Na gama gari, Danube, gabashin bream (lat. Abramis brama) shine kawai wakilin jinsin bream (Abramis), na dangin kifin ne (Cyrrinidae) da kuma umarnin cyprinids (Cirriniformes). Ana kiran samari na bream masu kiwo, kuma tsofaffi ana kiran su ban fage ko kilak.
Bayanin bream
A cikin bayyanar da halaye na asali, koda wanda ba mai sana'a ba yana iya sauƙaƙe ya iya tantance yadda babbar baƙar fata ta bambanta da ta saurayi ko wacce ta dace. Matsakaicin tsayin jikin babban mutum shine 80-82 cm tare da matsakaicin nauyin 4.5-6.0 kg.
Bayyanar
Kifin wannan nau'in yana da jiki mai tsayi, matsakaicin tsayinsa ya kai kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimlar wakilin wakilin Carps ɗin. Don tsutsa, bakin da kai ƙananan girmansu ne, yayin da bakin kifin ya ƙare a cikin wani bututun da ba zai iya yuwuwa ba... Finarshen ƙwanƙolin gajere ne kuma babba, tare da fitilu uku masu ƙarfi da waɗanda ba rassa ba kuma game da haskoki masu laushi goma masu taushi.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Ga wakilan dangin Carp da jinsi iri iri, samuwar hakora pharyngeal iri-iri halayya ce, wacce take, guda biyar a kowane bangare.
Finfin farji, farawa daga bayan ɓangaren baya na ƙashin ƙashin dorsal, ya fi tsayi, an sanye shi da ƙarfi uku masu saurin fahimta da haske mai yawa. Tsakanin finafinan dubura da na mara, akwai keel na musamman, wanda ba a rufe shi da sikeli. A cikin keɓancewar manya, yankin baya launin toka ne ko launin ruwan kasa, gefen kuma launin ruwan kasa ne na zinariya, kuma yankin ciki furci ne mai launin rawaya. Duk ƙwanƙolin shinge launin toka ne, galibi tare da duhu. Yaran yara launin azurfa ne.
Hali da salon rayuwa
Bream yana da hankali kuma mai saurin saurin saurin fahimta, wanda ƙwararrun masunta dole ne suyi la'akari da shi yayin kama shi. Irin wannan kifin yana rayuwa ba kawai a cikin kogi da ruwan tafki ba, har ma a cikin tafkuna. A cikin ruwan kogi, bream da wuya yayi girma zuwa girman girmansa. Kifayen makaranta suna da kunya sosai. A cikin babba babba, a matsayin doka, yawancin garken tumaki suna tattara ba kawai ƙananan yara ba - masu rarrafe, har ma da manyan wakilan jinsunan.
Saboda kebantaccen tsari na baki, bream na iya ciyar da abinci kai tsaye daga kasa, saboda haka abincin kasa shine asalin abincin irin wannan kifin. Wakilin kawai na jinsin jinsin mace yana ciyar da yawancin larvae, bawo, katantanwa da algae. Cikakken makarantar irin wannan kifin na iya sauri da kyau tsaftace muhimmin yanki na sararin samaniya, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba da ɓarna a cikin neman abinci. A matsayinka na ƙa'ida, motsin garken yana kayyade ne da kasancewar kumfa na iskar gas, wanda ke shawagi a saman ruwan.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Da farawar duhu, bream na iya kusanto bakin teku ko bakin rairayi, wanda ya kasance saboda aiki da kusan neman abinci koyaushe.
Bream ya fi son wurare tare da kaɗan ko kaɗan a halin yanzu, kuma mafi kyawun mazaunin irin waɗannan kifaye wurare ne da ke da ƙoshin ruwa, ramuka masu zurfin ciki, dusar kankara, raƙuman ruwa, laka da ƙasan laka. Da yawa daga cikin mutane ba safai suke kusa da gabar teku ba, saboda haka sun fi so su tsaya a zurfin ƙasa. Ana iya lura da ƙaramar bream a kusa da bakin teku, a cikin daji tare da ciyawar ciyawar ruwa mai yawa. A cikin hunturu, kifin yana zuwa wurare mafi zurfi.
