Mutane koyaushe suna haɗa asu da wani abu mai kyau, mai lafiya, kuma mai kyau. Suna nuna ƙauna, kyakkyawa da farin ciki. Koyaya, daga cikinsu akwai halittun soyayya masu ban sha'awa. Wadannan sun hada da malam ya mutu... A cikin sanannen fim ɗin "Shiru na Laman Rago," Bill ɗin maniaciya na Buffalo ya ɗora kwari ya sa su a bakin waɗanda abin ya shafa. Yayi kama da kyau.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Photo: Butterfly ya mutu kansa
Wanda ya mutu yana cikin dangin kwari. Sunan Latin Acherontia atropos ya haɗu da zane-zane guda biyu waɗanda zasu haifar da tsoro ga mazaunan Girka ta dā. Kalmar "Acheron" na nufin sunan kogin baƙin ciki a masarautar matattu, "Atropos" sunan ɗayan allahiya ne na ƙaddarar mutane, wanda ya yanke zaren da aka gano da rayuwa.
Sunan Girka na d was a an yi shi ne don bayyana abubuwan ban tsoro na duniya. Sunan Rashanci na asu'san Mutuwa (Kan Adam) yana da alaƙa da launinsa - a kan kirjin akwai alamar rawaya mai kama da kwanyar. A cikin ƙasashen Turai da yawa, asu na shaho yana da suna irin na Rasha.
Bidiyo: Malam malam buɗe ido ya mutu
Carl Linnaeus ne ya fara bayyana jinsin halittar a cikin aikinsa mai suna "The System of Nature" kuma ya sanya mata suna Sphinx atropos. A shekarar 1809, wani masanin ilmin kimiyyar lissafi daga kasar Jamus, Jacob Heinrich Laspeyres, ya ware gorin hanwa a cikin jinsin Acherontia, wanda aka zaba shi a wannan zamanin namu. Wannan jinsi yana cikin matsayin haraji na Acherontiini. A cikin martabar, ba a bincika cikakken ma'anar dangantakar ba.
Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan kwari a duniya, amma wannan halittar ce kawai aka girmama tare da ƙirƙirar alamu da yawa, tatsuniyoyi da camfe-camfe. Hasashe mara tushe ya haifar da fitina, tsanantawa da lalata jinsin, a matsayin jigilar matsala.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Mai zane Van Gogh, wanda ya kasance a cikin asibiti a cikin 1889, ya ga asu a cikin lambun kuma ya zana shi a cikin wani zanen da ya kira "Shugaban Hawk Hawazo". Amma mai zanen yayi kuskure kuma maimakon sanannen kan Adam sai ya zana "Pear Peacock Eye".
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Butterfly hawker ya mutu kansa
Jinsin kan Adam yana daya daga cikin mafi girma a tsakanin kwarin Turai. Abubuwan da ke nuna jima'i a fili ba a bayyana suke ba kuma mata sun ɗan bambanta da na maza.
Girman su ya kai:
- tsawon fuka-fukan gaba shine 45-70 mm;
- fukafukan fuka-fukan maza sunkai 95-115 mm;
- fikafikan fikafikan mata 90-130 mm;
- nauyin maza shine 2-6 g;
- nauyin mata shine 3-8 g.
Fuskar gabanta ta faɗo, tsawonta ya ninka biyu. baya - daya da rabi, akwai karamin daraja. A gaba, gefen waje ya ma kasance, na baya suna jingina zuwa gefen. Kan yana da duhu mai duhu ko baƙi. A kan kirjin baƙar fata da launin ruwan kasa, akwai ƙirar rawaya mai kama da ƙwanƙolin mutum tare da baƙin kwanton ido. Wannan adadi na iya ɓacewa kwata-kwata.
Partasan ɓangaren kirji da ciki rawaya ne. Launin fuka-fuki na iya bambanta daga launin baƙi zuwa launin rawaya. Tsarin kwari na iya bambanta. Cikin ya kai milimita 60, tsawonsa ya kai milimita 20, an rufe shi da sikeli. Proboscis yana da ƙarfi, mai kauri, har zuwa milimita 14, yana da cilia.
Jiki mai kwalliya. Idanun suna zagaye. Maganin farji na laial an matse shi a kan kai, an rufe shi da sikeli. Antennae gajere ne, an taƙaita, an rufe su da layuka biyu na cilia. Mace ba ta da cilia. Kafafu masu kauri ne kuma gajere. Akwai layuka huɗu na spines a ƙafafu. Legsafafun baya suna da nau'i biyu na spurs.
