Yana da al'ada don kiran sturgeon rukuni na nau'in kifi daga dangin sturgeon. Mutane da yawa suna haɗuwa da uran birge tare da naman su da caviar, waɗanda mutane suke da daraja sosai. Sturgeon ya daɗe halin ɗabi'ar almara ta Rasha da baƙo maraba a kan teburin manyan mutane da jakunkuna. A zamanin yau, wasu daga cikin nau'ikan sturgeon ba safai ba, masana daga ƙasashe daban-daban suna ƙoƙari sosai don haɓaka yawan su.
Bayanin Sturgeon
Sturgeon - babban kifi tare da jiki mai tsayi... Su ne ɗayan tsoffin kifi a duniya. Kakannin kakannin 'yan iskan zamani da ke birgima a cikin kogunan baya a zamanin dinosaur: ana tabbatar da hakan ne ta hanyar sake samun kasusuwan kasusuwan kasusuwan da suka samo asali tun zamanin Cretaceous (shekaru miliyan 85 - 70 da suka gabata).
Bayyanar
Tsawon jikin mutum na tsayayyen sturgeon ya kai mita 2, nauyi kusan kilogram 50 - 80. Sturge mafi tsananin da aka taɓa kamawa, lokacin da aka auna shi, ya nuna nauyin kusan kilogiram 816 tare da tsawon jikinsa kusan mita 8. Babbar jikin fusiform na sturgeon an lulluɓe shi da sikeli, tubercles na kasusuwa, da faranti, waɗanda aka ba da ma'auni masu kauri (abin da ake kira "ƙwari"). Suna jere a layuka masu tsayi 5: biyu a kan ciki, ɗaya a baya biyu kuma a gefe. Adadin "kwari" ya dogara da kasancewa ga wani nau'in.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Jiki, a matsayin mai mulkin, yana da launi a cikin launi na ƙasa ƙasa - a cikin launin ruwan kasa, launin toka da yashi, ciki na kifin fari ne ko launin toka. Baya na iya samun kyakkyawar inuwar kore ko zaitun.
Sturgeons suna da eriya huɗu masu mahimmanci - suna amfani da su don jin ƙasa don neman abinci. Antennae tana kewaye da ƙaramin bakin, mai haƙori mai kaifi, mai leɓe masu laushi, wanda yake a ƙarshen bakin mai tsawa, wanda yake a ƙasan ta. Fries ana haihuwar su da ƙananan hakora waɗanda ake sawa yayin da suka girma. Sturgeon yana da fikafikai masu wuya, gills hudu da babban, mafitsara mafitsara mai iyo. A cikin kwarangwal na guringuntsi, kayan ƙashi kwata-kwata basa cikin su, haka kuma kashin baya (aikinta ne a tsawon rayuwar kifin ta hanyar notochord).
Hali da salon rayuwa
Sturgeons suna rayuwa a cikin zurfin daga mita 2 zuwa 100, sun fi son tsayawa da ciyarwa a ƙasan. Saboda bambance-bambance na mazaunin su, sun dace sosai da yanayin ƙarancin ruwa da yunwa na tsawan lokaci. Dangane da salon rayuwarsu, jinsin sturgeon ya kasu kashi biyu:
- mara kyau: zama cikin ruwan gishirin teku na tekuna da tekuna, bakin kogi. Yayinda suke cikin ɓacin rai ko lokacin sanyi, sukan tashi daga gefen kogunan, galibi suna yin iyo mai nisa;
- maras kyau: ba kamar ɓarna ba, sun haihu a bakin kogi ba tare da yin ƙaura ba a nesa mai nisa;
- ruwa mai tsafta: zama a tsaye.
Tsawon rayuwa
Matsakaicin rayuwar sturgeons shine shekaru 40-60. A cikin beluga ya kai shekaru 100, sturgeon na Rasha - 50, stellate sturgeon da sterlet - har zuwa shekaru 20-30. Abubuwa kamar sauyin yanayi da jujjuyawar zafin ruwan a tsawon shekara, tasirin gurɓatar jikin ruwa ne ke shafar tsawon rayuwar 'yan sturgeons a cikin daji.
Rabawa, nau'ikan sturgeon
Masana kimiyya sun san nau’uka 17 masu rai. Mafi yawansu suna cikin Littafin Ja.
Ga wasu shahararrun ‘yan fiska a Rasha:
- Rasha sturgeon - kifi, caviar da naman waɗanda an daɗe da darajar su don kyawawan ƙoshin su. A halin yanzu yana gab da halaka. Antennae, ba kamar sauran sturgeons ba, ba sa girma a bakin, amma a ƙarshen murfin. Rayuka da spawns a cikin tekun Caspian, Black, Azov da manyan koguna da ke gudana a cikin su: Dnieper, Volga, Don, Kuban. Zasu iya zama duka masu wucewa da masu nutsuwa.
Nauyin babban sturgeon ɗan Rasha yawanci baya wuce kilo 25. Tana da launin jiki launin ruwan kasa da launuka masu toka da farin ciki. Yana ciyar da kifi, kayan kwasfa, tsutsotsi. Mai iya haɗawa da wasu nau'o'in sturgeon (stellate sturgeon, sterlet) a cikin yanayin yanayi.
