A cewar majiyoyi masu mahimmanci, tsawon rayuwar macijin ya wuce gona da iri. Zai yiwu a lissafa macizai nawa ke rayuwa kawai a cikin gidajen maciji da namun daji, kuma shekarun rayuwar dabbobi masu rarrafe kyauta, bisa ƙa'ida, ba za a iya kirga su ba.
Shekaru nawa macizai ke rayuwa
Bayan zurfafa bincike, bayanai game da macizan da suka tsallaka layin rabin karni (har ma da tsohuwar ƙarni) ba komai bane illa hasashe.
Shekaru biyar da suka wuce, a cikin 2012, wata hira mai ban sha'awa da cike da takamaiman tattaunawar ta bayyana tare da Dmitry Borisovich Vasiliev, Doctor of Veterinary Sciences, babban masanin ilimin herpetologist na Zoo na Moscow. Ya mallaki samfuran kimiyya sama da 70 da kuma rubutun farko na gida game da kiyayewa, cututtuka da kuma kula da dabbobi masu rarrafe, gami da macizai. An gabatar da Vasiliev da lambar yabo mafi girma a likitan dabbobi a Rasha, Zinariyar Zinare, sau uku.
Masanin kimiyya yana da sha'awar macizai, wanda ya yi nazarinsa tsawon shekaru. Ya kira su mafi kyaun makasudin masu cutar parasitologists (saboda yawan ƙwayoyin cutar da ke addabar macizai), da kuma mafarkin likitan da kuma mafarkin mai maganin sa maye (macizan suna da wahalar fita daga maganin sa barci). Amma yana da kyau ayi aiki a cikin binciken duban dan adam kawai a kan maciji, wanda gabobinsa suke layi layi daya, kuma yafi wahala kan kunkuru.
Vasiliev ya yi ikirarin cewa macizai suna yin rashin lafiya fiye da sauran dabbobi masu rarrafe, kuma wannan ma an bayyana shi da gaskiyar cewa tsohon yakan fada cikin kamuwa daga yanayi tuni tare da tarin cututtukan parasitic. Misali, dabbobin parasites a cikin kunkuru sun fi talauci.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Gabaɗaya, bisa la'akari da dogon lokaci na likitan dabbobi, jerin cututtukan da ke cikin macizai sun fi na sauran dabbobi masu rarrafe: akwai ƙarin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, yawancin cututtukan da ke haifar da rashin ƙarfi na rayuwa, kuma ana gano cutar sankara sau 100 sau da yawa.
Dangane da bayanan waɗannan bayanan, baƙon abu ne kaɗan don magana game da tsawon rayuwar macizai, amma kuma akwai wasu ƙididdiga masu ƙarfafawa daban game da gidan Zoo na Moscow, wanda ya kamata a ambata musamman.
Masu riƙe da rikodi na Zoo Moscow
Vasiliev yana alfahari da tarin dabbobi masu rarrafe waɗanda aka tattara kuma aka yi kiwonsu anan tare da shiga kai tsaye (nau'ikan 240), yana kiran wannan babbar nasara.
A cikin terrarium babban birnin kasar, ba kawai tarin macizai masu guba ake tarawa ba: a cikinsu akwai samfuran samfuran da ba su nan a wasu gidajen zoo a duniya.... Yawancin jinsuna sun kasance bred a karo na farko. A cewar masanin, ya yi nasarar samun fiye da nau'ikan 12 na macizai har ma da jan-kai, mai rarrafe wanda ba shi da zuriya a cikin kamuwa da shi. Wannan kyakkyawar dabba mai dafi tana cin macizai kawai, suna fita farauta da daddare.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Ludwig Trutnau, wani sanannen masanin ilimin tsirrai daga Jamus, yayi mamaki lokacin da ya ga krait a cikin gidan Zoo na Moscow (macijin nasa ya rayu tsawon shekaru 1.5 kuma ya ɗauke shi a matsayin zamani mai ban sha'awa). A nan, in ji Vasiliev, ra'ayoyi sun rayu kuma sun sake haifuwa tun 1998.
Tsawon shekaru goma, baƙaƙen baƙaƙen fata suna zaune a Gidan Zoo na Moscow, kodayake ba su “yi jinkiri ba” a cikin kowane gidan ajiyar dabbobi fiye da shekara guda da rabi. Don yin wannan, Vasiliev dole ne ya yi aikin shiri da yawa, musamman, ya tafi New Guinea ya zauna wata ɗaya a cikin Papuans, yana nazarin halaye na baƙar fata.
Wannan hadadden, kusan kayan tarihi da kebabbun jinsuna suna zaune a tsaunuka. Bayan an kama shi, ya yi rashin lafiya na dogon lokaci kuma bai daidaita da kyau zuwa birni ba. Vasiliev ya ba da dukkanin sashinsa na Ph.D. rubuce-rubucen zuwa baƙar fata, yana bincika wadataccen kayan haɗin fauna na parasitic. Sai kawai bayan gano dukkanin ƙwayoyin cuta da suna da zaɓi na tsarin jiyya sai pythons suka sami tushe a cikin yanayin Gidan Zoo na Moscow.
Macizai da suka daɗe
A cewar World Wide Web, mafi tsohuwar maciji a doron duniya shine wani dan takaran boda mai suna Popeia, wanda ya kammala tafiyarsa ta duniya yana dan shekara 40 da wata 3 da kwanaki 14. Dogon hanta ya mutu a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 1977 a gidan zoo na Philadelphia (Pennsylvania, Amurka).