Don haka muka gano shi yadda malam yayi kama... Yanzu bari mu gano inda shugaban mamacin yake zaune.
Ina mamacin malam buɗe ido yake rayuwa?
Photo: Butterfly Adamu kai
Muhallin ya hada da Afirka, Syria, Kuwait, Madagascar, Iraq, bangaren yammacin Saudi Arabia, arewa maso gabashin Iran. An samo shi a kudanci da tsakiyar Turai, Canary da Azores, Transcaucasia, Turkey, Turkmenistan. An lura da mutane marasa ƙarfi a cikin Palaearctic, Ural Middle, North-East Kazakhstan.
Gidajen kan Adam kai tsaye sun dogara da kakar, tunda jinsin masu ƙaura ne. A cikin yankunan kudanci, kwari na rayuwa daga Mayu zuwa Satumba. Gudun kwari masu gudun hijira suna iya tashi a gudu har zuwa kilomita 50 a awa daya. Wannan adadi ya basu damar zama zakara tsakanin malam buɗe ido kuma ya basu damar yin ƙaura zuwa wasu ƙasashe.
A Rasha, an haɗu da Shugaban Matattu a yankuna da yawa - Moscow, Saratov, Volgograd, Penza, a Arewacin Caucasus da kuma cikin Krasnodar Territory, galibi ana samunsa a yankunan tsaunuka. Lepidoptera ya zaɓi mafi yawan shimfidar wurare don rayuwa, amma galibi suna zama kusa da shuka, filaye, a cikin dazuzzuka, kwari.
Butterflies galibi suna zaɓar yankuna kusa da filayen dankalin turawa. Yayin tono dankali, puppy da yawa sun zo wucewa. A cikin Transcaucasia, mutane suna zaune a ƙasan tsaunuka a tsawan 700 m sama da matakin teku. A lokacin lokacin ƙaura, ana iya samun sa a tsawan mita 2500. Lokacin jirgin da nisan sa ya dogara da yanayin yanayi. A wuraren ƙaura, Lepidoptera ya samar da sabbin yankuna.
Menene mamacin malam buɗe ido yake ci?
Hoto: kan asu
Imago ba ruwansa da kayan zaki ne. Abinci mai gina jiki na manya muhimmin abu ne ba kawai don ci gaba da aiki mai mahimmanci ba, har ma a cikin balagar ƙwai a jikin mata. Saboda gajeriyar proboscis, asu ba zai iya ciyar da itaciyar rana ba, amma suna iya shan ruwan 'ya'yan itace da ruwan da ke gudana daga' ya'yan itatuwa da suka lalace.
Koyaya, kwari da wuya suke cin 'ya'yan itace, tunda yayin shan zuma, ruwan' ya'yan itace ko tara danshi sun fi son kasancewa cikin yanayin gudu, amma su zauna saman da ke kusa da 'ya'yan. Butterfly Matattu Shugaban yana son zuma, zai iya cin har gram 15 a lokaci guda. Suna shiga cikin amya ko gida kuma suna huda tsefe da proboscis. Caterpillars suna ciyarwa a saman tsire-tsire masu noma.
Musamman don dandano:
- dankali;
- karas;
- tumatir;
- taba;
- fennel;
- gwoza;
- eggplant;
- turnip;
- physalis.
Har ila yau, Caterpillars suna cin bawon bishiyoyi da wasu tsire-tsire - belladonna, dope, wolfberry, kabeji, hemp, nettle, hibiscus, toka. Suna haifar da lahani ga shrubs a cikin lambuna ta hanyar cin ganye. A mafi yawan lokuta kwarkwata suna karkashin kasa kuma suna fitowa ne kawai don ciyarwa. Ba da fifiko ga shuke-shuke na dare.
Kowane mutum yana ciyarwa shi kaɗai, kuma ba ƙungiya-ƙungiya ba, don haka ba sa cutar da shuke-shuke da yawa. Girbi, ba kamar kwari ba, ba ya halakarwa, tunda jinsinsu ne da ke cikin haɗari kuma bai dace da yawan taro ba. Shuke-shuke sun warke gaba ɗaya cikin ƙanƙanin lokaci.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Butterfly ya mutu kansa
Wannan nau'in malam buɗe ido ba dare ba rana. Da rana suna hutawa, kuma da magariba sai su fara farauta. Har zuwa tsakar dare, ana iya lura da asu a cikin hasken fitilu da sandunan da ke jan hankalinsu. A cikin hasken haske mai haske, suna rawa da kyau, suna raye-rayen rawar dawa.