- Kaluga - ba wai kawai birni a cikin yankin Turai na Rasha ba, har ma da jinsin sturgeon da ke zaune a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Bayan baya na kaluga yana da launin kore, an rufe jikin da layuka da yawa na sikeli masu kashi tare da ƙaya mai kaifi da gashin baki waɗanda suke da dangantaka da sauran nau'ikan halittun sturgeon. Mara kyau a cikin abinci mai gina jiki. Yana ciyarwa ta hanyar tsotse ruwa da kuma jan ganima da shi. Kowace shekara biyar, mace Kaluga takan haihu fiye da kwai miliyan.
- Sterlet - halayyar halayyar wannan nau'ikan eriya ne tare da doguwar geza da kuma adadi mai yawa na faranti. A cikin sterlet, balaga na faruwa a baya fiye da sauran nau'ikan halittun sturgeon. Yawanci nau'in ruwan sha ne. Matsakaicin matsakaici ya kai rabin mita, nauyi bai wuce kilogram 50 ba. Jinsi ne mai rauni.
Babban ɓangaren abincin ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin kwari, leɓe da sauran ƙwayoyin benthic, ana cin kifi zuwa wata ƙasa kaɗan. Bester, wani nau'i ne na sterlet da beluga, shahararren amfanin gona ne na nama da caviar. Mahalli na asali yana faruwa a cikin kogunan tafkin Caspian, Black, Azov da Baltic teas, ana samunsu a cikin irin waɗancan koguna kamar Dnieper, Don, Yenisei, Ob, Volga da raƙuman ruwanta, Kuban, Ural, Kama. - Amur sturgeon, wanda aka fi sani da Shrenk - yana samar da ruwa mai tsafta da kuma siffofin rabin-anadromous, ana ɗaukarsa dangi na kurkuru na Siberia sturgeon. Masu gill suna da santsi kuma suna da koli 1. Yana gab da karewa. Ya kai mita 3 a tsayi tare da nauyin jiki na kusan kilogram 190, matsakaicin nauyin sturgeon yawanci baya wuce kilogiram 56-80. Hancin mai tsaho na iya zama zuwa rabin tsawon kai. Lines dorsal na sturgeon sun ƙunshi daga 11 zuwa 17 beetles, na gefe daga 32 zuwa 47, da na ciki daga 7 zuwa 14. Suna cin tsutsa na ƙudaje na caddis da mayflies, crustaceans, lamprey larvae da ƙananan kifi. Yana zaune cikin kogin Amur, daga ƙasa zuwa sama zuwa sama, zuwa Shilka da Argun, a lokacin kiwo, raƙuman ruwa suna haura kogin zuwa yankin Nikolaevsk-on-Amur.
- Stellate sturgeon (lat Acipenser stellatus) Wani nau'in tsutsa ne wanda ke da rauni, wanda ke da alaƙar kut da kut da ƙaya. Sevruga babban kifi ne, wanda ya kai tsawon 2.2 m tare da nauyin kusan kilogram 80. Elarfin tauraron yana da hancin mai girma, mai kunkuntar, mai ɗan kaɗan, har zuwa 65% na tsawon kai. Layin dorsal beetles ya kunshi abubuwa 11 zuwa 14, a layuka na gefe akwai daga 30 zuwa 36, a kan ciki daga 10 zuwa 11.
Fuskokin baya launin launi ne mai launin ruwan kasa-kasa, ɓangarorin sun fi sauƙi, ciki yawanci fari ne. Abincin abincin sturgeon ya kunshi crustaceans da mysids, tsutsotsi iri-iri, da ƙananan jinsunan kifi. Sevruga na zaune ne a tafkunan Caspian, Azov da Black, a wasu lokuta ana samun kifi a cikin tekun Adriatic da Aegean. A lokacin kiwo, tauraron sturgeon ya fita zuwa Volga, Ural, Kura, Kuban, Don, Dnieper, Kudancin Kwarin, Inguri da Kodori.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Yankin rarraba sturgeon yana da fadi sosai. Kifi galibi yana rayuwa a cikin yanki mai sanyin yanayi (sturgeon baya jin daɗin ruwa mai ɗumi) musamman a Arewacin emasashen waje. A yankin ƙasar Rasha, uraƙan sturge suna zaune a cikin ruwan Tekun Caspian, Black da Azov, a cikin Gabas mai Nisa da kuma a rafuffukan arewacin.
A lokacin kiwo, wadancan nau'ikan halittun sturgeon wadanda ba ruwan sha ba suna tashi tare da gadajen manyan koguna. Wasu nau'in kifin ana yin su ta hanyar kirkirar su a gonakin kifi, galibi suna cikin kewayon yanayin wadannan jinsunan.
Sturgeon abinci
Sturgeon yana da iko. Abincin sa na yau da kullun ya hada da algae, invertebrates (molluscs, crustaceans) da nau'in kifi matsakaici. Sturgeon yana sauya shuka ne kawai lokacin da aka samu karancin dabbobi.
