Mutumin ya huɗa dawakai. Sakamakon zaɓi, yawancin kiwo sun fito. Launuka masu launin furji daga fari zuwa baƙi. Gashin dawakai yana zuwa da launuka masu launin ja, launin ruwan kasa da rawaya, kuma nau'ikan alamu iri-iri suna ƙawata jiki. Dawakai suna skewbald kuma an rufe su da tabo na monochromatic. Girman dabba ya dogara da nau'in, ya banbanta daga 227 zuwa 900 kg a nauyi, a tsayi daga 220 zuwa 280 cm kuma daga tsayi 0.9 zuwa 1.7.
Bayanin doki
Dokin yana da kofato-tuwon oval, doguwar jela, gashin kai gajere, dogayen siraran kafafu, tsoka da gangar jiki, doguwar wuya mai ƙarfi da babban kai. Mane wani yanki ne na ƙananan gashi waɗanda suka faɗaɗa gefen ƙwanƙolin wuya a cikin nau'ikan gida da na daji. Dawakai suna cin ciyawa. Don tauna tsire-tsire, suna da rikitarwa da girma a cikin bakinsu. M, gashi hunturu tasowa a cikin Satumba-Oktoba, cikakken girma da Disamba. Jawo lokacin hunturu ya fara zubowa a lokacin bazara, kuma a lokacin rani laushi mai laushi da sirara yana rufe jiki.
Sauran siffofin jiki:
- mai dumi-dumi;
- fasalin jikin juna;
- duka jinsunan suna kama.
Nau'in dawakai
Dokin daji (Equus ferus), aka dokin Przewalski
Dokin kan Przewalski
Arami fiye da yawancin dawakan gida. Mai kauri, gajeren wuya da gaɓaɓɓun gaɓoɓi, ƙaramin gini. Iris yawanci launin ruwan kasa ne, amma shuɗi ne a cikin wasu mutane. Gwanin da jelar, ba kamar dawakan gida ba, suna narkewa kowace shekara. Mane ɗin launin ruwan kasa ne mai duhu zuwa baƙi kuma yana tsaye ba tare da bangs ba. Dawakai na gida suna da doki mai tsawo, suna gudana. Wutsiya mai gajeren gashi ne, gashin hankali a hankali yana faɗaɗa a kan tarnaƙi. Dawakan gida suna da dogon gashin gashin jela a duk wutsiyar. Muzzle gajere ne kuma babba, haske, galibi fari, gefen hancin hancinsa duhu ne, ƙananan gefen muƙamuƙi madaidaici ne. Fatar launuka biyu ne: masu launin rawaya-ja-kasa-kasa da launuka masu launin toka-rawaya. Kai da wuya sun fi jiki duhu. Lowerananan jiki ya fi sauƙi fiye da tarnaƙi. 3-10 bakin ciki ratsi ratsi akan kafafu. Pearshen duhu mai duhu ("eel") yana gudana daga motan har ƙasa zuwa jela.
Doki na gida (Equus ferus caballus)
Dokin gida
Yana da doguwar wuya da ƙafafu, ƙoshin kafa mai kauri. A tsawon shekarun kiwo, mutane sun haɓaka launuka daban-daban na gashi da ulu, alamu na launi. Wasu launukan da suka fi na kowa sune launin toka, da duhu mai duhu mai haske, da launin ruwan kasa mai haske. Dabbobi daban-daban sun bambanta da girma.
Dokin bakin ciki (Equus caballus)
Dokin daji
Abubuwan ɗabi'a irin na dokin gida. A matsakaita na 1-1.6 m a kafada kuma yana da nauyin 350-450 kg. Gabaɗaya bayyanar ta bambanta, launin gashi daga baƙi, launin ruwan kasa da fari zuwa fari mai launin ruwan lemo ko launin ruwan kasa. Gashi gajere ne kuma siriri, wutsiyar ta ɗan gajarta, a goshin (goshin goshi) da kuma wuya (man go). Matsakaicin rayuwar E. caballus shine shekaru 25 - 30.