Tsawon rayuwa
Dangane da binciken masana kimiyya da kwararru, matsakaiciyar rayuwar kifin wanda yake mallakar sigar tazarar shine kusan shekaru 22-27.... Wakilan jinsi na ɓarkewar anadromous bream suna iya rayuwa kusan sau biyu ƙasa, saboda haka irin waɗannan mutane, a matsayin mai mulkin, ba su fi shekaru 12-14 ba.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Wuraren da ke da wakilci kawai na jinsin masu dauke da kwayar halitta sun hada da kusan dukkan wuraren ajiyar ruwa na tsakiya da na arewacin Turai.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Bream yayi daidai a cikin Urals, a cikin Irtysh da Ob basins, da kuma a cikin Baikal basin da kuma a cikin ruwa na Krasnoyarsk tafki.
Sau da yawa ana samun kifin wannan nau'in a cikin rafuka waɗanda ke kwarara zuwa cikin Caspian da Baltic, Black da Azov, da kuma zuwa Tekun Arewa. Hakanan ana samun yawancin giya a cikin wasu tabkuna a cikin Transcaucasus, a cikin Kogin Amur, har zuwa yankunan kudancin China.
Abinci na bream
Bugu da ƙari ga ɓawon burodi na planktonic, ƙwayoyin jini, waɗanda kifin ya yi nasarar kama su kai tsaye daga ƙasa, suna daga cikin mahimman abubuwan gina jiki na ƙwaya. Balagaggen manya suna fifita crustaceans da benthic invertebrates, wanda hakan ya faru ne saboda layi daya da kuma haƙoran haƙori mai rauni.
Har ila yau, Bream yana cin abinci iri iri iri. A yayin tsarin ciyarwar, dukkan kwayoyin abincin da kifayen ke sha kai tsaye daga ruwa ana kiyaye su cikin sauki tare da taimakon fitattun abubuwa na musamman. Irin waɗannan gill gill an shirya su a cikin layi biyu tare da kowane ɗakunan gill. A cikin wakilan jinsin halittu, samfuran reshe ba su da gajere kuma ba su da kauri, tare da magudanan hanyoyin da ke tsakanin su. A cikin irin waɗannan hanyoyin ne ake ajiye duk ƙwayoyin abincin da aka zana da ruwa. Ruwan da aka tace ta wannan hanyar daga baya ana turashi tsakanin bakunan gill, bayan haka sai a jefa shi daga ƙarƙashin abin da ake kira rufin gill.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Yanayin rashin daidaito a cikin abincin ya ba da damar cikin nasara da sauƙi don kamo wakilan wannan jinsin don irin wannan bait ɗin kamar kullu tare da ƙarin ƙwayoyin jini da tsutsotsi, tsutsotsi, peas ko masara.
Don warwarewa, manyan abubuwan abinci sune larba ta sauro, ko tsutsotsi masu jini da kowane nau'i na ɓawon burodi na planktonic. Abincin keɓaɓɓiyar hanyar ɓatancin saboda yanayi mai ban sha'awa ne na kifin - ingantaccen gill stamens tare da tsoka ta musamman. Wannan tsoka yadda yakamata kuma yana iya lankwasa stamens, idan ya zama dole, zuwa gefe. Saboda wannan tsari, wanda ya kebanta ga mafi yawan kifin kifi, bream, wanda yake rayuwa a jikin ruwa mai yawa, gami da yankin Netherlands, da sauri ya zama mafi rinjayen jinsin, kuma sakamakon haka, suna yin amfani da kifaye da ke da alaƙa da juna, gami da tsabar azurfa ko roach
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
A tsakiyar yankin kasarmu, bream yana fara aiki sosai kafin kwanakin farko na watan Mayu.... A wannan lokacin ne aka rarraba wakilan jinsin mata zuwa ƙungiya daban-daban. Wannan rarrabuwa ya saba sosai ga kowane irin kifin makarantar. A lokacin da ake tausayawa, bream ya canza launinsu, ya sami tabarau mai duhu, kuma kan mazaje an rufe shi da ƙananan ƙananan warts, wanda a cikin kamanninsu yayi kama da zafin nama.