Babban kifi na iya samun nasarar kai hari kan kaza. Jim kaɗan kafin su fara haihuwa, sturgeons sun fara cin abincin da duk suka gani: larvae, tsutsotsi, leƙo. Suna daɗa samun ƙiba mai yawa, saboda a lokacin da suke taɓarɓarewa, sha'awar sturgeons tana raguwa sosai.
Wata daya kawai bayan karshen haifuwa, kifin zai fara ciyarwa... Babban abincin da ake soya wa sturgeon shine ƙananan dabbobi: curepods (cyclops) da cladocerans (daphnia and moina) crustaceans, ƙananan tsutsotsi da crustaceans. Da girma, samari 'yan sturgeons sun haɗa da manyan crustaceans a cikin abincin su, da molluscs da ƙwayoyin kwari.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Sturgeons sun isa balagar jima'i tsakanin shekaru 5 zuwa 21 (mafi sanyi da yanayin, daga baya). Mata suna haihuwa kusan sau ɗaya a kowace shekara 3, sau da yawa yayin rayuwarsu, maza - sau da yawa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Za'a iya haifar da ɓarna iri daban-daban daga watan Maris zuwa Nuwamba. Yawan kololuwa na haɓakawa yana tsakiyar lokacin bazara.
Abinda ake buƙata don haɓakar haihuwar zuriya da haɓakar zuriyar zuriya shine ƙarancin ruwa da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi. Kiwo sturgeon ba shi yiwuwa a cikin ruwa mai tsafta ko ruwan gishiri. Yanayin ruwan yana da mahimmanci: mafi dumu dumu da keken, mafi muni caviar ya balaga. Lokacin zafin jiki zuwa digiri 22 zuwa sama, amfrayo ba zai rayu ba.
Hakanan zai zama mai ban sha'awa:
- Kifi
- Katifan Azurfa
- Salmon ruwan hoda
- Tuna
A lokacin haihuwa guda, mata masu motsa jiki na iya yin kwai har zuwa miliyan da yawa tare da matsakaita na milimita 2-3, kowannensu yana da nauyin miligram 10. Suna yin wannan a ɓoye na kogin, tsakanin duwatsu da kuma manyan raƙuman duwatsu. Eggswai masu mannewa suna manne da matattarar, saboda haka kogin ba ya kwashe su. Ci gaban amfrayo yana daga kwana 2 zuwa 10.
Makiya na halitta
Reshan tsawan ruwa ba su da abokan gaba tsakanin sauran nau'in namun daji. Rage yawan su yana da alaƙa ne kawai da ayyukan ɗan adam.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Sturgeon yana fuskantar barazanar ƙarewa a cikin karni na 21 ba kamar da ba... Wannan saboda ayyukan mutane ne: lalacewar yanayin muhalli, yawan kamun kifi, wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa karni na 20, da kuma farauta, wanda ya yadu har zuwa yau.
Halin da ake ciki game da rage adadin sturge ya bayyana a karni na 19, amma matakan aiki don kiyaye nau'in - yaki da farauta, kiwon soya a gonakin kifi tare da kara sakin daji - an fara aiwatar dashi ne kawai a 'yan shekarun da suka gabata. A halin yanzu, kamun kifi ga kusan dukkanin jinsunan sturgeon an hana shi takunkumi a cikin Rasha.
Darajar kasuwanci
A wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan sturgeon nama da caviar suna da daraja sosai: waɗannan samfuran suna da wadataccen furotin mai narkewa mai sauƙi, wanda ƙunshin sa ya kai kashi 15%, bitamin, sodium da acid mai ƙanshi. Sturgeon jita-jita wani ɓangare ne na teburin tsars da boyars na Rasha, manyan mutanen Rome da China. Sojojin kwamandan Alexander the Great sun yi amfani da ƙwaƙƙwaran tsauraran kaviar a matsayin abinci.
Na dogon lokaci, ana amfani da sturgeon don shirya miyar kifi, miya, hodgepodge, soyayyen da cushe. A gargajiyance an hada da farin nama mai laushi cikin tsarin rage nauyi daban-daban. Kusan dukkan sassan jikin sturgeon, har zuwa guringuntsi da notochord, sun dace da cin ɗan adam.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A da, ana amfani da kitse da caviar wajen samar da kayan shafe-shafe, kuma ana yin manne da maganin daga mafitsara na iyo.
Zai yiwu a bayyana na dogon lokaci sakamako mai kyau da amfani da sturgeon ke da shi a jikin ɗan adam... Kitsen waɗannan kifin yana taimakawa cikin yaƙi da damuwa da damuwa, yana da tasiri mai kyau akan aikin kwakwalwa da tsarin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. Mafi mahimmanci shine caviar na nau'i uku na sturgeon (cikin tsari ƙasa):
- beluga (launi - launin toka ko baƙi, manyan ƙwai)
- Sturgeon na Rasha (launin ruwan kasa, kore, baƙi ko rawaya)
- stellate sturgeon (ƙwai mai matsakaiciyar ƙwai)
