Bears ko beyar (lat. Bambancin dake tsakanin dukkanin beyar daga sauran dabbobin canine yana wakiltar ta jiki mai kyau da kyau.
Bayanin beyar
Duk dabbobi masu shayarwa daga tsarin dabbobi masu cin nama sun samo asali ne daga rukuni irin na masu kama-karya, wadanda aka sani da suna myacids (Miacidae), wadanda suka rayu a Paleocene da Eocene. Duk bears suna da ƙananan ƙananan Caniformia. An ɗauka cewa duk sanannun wakilan wannan yanki sun fito ne daga kakanni mai kama da canine, gama gari ga kowane nau'in irin waɗannan dabbobi.
Dangi ga sauran dangi daga tsarin dabbobin farauta, beyar dabbobi ne da ke da kamanni iri iri, girman su, kuma suna da kamanceceniya da yawa a tsarin su na ciki. Duk beyar suna daga cikin manyan wakilan dabbobi masu farautar zamani.... Tsawon jiki na babban dabbar polar ya kai mita uku tare da nauyin kilogiram na 720-890, kuma malayyar Malay na ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙanƙanta daga cikin dangin, kuma tsawonta bai wuce mita daya da rabi ba tare da nauyin jiki na 27-65 kg.
Bayyanar, launuka
Bears na maza sun fi 10-20% girma fiye da mata, kuma a cikin belar belar, waɗannan adadi na iya ma zama 150% ko fiye. Jawo dabbar yana da ƙarancin sutura mara kyau. Babban, wani lokacin nau'in nau'in layin gashi mai laushi a cikin mafi yawan nau'ikan yana da ƙarancin magana, kuma fur ɗin malayin Malay yana da ƙasa kuma yana da yawa.
Launin fur din ya zama daya ne, daga inuwa mai duhu mai launin kwal zuwa launin fari. Banda shine panda, wanda yake da halayyar bambanta launin fari da fari. Zai yiwu a sami alamun haske a yankin kirji ko kewaye idanuwa. Wasu nau'ikan halayen mutum ne wanda ake kira sauyin yanayi a launin fur. Bears yana nuna alamar yanayin zamani, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar canje-canje a cikin tsayi da kuma yawan gashinsu.
Duk wakilai na dangin Bear ana rarrabe su ta jiki mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi, galibi tare da cikakkiyar cikakkiyar busasshiyar bushewa. Hakanan halayyar suna da ƙarfi kuma suna da ci gaba sosai, ƙafafun yatsu biyar masu manyan yatsu, waɗanda ba za a iya janye su ba. Muscleswayoyi masu ƙarfi ne ke sarrafa farcen, saboda abin da dabbobi ke hawa bishiyoyi, suna haƙa ƙasa, kuma a sauƙaƙe yaga ganima. Tsawon ƙusoshin grizzly ya kai 13-15 cm... Tafiyar wani nau'in dabba mai cin dabba shine halin shuffling. Panda mai girma tana da ƙarin '' yatsa 'na shida a ƙafafunta na gaba, wanda ya fito ne daga radius mai siffar sesame.
Wutsiya gajere ce sosai, kusan ba a iya gani a ƙarƙashin Jawo. Banda ita ce katuwar fanda, wacce ke da doguwar duwawu da kyau. Duk wani beyar yana da ƙananan idanu, babban kai wanda yake kan kauri kuma, a matsayin mai mulkin, gajeren wuya. Kokon kai na da girma, galibi galibi tare da tsayayyen yankin fuska da ƙyau-ƙyau mai kyau.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Bears yana da ƙanshin ƙanshi sosai, kuma a wasu nau'ikan ana kamanta shi da jin ƙanshin kare, amma gani da jin irin waɗannan manya da manyan masu farautar sun fi rauni.
Bakin baka na zygomatic galibi ana ɗan tazararsu ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kuma muƙamuƙan suna da ƙarfi, suna ba da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi. Duk wakilan dangin Bear suna da halarar manyan katako da ciki, kuma sauran hakora na iya zama wani ɓangare, amma bayyanar su da tsarin su galibi sun dogara da nau'in abinci mai gina jiki. Adadin hakora na iya bambanta daga 32-42 yanki. Hakanan ana lura da kasancewar mutum ko bambancin shekaru dangane da tsarin haƙori.