Wani aksakal na masarautar maciji, wanda ake kira Python daga gidan Zoo na Pittsburgh, wanda ya mutu yana da shekaru 32, ya yi shekaru 8 kasa da Papaya. A cikin gidan namun daji na Washington, sun ɗaga dogon hantarsu, anaconda, wanda ya ɗauki tsawon shekaru 28. Har ila yau, a cikin 1958, bayanai sun bayyana game da maciji wanda ya rayu cikin bauta tsawon shekaru 24.
Da yake magana game da ka'idoji na tsawon rayuwar maciji, masana kimiyyar herpeto sun dage cewa bai dace da nau'in dabbobi masu rarrafe da girmansa ba. Don haka, manyan dabbobi masu rarrafe, gami da almara, suna rayuwa tsawon shekaru 25-30, kuma kanana, kamar macizai, sun riga sun kai rabin haka. Amma irin wannan tsaran rayuwar, duk da haka, ba taro bane, amma yana faruwa ne ta hanyar keɓewa.
Kasancewa cikin daji cike da hadari da yawa: bala'o'i, cututtuka da magabta (bushiya, caimans, tsuntsaye masu farauta, aladu na daji, mongooses da ƙari). Wani abin kuma shi ne wuraren ajiyar yanayi da wuraren shakatawa, wanda a ciki ake kulawa da kulawa da dabbobi masu rarrafe, samar da abinci da sabis na likitanci, samar da yanayi mai kyau da kuma kiyaye su daga makiya na asali.
Dabbobi masu rarrafe suna da kyau a cikin filaye masu zaman kansu, idan masu su sun san yadda ake sarrafa maciji.
Me yasa macizai basa rayuwa sosai
Akwai da yawa daga cikin abubuwan bincike da aka gabatar, duk da haka, a cikin shekaru 70 na karnin da ya gabata, inda aka rubuta wani gajeriyar rayuwar macizai a cikin mafi kyawun gandun daji na duniya.
Wani masanin parasitologist dan Soviet Fyodor Talyzin (wanda yayi nazari, musamman, game da kayan daɗin dafin maciji), ya ambata cewa koda tare da kejin sararin samaniya, dabbobi masu rarrafe ba su da wata shida. Masanin ya yi imanin cewa babban mahimmin abu a gajertar rayuwa shine zabin dafin: macizan da basu sha wannan aikin ba sun rayu tsawon rai.
Don haka, a cikin gandun daji na Butantan (Sao Paulo), rattlesnakes ya rayu tsawon watanni 3 kawai, kuma a cikin serpentarium na Tsibirin Philippine (na dakin gwaje-gwajen magunguna da rigakafi) - ƙasa da watanni 5. Bugu da ƙari, mutane daga rukunin ƙungiyar sun rayu tsawon kwanaki 149, wanda ba a karɓar guba kwata-kwata.
A cikin duka, cobras 2075 sun shiga cikin gwaje-gwajen, kuma a cikin wasu rukuni (tare da nau'ikan mabanbanta na zaɓin dafin), ƙididdigar ta bambanta:
- a farkon, inda aka sha guba sau ɗaya a mako - kwana 48;
- na biyu, inda suka ɗauki kowane mako biyu - kwana 70;
- na uku, inda suka ɗauki kowane mako uku - kwana 89.
Marubucin binciken kasashen waje (kamar Talyzin) ya tabbata cewa kumurai sun mutu saboda damuwa da aikin wutar lantarki ya haifar. Amma bayan lokaci, ya bayyana karara cewa macizan a cikin Philippine serpentarium suna mutuwa ba yawa saboda tsoro kamar yunwa da cuta.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Har zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 70s, wuraren gandun daji na ƙasashen waje ba su damu da gwajin ba musamman, kuma an ƙirƙira su ba don kiyaye su ba, amma don samun guba. Serpentariums sun kasance kamar masu tara kaya: akwai macizai da yawa a cikin sararin samaniya na wurare masu zafi, kuma guba a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje an zube a rafi.
Sai kawai a cikin 1963 kawai ɗakunan yanayi na wucin gadi na macizai masu guba suka bayyana a cikin Butantan (tsohuwar maciji a duniya).
Masana kimiyyar cikin gida sun tattara bayanai game da tsaran rayuwar da ke cikin garkuwar Gyurza, Shitomordnik da Efy (na lokacin 1961-1966). Aikin ya nuna - mafi karancin lokacin da suke shan guba, tsawon lokacin da macizan suke rayuwa..
Ya zama cewa ƙananan (har zuwa 500 mm) da kuma manyan (fiye da 1400 mm) ba su jure ƙaura. A matsakaici, gyurza ya kasance a cikin zaman talala na tsawon watanni 8.8, kuma an nuna matsakaicin rayuwa ta hanyar macizai masu aunawa ta hanyar 1100-1400 mm, wanda yawancin maiko suka yi bayani a lokacin da suka shiga cikin ɗakin.
Mahimmanci! Arshen da masana kimiyya suka cimma: tsawon rayuwar maciji a cikin gandun daji yana ƙayyadewa ta yanayin kiyayewa, jima'i, girma da ƙimar kitse mai rarrafe.
Sandy Efa. Matsakaicin ransu a cikin serpentarium ya kasance watanni 6.5, kuma sama da kashi 10% na dabbobi masu rarrafe sun rayu har shekara guda. Mafi dadewa a duniya sun kasance f-rami 40-60 cm tsayi, da mata.