Kiang (Equus kiang)
Kiang
Gashi na kiang yana da ja a lokacin rani kuma launin ruwan kasa ne a lokacin hunturu, ƙananan ɓangarorin jiki farare ne, basa canzawa dangane da lokacin. Kiang yana da tsayin kafada 140 cm kuma yana da nauyin tsakanin 250 zuwa 440 kg.
Kulan (Equus hemionus)
Kulan
Idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'ikan dawakai, yana da gajerun kafafu. Launin jiki ya bambanta da yanayi, launin ruwan kasa mai ja a lokacin rani, launin ruwan kasa mai rawaya a lokacin hunturu. Suna da ratsi mai launin baki wanda yayi iyaka da fari wanda yake zuwa tsakiyar bayanta. Madaidaiciyar duhu. Ciki da kirji farare ne, tare da alamun fararen halayya a bayan kafada da gaban sacrum. Bakin bakin yana da wani yanki fari a hancin hancinsa, leɓunan suna da furfura.
Faroe dokin doki
Dokin Faroese
An samo shi a cikin Tsibirin Faroe a Arewacin Atlantic. Wannan ɗayan ɗayan tsoffin jinsin doki ne, mai matukar wuya, kusan ya bace.
Mustang
Wadannan dawakai zuriya ce ta kasar Spain da ake kira dawakan Iberiya, a dole ne su zama manyan dawakai, ba dawakan daji ba.
Dabbobin dawakai
Dawakai suna nuna launuka iri-iri kuma suna zuwa iri-iri. Akwai fiye da nau'ikan dawakai da kwando daban-daban guda 350. Sun kasu kashi zuwa kungiyoyi masu zuwa:
- Dawakai masu haske da ƙasusuwa da ƙafafu na sihiri waɗanda nauyinsu bai wuce kilogiram 590 ba, kamar su Thoroughbred, High Pedigree, Morgan da Larabawan dawakai.
- Dawakai masu nauyi ko nauyi. Waɗannan nau'ikan ne masu ƙarfi tare da manyan ƙasusuwa da ƙafafu masu ƙarfi, misali Persheronskie, Brabancon, babbar motar Rasha (Bityug).
An halicci nau'in dawakai na zamani ta yadda dabbobi zasu dace da tsari da aiki, ma'ana, suna da wasu halaye na zahiri waɗanda ake buƙata don yin wani nau'in aiki. Dawakai marasa nauyi, dawakai irin na Larabawa ko Akhal-Teke dawakai an kiwata su a cikin busassun yanayi dan gudun da kuma juriya da tafiya mai nisa. An rarraba wani babban doki mai nauyi, kamar na Beljam, don jan garma don yin wasu ayyukan a gonar.
Onan adam kowane irin nau'in ɗan adam ne yake kiwo don su farantawa yara rai kuma suyi aiki a wurare kamar ma'adinai ko kuma inda babu wadataccen abinci da zai kiyaye manyan dabbobi.
Tsakanin waɗannan tsattsauran ra'ayi, ana kiwon dawakai don yin waɗannan ayyuka masu zuwa:
- jawo ta karusa ko kayan hawa;
- dauke da mayaka cikin kayan yaki masu nauyi;
- shiga cikin tsere;
- yi a cikin circus;
- ya kasance yana kiwon wasu dabbobi;
- kwashe kayan nauyi.
Dawakai suna nuna saurin gudu guda huɗu da ake kira gaits. Sune:
- prancing a hankali;
- trot (dan kadan sauri fiye da prancing);
- sauƙin motsa jiki (sauri fiye da trot);
- gallop (tafiyar doki mafi sauri)
Gwanin doki
Dawakai masu launi daban-daban na gashi suna da sunaye daban-daban. Wasu daga launuka na farko sune:
- bay - daga launin ruwan kasa mai duhu zuwa duhu mai duhu tare da baƙar fata, wutsiya da shins;
- ja - daga apricot zuwa duhu kirjin launi ba tare da baƙi ba;
- launin toka - fata baƙi, amma gauraye mai laushi fari da baƙi;
- baƙi - gaba ɗaya baki;
- launin ruwan kasa - iri-iri ja da gashi ja;
- m - ulu rawaya launin ruwan kasa;
- Bulanaya - launi mai launi na zinariya;
- piebald - doki mai launuka iri-iri tare da launuka ja, ruwan kasa, fari da / ko baki.