Hali da salon rayuwa
Bears sune masu cin karensu babu babbaka, saboda haka irin wadannan dabbobin sun gwammace su sadu da juna kawai don manufar saduwa. Maza suna nuna hali, a matsayin ƙa'ida, ta tashin hankali kuma suna iya kashe 'ya'yan da suke kusa da mace na dogon lokaci. Wakilan dangin Bear an rarrabe su da kyakkyawar daidaitawa zuwa yanayi daban-daban na rayuwa, saboda haka suna iya zama cikin yankuna masu tsaunuka, yankuna na gandun daji, kankara arctic da steppes, kuma manyan bambance-bambance suna cikin hanyar abinci da rayuwa.
Wani muhimmin ɓangare na nau'in beyar yana zaune a cikin tsaunuka da tsaunukan daji na tsaunuka masu zafi ko wurare masu zafi. Mai farauta ba shi da yawa a cikin yankuna masu tsayi ba tare da ciyayi mai yawa ba. Wasu nau'ikan suna da alaƙa da yanayin yanayin ruwa, gami da tsaunukan tsaunuka ko koguna, koguna da bakin teku. Arctic, da kuma fadada fadada
Yana da ban sha'awa! Tekun Arctic wani wuri ne na dabi'a na beyar marassa karfi, kuma hanyar rayuwar dan gogaggen ruwan kasa yana da alaƙa da gandun daji masu zurfin ciki, taiga, steppes da tundra, da kuma yankunan hamada.
Yawancin bears dabbobi ne masu farauta a duniya, amma bears na polar mambobin dangi ne na cikin ruwa. Bears na Malay sune masu bin salon rayuwa na rabin-arboreal, sabili da haka suna iya hawa bishiyoyi daidai kuma suna ba kansu mahalli ko, abin da ake kira "gida". Wasu nau'ikan beyar suna zabar ramuka kusa da tushen bishiyoyi da raƙuman da suka isa girman matsayin mazauninsu.
A matsayinka na ƙa'ida, wakilan dangin Bear da umarnin Predatory ba na dare ba ne, saboda haka ba safai suke farauta da rana ba.... Koyaya, ana iya ɗaukar bears na pola banda waɗannan ƙa'idodi na gaba ɗaya. Dabbobi masu shayarwa, masu jagorantar salon rayuwa su kadaici, sun haɗu a lokacin "wasannin mathe" da maɗauran aure, da kuma kiwon 'ya'yansu. A tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ana lura da rukunin irin wadannan dabbobin a wuraren ramuka na yau da kullun da kuma wuraren ciyarwar gargajiya.
Har yaushe bera na rayuwa?
Matsakaicin rayuwar bears a yanayi na iya bambanta dangane da nau'in halittar wannan dabba mai shayarwa:
- Bears mai ban sha'awa - shekaru biyu;
- Beren ruwan kasa na Apennine - har zuwa shekaru ashirin;
- Tien Shan bears masu launin ruwan kasa - har zuwa shekaru ashirin ko rubu'in karni;
- Polar polar bears - kadan sama da rubu'in karni;
- Sloths bai ɗan cika shekaru ashirin ba.
A cikin zaman talala, matsakaicin shekarun rayuwar dabbobi masu cin nama yawanci ya fi tsayi. Misali, Bears mai ruwan kasa na iya rayuwa a cikin fursuna fiye da shekaru 40-45.
Nau'in beyar
Dabbobi daban-daban na bear, duk da sauran kamanninsu na yau da kullun, suna da bambance-bambance masu banbanci da juna ba kawai a zahiri ba, har ma da halaye na asali, da kuma salon rayuwa:
- Pectaramar haske ko wake (Tremаrctоs оrnаtus) - 150-180 cm tsayi kuma 70-140 kg a cikin nauyi, tare da shaggy, kwal-black ko black-brown-fur fur. A kewaye da idanu akwai zoben halayyar farare ko launuka masu launin rawaya, haɗe tare da farin jini a maƙogwaro;
- Brown Siberian Bear (Ursus arctos colllaris.