Kwari na iya yin sautukan raɗaɗi. Na dogon lokaci, masana kimiyyar halittar jiki ba sa fahimtar abin da ke haifar da su kuma sun yi amannar cewa daga ciki yake fitowa. Amma a cikin 1920, Heinrich Prell ya yi bincike kuma ya gano cewa ƙararrakin yana bayyana ne sakamakon jujjuyawar ci gaban akan leɓen na sama lokacin da malam buɗe ido ya sha iska ya tura shi baya.
Hakanan Caterpillars na iya yin kara, amma ya bambanta da sautunan manya. An kafa ta ta hanyar shafa jaw. Kafin a sake haifarsu a matsayin malam buɗe ido da puppy, suna iya yin sauti idan sun dame. Masana kimiyya basu da tabbaci dari bisa ɗari game da abin da yake amfani dasu, amma yawancin sun yarda cewa kwari suna buga su don tsoratar da baƙi.
A cikin matakan kifin, kwari suna cikin ramuka kusan kowane lokaci, suna rarrafe zuwa saman don kawai su ci. Wasu lokuta ba sa ma fita daga ƙasa gaba ɗaya, amma suna neman ganye mafi kusa, suna cin shi kuma suna ɓoyewa. Burrows suna a zurfin santimita 40. Don haka suna rayuwa har tsawon watanni biyu, sannan kuma suna pupate.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Butterfly Adamu kai
Mataccen shugaban malam buɗe ido yana samar da zuriya biyu a kowace shekara. Abin sha'awa, ƙarni na biyu na mata an haifeshi bakararre. Sabili da haka, baƙin haure ne kawai za su iya ƙara yawan jama'a. A cikin yanayi mai kyau da yanayi mai ɗumi, zuriya ta uku na iya bayyana. Koyaya, idan kaka ta zama mai sanyi, wasu mutane basu da lokacin yin pupate su mutu.
Mata suna samar da pheromones, don haka suna jan hankalin maza, bayan haka sai su haɗu kuma su yi ƙwai da ya kai milimita ɗaya da rabi a girma, bluish ko kore. Othwosi sun haɗa su zuwa cikin cikin ganyen ko sa su tsakanin ƙwanƙwashin tsiron da ganyen.
Manyan kwari sun kyankyashe daga ƙwai, kowannensu yana da ƙafa biyar. Kwari sun shiga matakai 5 na balaga. A farkon, suna girma zuwa santimita ɗaya. Samfurori 5 na matakai sun kai santimita 15 a tsayi kuma sun auna kusan gram 20. Caterpillars sunyi kyau sosai. Sun shafe watanni biyu a karkashin kasa, sannan wani watan a matakin daliban.
Pupae na maza sun kai milimita 60 a tsayi, mata - 75 mm, nauyin pupae na maza har zuwa gram 10, mata har zuwa gram 12. A ƙarshen aikin pupation, jaririn na iya zama rawaya ko cream a launi, bayan awanni 12 sai ya zama ja-ja-ja-jaja.
Natural makiya na malam buɗe ido ya mutu shugaban
Photo: Butterfly hawker ya mutu kansa
A kowane mataki na tsarin rayuwa malam ya mutu ana bin sa da nau'ikan cututtukan parasitoids - ƙwayoyin da ke rayuwa ta hanyar karɓar mai gida:
- larva;
- kwai;
- kwai;
- ɗan tsutsa;
- dalibi
Kananan da matsakaitan-nau'in jinsin dabbobi na iya sa kwayayensu daidai a jikin kwarin. Tsutsar tsutsar ciki ta farfaɗo da kwalliyar kwari. Tahinas suna kwan ƙwai a kan tsire-tsire. Caterpillars suna cin su tare tare da ganye, kuma suna haɓaka, suna cin gabobin ciki na asu mai zuwa. Idan kwayoyin cutar sun yi girma, sai su fito.
Tunda asu na rabuwa da zumar kudan zuma, ana yawan cizon su. An tabbatar da cewa kan Adam ba shi da wata damuwa da dafin kudan zuma kuma yana iya jure harbin ƙudan zuma har sau biyar. Don kare kansu daga tarin kudan zuma, sai suka yi ta ihu kamar sarauniyar kudan zuma da ta fito kwanan nan daga kwakwa.
Haka kuma asu na da wasu dabaru. Sukan shiga cikin amya da daddare kuma su kera wani sinadarai da ke boye kamshin nasu. Tare da taimakon kayan mai, suna kwantar da kudan zuma. Yana faruwa cewa kudan zuma sun soka mai son zuma har lahira.