Bakin doki
Wadanne kungiyoyi ne masu kiwo na doki suke nufi?
Sunan doki ya dogara ne da namiji ko mace, da kuma shekarun mutum nawa.
- foal - doki kasa da shekara;
- dan shekara daya - wani matashi ne mai shekaru daga daya zuwa biyu;
- stallion - namiji a ƙarƙashin shekara huɗu;
- mare - doki mace har zuwa shekaru hudu;
- sire male - Namijin da ya haura shekara hudu da haihuwa wanda ba ya haushi;
- gelding - castrated namiji;
- mare - mace mai shekaru sama da huɗu.
A ina dawakai suke zama?
Kakannin dawakai sun rayu a arewacin Afirka, a duk yankin Turai da Asiya. A cikin Icearshen Ice Age, sun rayu ko'ina cikin Arewacin Amurka, amma sun ɓace kusan 8,000 - 10,000 shekaru da suka gabata. Dawakan gida a halin yanzu suna zaune kusa da mutane.
Wane mazauni doki yake buƙata
Dawakai suna daidaitawa zuwa wurare daban-daban yayin gida. Wuraren da aka fi so suna da sanyi, filayen ciyayi masu yanayi, steppes da savannas, amma dabbobi ma suna rayuwa ne a cikin hamadar hamada, tsakanin gulbi da dazuzzuka.
Yadda dawakai ke kiwo
Maza suna kiwo kusa da mata a lokacin saduwa, suna kare maresu daga wasu mazan da ke kokarin saduwa da matan garken. Maza suna fada ta shura da shura.
Biyu
Dawakai suna hayayyafa a cikin watannin rani mai ɗumi. Ciki yana kasancewa daga kwana 287 zuwa 419, wanda ke nufin haihuwa na faruwa ne ko dai a bazara ko kuma a damin shekara mai zuwa. Yawancin lokaci ana haihuwar jariri ɗaya, tagwaye ba safai ba.
Haihuwar tana faruwa da daddare kuma a cikin wani wuri mara nutsuwa. Foals ya bayyana a cikin jiki. Suna tashi tsakanin sa'a daya bayan haihuwa kuma suna tsayawa kan ƙafafunsu bayan awanni hudu zuwa biyar, suna bin mahaifiyarsu. A cikin watan farko, thean rago yana tare da mahaifiyarsa. A wata na biyu, da kansa ya sami abinci kuma aikin yaye ya fara, wanda zai ɗauki shekaru 2 a cikin dabbobin daji. A cikin dawakai na gida, ana yaye zuriya daga mahaifiyarsu tana da watanni 4 zuwa 6.
Foals suna tafiya da kansu ba da daɗewa ba bayan haihuwa, amma suna buƙatar taimako. Yaran sun dogara da iyayensu mata da garken shanu don kare kansu daga masu farauta da neman abinci har sai sun fara neman abincin kansu. Bincike ya nuna cewa dawakan daji suna barin garken da aka haife su a lokacin da suke ’yan shekara biyu zuwa uku.
Har yaushe dawakai suke rayuwa
Tsawon rayuwa ya dogara da dalilai da yawa, gami da nau'in yanayi da yanayi. A matsayinka na doka, dawakan gida suna rayuwa daga shekaru 25 zuwa 30, mafi girman rikodin shine shekaru 61. Masana kimiyyar dabbobi sun yiwa dokin mafi dadewa a rayuwa a shekarar 1974, shekarunsa sun kai shekaru 36. Abubuwan da suka shafi tsawon rai sun hada da:
- abinci mai gina jiki;
- wane irin aiki ake amfani da dabba;
- yawan hawan keke;
- matsayin haihuwa;
- cututtukan da suka gabata;
- lafiyar hakori;
- motsa jiki.