- Grizzly (Grizzly kai) - tseren ƙasar, wanda ke da girman girma, launi da salon rayuwa, wanda yayi daidai da halayen yanayin;
- Apennine ruwan kasa mai kai (Ursus arctos marsicanus) - ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan launin ruwan kasa mai nauyin nauyi a cikin kewayon kilogiram 95-150;
- Kodiak (Ursus аrсtos middendоrffi) - daya daga cikin mafi girman rarar kasa, wanda ya kai tsawon 2.7-2.8 m kuma ya kai kilogram 770-780, tare da muscle da karamin jiki, masu karfi da dogayen gabobi, kai mai matukar girma da gajeren wutsiya;
- Tien Shan bear mai launin ruwan kasa (Ursus arctos isbellinus) - ƙananan ƙananan raƙuman raƙuman ruwa tare da tsayin jiki a tsakanin 140 cm kuma nauyin da bai wuce kilogiram 300 ba, wanda ke da tsayi da ƙusoshin ƙafa da ke kan ƙafafun gaba;
- Pika kai ko Tibet mai ruwan kasa (Ursus arctos pruinosus) - ɗayan ƙananan raƙuman raƙuman ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan goro, wanda ya bambanta da shugaban ja mai haske, launi mai haske na muzzle, ƙyallen ruwan kasa da kunnuwa masu duhu;
- Brown gobi kai ko shafawa (Ursus arctos gobiensis) - ɗayan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa, tare da ƙarancin haske da ƙananan launin ruwan kasa mai haske ko fari mai launin fari-fari;
- Polar bear ko iyakacin duniya bearwanda aka fi sani da oshkui ko nanuk (Ursus maritimus) - mafi girman dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsawonsu ya kai mita uku kuma nauyinsa ya kai tan, tare da kyakkyawar halayya mai tsayi da madaidaiciyar kai, kazalika da baƙar fata da baƙar fata marar launi;
- Farin farin nono ko himalayan bear (Ursus thibetаnus) - an rarrabe shi da siririn jiki, daka mai kaifi da siriri, manyan kunnuwa masu kunkuru. Matsakaicin nauyi shine 120-140 kg tare da tsayin 80-85 cm;
- Gubach ko "Sloth bear» (Melursus ursinus) - yana da kamanni na musamman, yana da tsawon jiki har zuwa 180 cm tare da nauyi a kewayon kilogiram na 55-140. Wakilan jinsin suna da jiki mai girman gaske da kafafu masu tsawo, babban kai mai goshi mai fadi, danshi mai daddauri mai tsayi, shagwaje da doguwar suma, samar da wani mara mai kyau a wuya da kafadu;
- Biruang ko Malay Bear (Helаrctоs mаlаyаnus) - shine mafi ƙarancin wakilin iyali mai tsawon jiki wanda bai wuce mita daya da rabi ba kuma nauyinsa ya kai kilo 26-65. Arfi mai ƙarfi kuma yana da ɗan madaidaiciya, mai ɗan gajere, mai santsi mai laushi da baƙin fur mai launin rawaya mai launin rawaya a bakin bakin.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A yau, da yawa daga cikin masu binciken dabbobin suna danganta panda ba wai don beyar ba, amma ga manyan wakilan dangin Raccoon. Hakanan, halin Grizzlies a halin yanzu ana gwagwarmaya, wanda a baya ya tsaya a matsayin jinsin dabam.
Karewar jinsunan sun hada da: Kogon Florida ko beyar mai gajeren fuska (Tremarstos floridanus), Giant mai gajeren fuska (Arstodus simus), shortananan bean gajeren fuska (Arstodus pristinus), Beran Atlas (Urstodus pristinus), Atlas bears (Urstodus brown) Bears masu launin ruwan kasa na Mexico (U. аrсtos nеlsоni), haka ma Bears na Etruscan (U.еtrusсus), Cave bears (U.spelaeus) da Kananan kogo bears (U. rossiсus).
Yanki, rarraba
Bears na kallo ne kawai dangin Bear da ke zaune a Kudancin Amurka, inda mai farauta ya fi son gandun daji na Venezuela da Ecuador, Colombia da Peru, da Bolivia da Panama. Gwanon ruwan kasa yana zaune ne a gabar tafkin Lena, Kolyma da Anadyr, yawancin gabashin Siberia da tsaunin Stanovoy, Arewacin Mongolia, wasu yankuna na China da yankin iyaka na Gabas ta Kazakhstan.
Grizzlies ana samun galibi a yammacin Kanada da Alaska, tare da ƙaramin adadi da ke rayuwa a cikin yankin Amurka, gami da Montana da arewa maso yammacin Washington. Ana samun been kalar ruwan goro a Tien Shan, haka kuma a cikin Dzhungarskiy Alatau, wanda ke da tsaunuka daban-daban, kuma ana samun Mazalai ne a tsaunukan hamada Tsagan-Bogdo da Atas-Bogdo, inda ake samun dazuzzuka da yawa da hanyoyin ruwa masu bushewa.
