Ilimin halitta, kamar sauran ilimin kimiyya, yana da wadataccen takamaiman sharuɗɗa. Sau da yawa abubuwa masu sauƙi waɗanda ke kewaye da ni da kai galibi ana kiran su kalmomin da ba za a iya fahimta ba. A cikin wannan labarin, zamuyi magana akan ko su wanene rashin lafiya kuma wa za a iya kiran sa wannan kalmar.
Menene ma'anar kalmar "endemic"?
Endemic wani nau'in tsirrai ne ko dabba da ake samu a yanki mai iyaka. Misali, idan wata dabba tana rayuwa a yanki mai nisan kilomita dari kuma ba za'a same shi a ko ina a duniya ba, yana da yawa.
Limiteduntataccen mazaunin yana nufin rayuwa a cikin yanayin yanayi. Dabbobin jinsi iri ɗaya, masu rai, alal misali, a gidajen zoo a duk duniya, ba sa cire “take” na alamomin cutarwa daga takwarorinsu daga daji, duniya kyauta.
Koala yana da mahimmanci ga Ostiraliya
Ta yaya endemics bayyana
Takaita wuraren zama na dabbobi da tsirrai hadadden hadaddun dalilai ne daban-daban. Mafi yawan lokuta yanki ne ko keɓewar yanayi, wanda ke hana watsuwar jinsuna akan yankuna masu faɗi. Kyakkyawan misali na irin waɗannan yanayin tsibiri ne.
Tsibirai ne waɗanda galibi suka yawaita cikin tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire da dabbobin da suka rayu a can kuma babu wani wuri. Kasancewar sun isa wannan yankin ƙasar shekaru da yawa da suka gabata, sun daina samun damar komawa babban yankin. Bugu da ƙari, yanayin tsibirin yana ba da damar dabba ko tsire-tsire ba kawai su rayu ba, har ma don ba da zuriya, ci gaba da irinta.
Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na zuwa tsibirin - alal misali, ƙwayoyin tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire na iya tashiwa ƙasa ko a kan tafin tsuntsaye. Dabbobi galibi suna zama kan tsibirai, saboda bala'o'in yanayi, misali, ambaliyar ƙasar da suka rayu a da.
Idan muka yi magana game da mazaunan ruwa, to yanayin da ya dace don bayyanar jinsin halittu shine rufaffiyar ruwar ruwa. Tekun, wanda aka cika shi da taimakon maɓuɓɓugan ruwa kuma ba shi da wata alaƙa da koguna ko rafuka, galibi gida ne da ke da ƙananan baƙuwa ko kifi.
Hakanan, dalilan bayyanar endemics sun hada da takamaiman yanayi, ba tare da rayuwa ta wani jinsi ba zai yiwu ba. Wannan yana haifar da gaskiyar cewa wasu halittu suna rayuwa ne kawai a wasu wurare a duniyarmu a wani yanki da aka iyakance ga kilomita da yawa.
Misalan cututtukan zuciya
Akwai dabbobi da tsire-tsire masu yawa a tsibirin teku. Misali, sama da kashi 80% na tsirrai akan Saint Helena a Tekun Atlantika suna da bala'i. A tsibirin Galapagos, akwai irin waɗannan nau'in - har zuwa kashi 97%. A cikin Rasha, Lake Baikal wata taska ce ta tsire-tsire masu yawa da fauna. Anan, kashi 75% na dukkanin kwayoyin halitta da tsirrai ana iya kiransu endemic. Daya daga cikin shahararrun kuma abin birgewa shine hatimin Baikal.
Hatimin Baikal - yana da ma'amala ga Tafkin Baikal
Hakanan daga cikin masu ƙarancin ƙarshen akwai paleoendemics da neoendemics. A kan haka, na farko dabbobi ne da tsirrai da suka wanzu tun zamanin da kuma, saboda cikakken keɓewa, sun sha bamban da kamanceceniya, amma jinsin halittu daga wasu yankuna. Ta hanyar lura dasu, masana kimiyya zasu iya samun bayanai mai mahimmanci game da juyin halitta da cigaban halittu. Paleoendemics sun hada da, misali, coelacanth. Kifi ne da aka yi tunanin ya ɓace fiye da shekaru miliyan 60 da suka gabata, amma ba zato ba tsammani aka gano shi a wurare biyu a duniyar da ke da ƙarancin wurin zama. Ya sha bamban da sauran, "kifin" na zamani.
Neoendemics tsirrai ne da dabbobi waɗanda kwanan nan suka kaɗaita kuma sun fara haɓaka daban da nau'ikan nau'ikan halittar da basa ƙarƙashin keɓewa. Hatimin Baikal, wanda aka ambata a sama, yana daidai da neoendemic.
Labaran Endemic
- Emasashen Afirka
- Endemics na Rasha
- Endemics na Kudancin Amurka
- Endemics na Crimea
- Emarshen Baikal
- Endemic zuwa Ostiraliya