Yadda dabbobin shanu suke nuna hali
Dawakai dabbobi masu shayarwa ne. A cikin jama'ar daji ko na rabin-daji, suna yin garken garken tare da tsarin zamantakewar jama'a. Garken ya hada har zuwa 26, mahara 5 da matasa na shekaru daban-daban. Garkunan dawakai suna da kyakkyawan tsarin zamantakewar al'umma, wanda ya mamaye maza. Suna kare rukuni daga masu farauta da kuma daga maza masu fafatawa galibi.
Dawakai suna aiki a lokuta daban-daban na rana, ya danganta da yanayi. A cikin yanayin zafi suna kiwo da safe ko maraice, ku guje wa yanayin zafin rana. Dawakai suna barci a sashi a rana, barcin bai wuce awanni 2 ba. Dabbobi ba sa kwance a ƙasa sama da awa ɗaya kuma suna barci yayin tsayawa.
Garkunan dawakai
Ta yaya suke sadarwa da juna
A cikin dawakai, hanci da kunci suna da layu waɗanda ake amfani dasu don fahimtar yanayin ta hanyar taɓawa. Hangen nesa shine motar farko don samun bayanai. Kunnuwa suna da tsayi kuma madaidaiciya, wanda ke inganta hangen nesa. Duk da cewa jin ƙamshi yana da mahimmanci, ba shine ainihin ɓangaren jikin mutum ba kuma yana da ƙarancin matsayi fiye da hangen nesa ko masu karɓar azanci a hanci da kunci.
Dawakai suna sadarwa da juna ta hanyar ishara da sanarwa. Membobin garken suna dariya, cizon juna, turawa da harbawa juna don kafa ko karfafa tsarin tsari, don bayyana mamaya.
Dawakai suna da ishara da dama. Hanyoyi masu kyau sun hada da daga lebba, wanda ke fito da hakoran sama, wanda yayi kama da murmushi, karkatar da kai, ko nuna kunnuwa gaba da sama. Hanyoyin motsa jiki masu saurin motsa jiki sun haɗa da jan kunne da haƙoran da aka toshe da hancin hanu.
Abin da dawakai ke ci
Dawakai shuke-shuke ne masu ciyawa da ciyawa da sauran shuke-shuke. Abincin dokin da aka yi a gida ana cika su da hatsi kamar hatsi, flax da sha'ir. Baya ga ciyawa da ganyaye, dawakai suna cin itace, bawo, mai tushe, iri, hatsi, da kwayoyi.
Wane ne yake kai hari dawakai da dabarun rayuwarsu a cikin yanayi
Mafarautan da ke farautar dawakan daji: kerkeci, kwayoyi da zakuna. Masu farauta suna kai hari ga tsofaffi, marasa lafiya ko dabbobi. Lokacin da mahaukaci ya yi barazanar garken garken, sai alpha namiji ya kawo masa hari, ya ciji ya yi shura da kofato. Mata na kiyaye yara kamar haka. Mutane farauta ne, suna farautar dawakai, a tarihi da zamanin yau.
Wace rawa dawakai ke takawa a cikin halittu
Cincin doki:
- bayar da gudummawa ga ci gaban al'ummomin noma;
- canza hanyar tafiya;
- rinjayi dangantaka tsakanin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na jama'a.
Kamar yadda dabbobi ke kiwo, dawakai suna tasiri cikin bambancin da tsarin halittar halittu. A wasu wurare, dawakai suna watsa kwayar shuke-shuke.
Yadda dawakai ke mu'amala da mutane
Dawakai suna da matukar muhimmanci ga mutane a yanzu da kuma tarihi. An yi amfani da su azaman tushen abinci, jigilar mutane da kayayyaki, sun taka rawa a kamfen ɗin soja, cikin wasanni da nishaɗi, a ci gaban aikin noma. Dawakai ƙaunatattun dabbobi ne kuma ana amfani dasu don magancewa da kuma gyara marasa lafiya.
A harkar noma, dawakai sun girbe amfanin gona, gonaki da aka nome da gonaki, kuma taki muhimmin taki ne. Ana amfani da dawakai a wasu kayayyaki.
Shin dawakai suna cikin haɗari?
Akwai dawakai da yawa na gida a sassa daban-daban na duniya. Danginsu na kurkusa, dawakan daji na Przewalski, an lasafta su a cikin “masu haɗari” a cikin Littafin Ja.