An rarraba bears belar dawafi, kuma suna rayuwa a cikin yankuna masu zagaye a arewacin arewacin duniyar tamu. Bears na Himalayan masu farin kirji sun fi son gandun daji na Iran da Afghanistan, Pakistan da Himalayas, har zuwa Japan da Koriya. Wakilan jinsuna a lokacin rani a cikin Himalayas suna hawa zuwa tsayin mita uku har ma da dubu huɗu, kuma tare da farkon yanayin sanyi suna sauka zuwa ƙafar dutsen.
Bears na Sloth galibi suna rayuwa a cikin yankuna masu zafi da gandun daji na Indiya da Pakistan, Sri Lanka da Nepal, da kuma a Bangladesh da Bhutan. An rarraba Biruangi daga yankin arewa maso gabashin Indiya zuwa Indonesia, gami da Sumatra da Kalimantan, kuma tsibirin Borneo yana da ƙananan rukunin Helаrctos malayanus eurysrlus.
Bears a cikin yanayin halittu na duniya
Duk wakilan dangin Bear, saboda bambancin abincin su da girmansu mai ban sha'awa, suna da tasiri sosai a kan dabbobi da flora a cikin mazaunin su. Dabbobi Berayen fari da launin ruwan kasa suna da hannu cikin ƙididdigar yawan adadin dabbobi da dabbobi.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, akan bears ne na nau'ikan daban-daban cewa adadi mai yawa na kwayoyin parasites na waje, da kuma masu yawan endoparasites, suna parasitized
Duk nau'ikan bebi na ciyawa suna ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar tsirrai masu yawan shuke-shuke. Belar Belar galibi ana tare da dawakai na arctic waɗanda ke cin abincinsu.
Abincin Bears
Bears masu kyan gani sune mafi yawan shuke shuke a cikin iyali, kuma babban abincin su ya haɗa da harbe-harbe, 'ya'yan itace da rhizomes na shuke-shuke, amfanin gonar masara, da kuma wani lokacin kwari a cikin tururuwa ko tururuwa. Kifi yana da mahimmiyar rawa a cikin abincin beyar Siberia, kuma Kodiaks sune masarufi waɗanda ke cin tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, 'ya'yan itace da tushensu, da abincin nama, gami da kifi da kowane irin gawa.
Bears Pika ko Tibet masu launin ruwan kasa suna ciyarwa galibi akan tsire-tsire masu ciyawa da pikas, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa suka sami sunan su. Babban abin farautar belar shine hatimin zoben da aka buga, da tambarin gemu, walrus da sauran dabbobin ruwa da yawa. Mai farautar ba ya kyamar cin nama, da yardar rai yana ciyar da mataccen kifi, da ƙwai da kajin, zai iya cin ciyawa da kowane irin tsiren ruwan teku, kuma a wuraren da mutane ke zaune suna neman abinci a wuraren shara da yawa.
Abincin na fararen nono ko na Himalayan bears shine 80-85% wanda kayan shuka ke wakilta, amma mai farautar yana iya amfani da tururuwa da sauran kwari, gami da kwayoyi masu ƙoshin abinci mai gina jiki har ma da kwadi don abinci. Bears mara kyau, kamar dabbobi masu cin nama, an daidaita su don cin yawancin kwarin mulkin mallaka, gami da kwari da tururuwa. Duk biruangs masu komai ne, amma galibi suna cin abinci akan kwari, gami da kudan zuma da tarko, da 'ya'yan itace da harbe-harbe, da tsutsar ciki, da kuma tushen shuke-shuke.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Mafi sau da yawa, beyar da suka kai shekaru uku ko huɗu suna shiga cikin haifuwa, amma wannan aikin ba ya faruwa a cikin masu farauta kowace shekara, amma a daidaitaccen tazara, wanda zai iya bambanta daga shekara ɗaya zuwa huɗu. Lokacin haihuwa a cikin beyar mata ba shi da gajere, wanda ya fara daga kwanaki 60 zuwa 70, amma jinkirin dasa kwayayen tayi zai iya tsawanta sosai. Adadin yaran cikin leda ɗaya na iya bambanta kuma ya bar mutane ɗaya zuwa biyar. Jinsunan dake haihuwa suna haihuwar matasa a cikin hunturu, kai tsaye a cikin kogo.
