fara cin ciyawa da tsiro.
Damisar dusar kankara tana farauta shi kadai, yana kallon unguloli kusa da ramuka na ruwa, leken gishiri da hanyoyi: guguwa daga sama, daga dutse, ko rarrafe daga bayan matsuguni. A ƙarshen bazara, a lokacin kaka da farkon lokacin sanyi, damisar dusar ƙanƙara suna farauta cikin rukuni-rukuni waɗanda suka kunshi mace da hera broan ta. Mai farauta ya yi tsalle daga kwanton bauna lokacin da tazara tsakaninsa da ganima ta ragu sosai don isa da yawa tsalle mai ƙarfi. Idan abun ya zame, Damisar dusar kankara ta rasa sha'awarta kai tsaye ko kuma ta faɗi baya, bayan ya yi gudun mita 300.
Manyan damisoshin dusar ƙanƙara galibi galibi suna ɗauke da makogwaro sannan su shake ko karya wuyansu. Ana jan gawar a ƙarƙashin dutse ko kuma cikin mafaka, inda zaku iya cin abinci a nitse. Da zarar ya cika, yakan jefa ganima, amma wani lokacin yana kwance kusa, yana kwashe masu satar, misali, ungulu. A Rasha, yawancin abincin damisar dusar ƙanƙara galibi ya ƙunshi awaki na kankara, barewa, argali, barewa da barewa.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Yana da matukar wahala a lura da rayuwar damisar dusar ƙanƙara a cikin daji, wanda ƙarancin ɗimbin yawa da mazaunin jinsin ya bayyana (dusar ƙanƙara, duwatsu da kuma nesa nesa da mutane). Ba abin mamaki ba, har yanzu masu bincike ba su gano asirin damisar dusar kankara ba, gami da abubuwa da yawa game da yaduwarta. An san cewa lokacin saduwa ga dabbobi yana buɗewa a ƙarshen hunturu ko farkon bazara. A lokacin rutting, maza suna yin sautuna masu kama da bass meow.
Mace takan kawo zuriya kusan sau ɗaya kowace shekara 2, ɗauke da ɗa daga kwanaki 90 zuwa 110... Kayan kwalliya a wuraren da ba a iya isa gare su. Bayan samun nasarar jima'i, sai namijin ya bar abokin tarayya, ya dora duk wata damuwa game da renon yara a kanta. Kittens an haife su a cikin Afrilu - Mayu ko Mayu - Yuni (lokacin ya dogara da yankin kewayon).
Yana da ban sha'awa! A cikin zuriyar dabbobi, a matsayinka na mai mulki, akwai sa twoa biyu ko uku, da ɗan sau da yawa - huɗu ko biyar. Akwai bayani game da yawancin yara, wanda aka tabbatar ta hanyar ganawa da iyalai na mutane 7.
Haihuwar jarirai (girman kyanwa na gida) ana haifuwarsu makaho, marasa taimako kuma an lulluɓe su da kayataccen launin ruwan kasa masu duhu masu kauri. A haihuwa, kyanwa ba ta da nauyin da bai wuce kilogiram 0.5 ba tare da tsayin cm 30. Idanuwa a buɗe suke bayan kwanaki 6-8, amma suna ƙoƙari su fita daga rami ba daɗe da watanni 2 ba. Tun daga wannan zamani, uwa ta fara hada kayan cin nama na farko zuwa nono.
Da shekara 3, kittens ɗin sun riga sun bi mahaifiyarsu, kuma har zuwa watanni 5-6 ɗinsu suna raka ta farauta. Dukan dangin suna lura da ganima, amma haƙƙin yanke hukuncin ya kasance tare da mace. Aramar ƙuruciya ta sami cikakken 'yanci ba a farkon bazara ba. Balaguron jima'in damisar dusar ƙanƙara an lura dashi koda daga baya, yana ɗan shekara 3-4.
Makiya na halitta
Damisar dusar kankarar, saboda takamammen kewayonta, an gina ta zuwa saman dala na abinci kuma ba ta da wata gasa (dangane da tushen abinci iri ɗaya) daga manyan mafarautan. Wasu keɓewa na musamman mazaunin suna kiyaye damisar dusar ƙanƙara daga abokan gaba na halitta.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
A cewar Asusun kula da namun daji na duniya, a yanzu akwai daga damisa dubu 3 zuwa 3 da dubu 5.5 a yanayi, kuma kusan wasu dubu 2 suna rayuwa kuma suna kiwo a gidajen zoo.... Girman karuwar yawan jama'a ya samo asali ne saboda haramtacciyar farautar gashin damisar dusar ƙanƙara, sakamakon haka aka gane damisar ƙanana a matsayin ƙaramin, ba safai ba kuma mai hatsari.
Mahimmanci! Mafarauta har yanzu suna farautar damisar dusar ƙanƙara, duk da cewa a duk ƙasashe (inda kewayonsa ya wuce) ana kiyaye mai farautar a matakin jiha, kuma an hana samar da shi. A cikin littafin Red Book na Mongolia daga 1997, damisar dusar kankara an jera ta a matsayin "mai matukar wuya", kuma a cikin littafin Red Book of Russian Federation (2001) an sanya jinsin a rukunin farko a matsayin "masu hadari a iyakar kewayonsa."
Bugu da kari, damisar dusar kankarar ta kasance a cikin Rataye na 1 na Yarjejeniyar kan Cinikin Kasa da Kasa a Dabbobin Dabbobi / Flora. Tare da irin wannan lafazin, damisar dusar ƙanƙara (a ƙarƙashin mafi girman rukunin kariya EN C2A) an haɗa ta a cikin 2000 IUCN Red List. Tsarin kiyayewa wanda ke lura da yanayin farautar farauta ya jaddada cewa ba a aiwatar da tanade-tanaden kare jinsunan a kasa yadda yakamata. Kari kan haka, har yanzu ba a fara amfani da shirye-shirye na dogon lokaci da nufin kula da damisar dusar kankara ba.