Ana yin tsarin haifuwa ne kawai cikin rukuni-rukuni, kuma kowace makarantar kifi ta gaba tana ba da izini kaɗan da waɗanda suka gabata. Lokacin haɓakawa yana ɗaukar kimanin wata ɗaya, ba tare da la'akari da wuri ba. Yankin kiwo don bream galibi ana wakiltar shi da shoals na ciyawa na yau da kullun, a nesa mai nisa daga yankin rarrabawa na dindindin. Don manufar haifuwa, maza kan haye sama, kuma sai masu hankali da manyan mata suke zuwa bayansu.
Kamar yadda lura ya nuna, kowace makaranta ta kifayen shekaru daban-daban suna yin ƙwai a cikin lokacin da bai wuce kwana biyu ko uku ba. Koyaya, lokacin lokaci ya dogara kai tsaye ga yanayin gida da kuma yanayin. Mata suna yin ƙwai tare da ɗan kaɗan mai rawaya. Adadin mafi ƙarancin ƙwai da ke ƙunshe cikin baligi ɗaya ya kai kusan dubu 130-140. Irin wannan yawan yawan haihuwa yana ba da damar adadin bream ya kasance a matakin da ya dace koda a yanayin kamun kifin kasuwanci.
Eggswai da ƙwayayen mata suka haɗe suna haɗe da harbe-harben ganye a yankin da kifin ke tsiro kai tsaye. Qwai waɗanda ba su da isasshen alaƙa da ciyayi na ruwa kuma suka fito zuwa saman suna mutuwa kusan nan da nan ko tsuntsaye da kwarrai su cinye su. Don ci gaban ƙwai don ci gaba da al'ada, dole ne su kasance kai tsaye a cikin ruwa, zafin jiki na kusan 10game daC ko dan ƙari. Ruwan sanyi mai yawa a cikin tafki ya zama sanadin mutuwar ɗimbin amaaman juna.
Mahimmanci! A kan yankuna na kudanci, bream yana girma da haɓaka cikin sauri, sabili da haka, irin waɗannan mutane sun kai ga balagar jima'i tun suna da shekaru 3-5. Koyaya, yayin da kuke motsawa zuwa mazaunin arewacin, yawan shekarun balaga na jima'i na kwaya yana ƙaruwa sosai, kuma ya riga ya kasance shekaru 5-9.
Nan da nan bayan yaduwar cutar, saurin balaga tsakanin jima'i da sauri ya haɗu cikin manyan garken tumaki, wanda ya ƙunshi mutane dubu da yawa. Irin wannan garken da aka kafa yana fuskantar da shi zuwa ƙasa don manufar cin nasara mai yawa, wanda aka gudanar a yankunan mahalli na kifin gargajiya, gami da rami na ƙasa da wuraren da ambaliyar ruwa ke da tushe. Hakanan, babban kifi bayan an tsirar da shi an lura da shi a cikin yashi da kuma ciyawar da ke son danshi, inda akwai isasshen adadin plankton don ciyarwa.
Makiya na halitta
Idan aka kwatanta da sauran wakilan kifin kifi, bream yana girma da sauri kuma yana haɓaka sosai... Irin waɗannan fasalulluka a cikin haɓakar wakilan jinsin bream da dangin kifaye suna ba kifin fa'idodi da yawa. Da farko dai, saurin saurin ci gaba yana ba da damar rage mafi karancin mafi hadari da mawuyacin rayuwar rayuwar kifi, lokacin da karami karami ya sanya kwazo ya zama mai sauki da kuma ganima mai sauki ga masu yawa.