Bears dabbobi ne da ke daɗaɗɗu, a matsayinka na ƙa'ida, nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'i-nau'i ba su daɗe, kuma maza ba sa taka rawa wajen kula da zuriyar da aka haifa. Ciyar da madara yakan kasance daga watanni uku zuwa tara a cikin jinsuna daban-daban, kuma samari matasa suna tare da mace na kimanin shekara ɗaya da rabi. Kowane mutum na balaga a cikin shekaru uku zuwa shida, amma tsarin ci gaba a cikin dabba mai cin nama yana ci gaba har zuwa shekaru biyar, wani lokacin ma har shekaru goma.
Wasu jinsunan suna da halayyar yawan mace-mace a lokacin yarinta da samartaka... Misali, yawan mace-macen kananan yara da ba su balaga ba sun kai 52-86%, yayin da a cikin belar bears kusan 10-30% na jariran da aka haifa kuma kusan 3-16% na mutanen da ba su balaga ba suna mutuwa kowace shekara.
Makiya na halitta
Wakilan manya na dangin Bear ba su da abokan gaba na zahiri, kuma dabbobin da suka fi yawa ne daga dangin Feline da wasu Canids ke zama wata barazana ta musamman ga dabbobi dabbobi. Babban abokan gaba na beran Himalayan sune kerkeci da Amur damisa.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Adadin beyar mai kyan gani bai isa ba, sabili da haka, an sanya nau'in haɗari a cikin Lissafin IUCN. Yawan mutanen da suka manyanta Kodiaks suma sun ragu sosai sakamakon farautar da ba ta da iko, don haka aka kama mai farautar a cikin kariyar jihar. Bears masu launin ruwan kasa na Apennine suna gab da ƙarewa, kuma a cikin yanayin yanayi, a yau babu wakilai fiye da 50-80 na waɗannan ƙananan.
Tien Shan bears masu launin ruwan kasa nau'ikan nau'ikan ne, adadi da yawan su yana raguwa sosai, saboda haka ana kiyaye su ta Aksu-Dzhabagly da Alma-Atinsky reserves, Alma-Atinsky, Lepsinsky da Toktinsky reserves. An lalata beyar Pika don samun bile, wanda ake amfani da shi a likitancin kasar Sin, amma har yanzu ba a tantance ainihin sigogin matsayin kiyayewar wannan dabbar ba saboda rashin bayanai.
Bebi Bebi ya cancanci samun matsayin "dabba mai ƙarancin gaske" kuma suna cikin barazanar ɓacewa gabaɗaya, wanda ya faru ne saboda ƙarancin yawan jama'a da kuma mawuyacin yanayin rarar ƙananan. Bears Belar suna yin kiwo a hankali kuma suna mutuwa da yawa tun suna ƙuruciya, saboda haka suna da sauƙi cikin sauƙi kuma an haɗa su a cikin IWC, haka kuma a cikin littafin Red Book na ƙasarmu.
Mahimmanci! Har ila yau, an saka ɗaya daga cikin wakilan ƙananan talla na Himalayan a cikin Littafin Ja - thearfin Baluchistan mai fararen fata, wanda yanzu yana gab da ƙarewa gaba ɗaya.
Hakanan an jera Bears na Sloth a cikin IWC kuma suna cikin haɗari. Kari kan haka, Biruangi suna daga cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan da ba su da karfi.
Bears da mutum
Ba a san shari'un 'yan kaɗan da suka addabi mutane ba, wani lokaci tare da sakamako mai kisa... Wadanda ke fama da irin wannan beyar galibi galibi masu yawon bude ido ne da ke ciyar da manyan dabbobi. Bugu da kari, duk wani juji tare da sharar abincin da ke tarawa a kusa da sansanonin yawon bude ido da tanti na iya jawo cizon yatsa, kuma abin haushi, cikin damuwa yayin aiwatar da ciyarwa, na iya zama mai zafin rai da kai hari.
Bears na Himalayan suma suna nuna tsananin tashin hankali lokacin ganawa da mutane, sabili da haka sanannen abu ne cewa akwai hare-hare da yawa akan mutane, gami da yanayi tare da sakamakon mutuwa.