Kwari basu cutar da kiwon zuma saboda karancin yawansu, amma har yanzu masu kiwon kudan suna daukar su a matsayin kwari kuma suna lalata su. Sau da yawa sukan kafa raga a kewayen amya tare da sel wanda bai wuce milimita 9 ba saboda ƙudan zuma ne kawai zai iya shiga ciki.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Butterfly ya mutu kansa
Sau da yawa, ana iya samun mutane kawai a cikin lambobi guda ɗaya. Adadin nau'in kai tsaye ya dogara da yanayi da yanayin yanayi, sabili da haka, yawansu ya bambanta ƙwarai daga shekara zuwa shekara. A cikin shekarun sanyi, lambar ta ragu sosai, a cikin shekaru masu ɗumi da sauri tana ci gaba.
Idan hunturu yayi tsauri da yawa, pupae na iya mutuwa. Amma zuwa shekara mai zuwa, lambar tana murmurewa albarkacin bakin haure. Ofaure na ƙarni na biyu an kyankyashe su cikin lambobi da yawa da yawa saboda baƙin da suka iso. Koyaya, a tsakiyar layi, mata na ƙarni na biyu ba za su iya ɗaukar zuriya ba.
Halin da ake ciki da yawan kwari yana da kyau sosai a cikin Transcaucasus. Winters suna da dumi matsakaici a nan kuma larvae suna rayuwa lafiya har sai sun narke. A wasu fannoni, canje-canje a cikin yanayin yanayi suna da mummunar illa ga yawan adadin malam buɗe ido.
Ba za a iya lissafin jimillar adadin ba, kai tsaye a fakaice, gwargwadon pupae da aka samo. Magungunan sunadarai na filayen sun haifar da raguwar yawan kwari a yankunan tsohuwar USSR, musamman a yaƙi da kwaroron dankalin turawa na Colorado, wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar kwari da pupae, tumbuke daji, da lalata mahalli.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Mutane koyaushe suna cin zarafin asu. Sautunan da asu da kuma ƙirar a kirjinta suka sa jahilai suka firgita a cikin 1733. Sun danganta mummunan annobar da bayyanar baƙar fata na shaho. A Faransa, wasu mutane har yanzu suna gaskata cewa idan sikeli daga ɓangaren Mamacin ya shiga cikin ido, za ku iya makancewa.
Tsare kan malam buɗe ido
Photo: Butterfly mataccen kai daga littafin Red
A 1980, jinsunan kan Adam sun jera a cikin Red Book of the Ukrainian SSR and in 1984 in the Red Book of USSR as bace. Amma a halin yanzu an cire shi daga littafin Red Book na Rasha, tunda an sanya shi matsayin jinsi na gama gari kuma baya buƙatar matakan kariya.
A cikin littafin Red Book na Ukraine, an ba da asu ga shaho rukuni 3 da ake kira "nau'ikan nau'in". Waɗannan sun haɗa da nau'in kwari tare da ƙananan alƙaluma waɗanda a halin yanzu ba a lasafta su a matsayin nau'in "masu haɗari" ko "masu rauni". Ga 'yan makaranta, ana gudanar da darussan bayani na musamman kan rashin yarda da lalata kwari.
A yankin ƙasashe na tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, ana samun ci gaba na raguwar mutane, don haka ya zama wajibi a ɗauki matakan kare waɗannan halittu. Yakamata matakan kiyayewa su kasance cikin nazarin nau'ikan, ci gabanta, tasirin yanayin yanayi da shuke-shuke masu abinci, da maido da wuraren zama na yau da kullun.
Wajibi ne a yi nazarin yadda ake rarraba butterflies, don sanin iyakokin wuraren zama da yankunan ƙaura. A wuraren da ake noma, yakamata a maye gurbin amfani da magungunan kwari tare da hadadden tsarin kula da kwari. Bugu da ƙari, a yaƙi da ƙwaro, magungunan ƙwari ba su da amfani.
A cikin fassarawa daga Hellenanci, an fassara malam buɗe ido a matsayin "ruhu". Yana da haske, iska da tsabta. Wajibi ne a kiyaye wannan ruhi saboda tsararraki masu zuwa da kuma ba zuriya zuriya damar jin daɗin kallon wannan kyakkyawar halitta, tare da jin daɗin bayyanar sihiri na waɗannan kyawawan kwari.
Ranar bugawa: 02.06.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 20.09.2019 a 22:07