Babban haɓakar bream yana bawa irin wannan kifin damar kusan fita gaba ɗaya daga matsi na “matsi” na yawancin masu farauta daga shekara biyu zuwa uku, amma har yanzu manyan magabtan suna nan. Waɗannan sun haɗa da pike na ƙasa, wanda yake da haɗari hatta ga manya kifayen. Wani muhimmin tushen haɗari ga rayuwa da lafiyar bream shine kowane irin ƙwayoyin cuta, haɗe da ligul tapeworm, wanda ke tattare da rikitaccen tsarin zagayawa. Gswai na helminth suna shiga cikin ruwan tafkin tare da najasar wasu tsuntsaye masu cin kifi, kuma ƙwayayen da aka ƙyanƙyashe suna haɗiyewar da yawa daga ɓawon burodi na planktonic waɗanda ke shayarwa. Daga sashen hanjin kifi, larvae na iya shiga cikin kogon jiki, inda suke girma kuma suna iya haifar da mutuwar mai gidan su.
A lokacin rani, bream, ban da masunta, kifaye masu cin nama da tsuntsaye, suna da wasu abokan gaba na halitta. A cikin ruwan dumi, kifi na iya yin rashin lafiya sau da yawa ko kuma tsutsar ciki ta same shi, kazalika da mummunan fungal na gills - bronchymicosis. Koyaya, yana da rashin lafiya da rauni sosai wanda mafi yawancin lokuta yakan zama ganima ga tsarin umarnin wurin ajiyar ruwa - manya-manyan pikes da gulls mafi girma, waɗanda basu da tasiri mara kyau akan yawan kifin lafiya.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Adadin wakilan jinsi na dangi na dangin cyprinids da kuma tsari na carps a jikin ruwa daban-daban na iya canzawa sosai a hankali, wanda kai tsaye ya dogara da nasarar yaduwar shekara-shekara.
Yanayin da ya dace don haifar da ɓarna a cikin haɗari shine kasancewar babban ambaliyar. Bayan da aka tsara yadda ake kwararar ruwan kogin na tekun kudu, adadin wuraren da aka haifa wadanda suka dace da yanayin kiwo ya ragu sosai.
Mahimmanci! A yau, baƙar fata Amur bream an lasafta shi azaman nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan kifayen ƙwararan dabbobi, waɗanda ake magana da su ga dangin kifin da ke cikin Littafin Ja na ƙasarmu.
Domin kiyaye manyan hannayen jari yadda ya kamata, an kirkiro wasu gonaki na musamman na kiwon kifi, kuma ana daukar matakan kubutar da yara kanana daga sassan ruwa masu zurfin ciki idan rashin sadarwa da koguna. Don tabbatar da nasarar da aka samu a cikin wuraren ajiyar ruwa na halitta da na wucin gadi, ana amfani da filayen samarda ruwa na musamman. Daga cikin wasu abubuwan, alamun masu nuna yawan adadin fasa kwaurin ruwa a cikin wasu wuraren ajiyar ruwa yana fama da mummunar cutar ta cututtukan kifaye daban-daban.
Darajar kasuwanci
Yin kamun kifi a cikin yankunan bakin teku ƙananan ne. Ana aiwatar da shi a cikin bazara da kaka ta ƙungiyoyin kamun kifi na masarufi ta amfani da kayan kamun kifi mara amfani, gami da ɓoyayyun rairayi da raga. Ana amfani da filayen waje yayin kaka. Ka'idojin kamun kifi a halin yanzu sun tanadi amfani mafi amfani na kasuwanci wanda yake amfani da shi ga babban dangi, wanda aka samu wakilcin ta hanyar rage filin da aka hana shi, fadada kamun kifi a bakin teku, da iyakance lokacin amfani da iska da asirai daga farkon Maris zuwa 20 ga Afrilu.
Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, a yankuna na kogi, an tsawaita lokacin kamun kifi a cikin yankin na delta bisa hukuma, fara daga 20 ga Afrilu zuwa 20 ga Mayu.... Matakan da aka ɗauka sun ba da gudummawa ga ɗan ƙaruwa kaɗan na ƙarfin ayyukan kamun kifi a cikin yankin na delta da ƙaruwar kamun kogi da ƙananan kifaye, gami da bream. Koyaya, kamar yadda abubuwan da aka gani a shekarun baya suka nuna, gabaɗaya ƙoƙari a cikin wannan shugabanci sun kasance a ƙananan ƙananan matakai.
