Don masoya ilimin halittar jiki da yawa su gani malam buɗe ido apollo - mafarkin da ake so, kodayake ba da dadewa ba aka same shi a cikin gandun daji na pine a tsakiyar Rasha. Shahararren masanin halitta LB Stekolnikov ya sadaukar mata da waka.
Sunan ya fito ne daga allahn Girkanci na kyau Apollo kuma da kyakkyawan dalili - kyan kwaron ba zai bar kowa ba. Kuma malam yana fitowa daga kalmar Slavic "kaka", an yi imanin cewa rayukan matan da suka mutu suna tashi.
Bayani da fasali
Sunan Latin: Parnassius appollo
- Rubuta: arthropods;
- Class: kwari;
- Umarni: Lepidoptera;
- Salo na al'ada: Parnassius;
- Duba: Apollo.
Jikin ya kasu kashi-kashi, kirji, da ciki, wanda ya kunshi sassa tara. Kwarangwal na waje rufin katako ne mai wahala wanda ke kariya daga tasirin waje.
Lepidopterology wani sashi ne a ilimin halittar jiki wanda ke nazarin lepidoptera.
Idanun Convex (na mahaifa) na nau'in faceted, sun kunshi adadi mai yawa na ruwan tabarau, don ƙyamar haske tare da kewaye, masana kimiyyar kimiyyar lissafi suna ƙididdiga har zuwa 27,000. Idanuwan, waɗanda suke cin kashi biyu cikin uku na kai, ana tsara su ta hanyar gashin gashi mai kyau. An yi imanin cewa suna iya rarrabe launuka, amma nawa ne ba su san tabbas ba.
Antennae - gabobin ji waɗanda ke rarrabe ƙamshi da motsiwar iska, shiga cikin kiyaye daidaito yayin tashi. Maza suna da eriya mafi girma fiye da mata.
Wsarfafa ƙwanƙwashin jajaji ya juye izuwa proboscis a cikin hanyar bututu da aka birgima cikin birgima. Harsashin ciki na proboscis an rufe shi da ƙananan ƙananan cilia don ƙayyade ɗanɗanar nectar. Kwarin na da kafafu shida tare da farata, akwai ramuka na sauraro.
Manyan fuka-fuki a tsawon su sun kai santimita tara, suna da kirim, masu haske tare da launuka ja a ƙananan fuka-fuki kuma baƙi akan na sama. Red launuka suna kewaye da baƙar fata, a cikin wasu nau'in suna da zagaye, a wasu kuma suna da murabba'i.
Tsarin ƙananan fuka-fuki an tsara su ta farin gashi mai kauri; a kan baƙar ciki mai sheki, irin gashinan suna birgima kamar ƙyallen. An tsara gefuna na sama na fikafikan ta fuska mai launin toka mai launin toka; raƙuman launuka masu toka sun bazu ko'ina cikin reshen.
A jijiyoyin fikafikan sama da na kasa, akwai sikeli masu nauyi a cikin sifofin gashin gashi, kowannensu yana dauke da nau'in launuka daya, wanda ke da alhakin abin da ke jikin taswirar reshen. Jirgin zai iya zama tare da fuka-fukai ko yin shawagi zuwa sama a cikin igiyoyin ruwan dumi. Launi ya sa Apollo ya zama mai bayyana ma'anar kyakkyawan malam buɗe ido. Mai saurin lalacewa a cikin bayyanar, zasu iya rayuwa cikin mawuyacin yanayi.
Kuruciyar yara baƙaƙen fata ne, a kowane sashi na jiki akwai tabon haske, a cikin layuka biyu, wanda tufafin baƙin gashi ke fitowa daga gare ta. Matsalar manya suna da launi mai kyau baƙar fata tare da layuka biyu na jan dige tare da jikin duka da warts masu launin shuɗi-shuɗi.
A kan kai akwai ramuka biyu na numfashi da ƙaho ɓoyayye, wanda ke tsirowa idan akwai haɗari, yana fitar da ƙamshi mai daɗin ƙyama. Suna da kafa biyu na kafafu na kirji da na kafafu biyar na ciki - masu kauri tare da ƙugiyoyi a saman duban. Launin haske mai ban tsoro yana tsoratar da abokan gaba, ban da haka, kwari yana da gashi, saboda haka tsuntsaye da yawa ba sa farautar su, kullun ne kawai ke cin su.
Kafin dalibi, kuruciya ya fara damuwa sosai, yana motsawa da sauri, yana neman mahalli, wani lokacin akan same shi akan masu tafiya da ƙafa. Bayan ya sami wurin da ya dace, sai ya fara saƙa akwatina, da farko yana sakar saƙar gizo mai yawa don ƙasan kawunansu, sa'annan ya ci gaba da sakar ɗin da yake da ƙarfi har sai an sami gida mai ƙarfi, don mataki na gaba na ci gaban mutum.
Babban kyanwar bishiyar malam buɗe ido na Apollo baƙar fata ne mai launin ja
An rufe Pupae da murfin chitinous, ta inda, ba da daɗewa ba bayan an nannade shi a cikin cobwebs, zane-zanen malam buɗe ido ya fara bayyana, proboscis ya bambanta sosai, an nuna alamun fuka-fuki da idanu na gaba. Sai kawai zobba na ɓangaren baya na pupa suna da motsi.
Apollo Butterfly Pupa
Irin
Nau'in butterflies Apollo
- Demokratus krulikovski - wanda ke zaune a Ural ta Tsakiya da kuma yankin Turai na Rasha, an fara gano shi ne a shekarar 1906;
- Meingardi Sheljuzhko babbar ƙungiya ce wacce ke zaune a cikin gandun daji-steppe na Yammacin Siberia, an rarraba jinsin a cikin 1924;
- Limikola Stichel - 1906, Ural na Tsakiya da Kudancin Urals - an samo a cikin tsaunuka;
- Ciscucasius Shelijuzhko - yana zaune akan Babban Caucasus Range, wanda aka gano a cikin 1924;
- Breitfussi Brik - ana samun samfuran da yawa akan Tsibirin Kirimiya, 1914;
- Alpheraki Krulivski - yankin rarraba - dutsen Altai, 1906;
- Sibirius Nordmann - Sayan tsaunuka, pre-Baikal lowlands, shekarar da aka gano 1851;
- Hesebolus Nordmann - Mongolia, yankunan Baikal, gabashin Siberia, 1851;
- Merzbacheri - nau'ikan tsakanin Kyrgyz flora;
- Parnassius Mnemosine - black malam Apollo;
- Carpathicus Rebel et Rogenhofer - Carpathian mazaunin, 1892;
- Ana samun rarar da yawa a tsakanin tsaunukan Pyrenees da Alps.
Rayuwa da mazauni
Kowane mutum na rayuwa mai zaman kansa, yana kasancewa kusa da wuraren ƙauyuka. Mazaunin Apollo ya ragu sosai saboda ci gaban ƙauyukan da byan adam ke amfani da su. Ayyukan tattalin arziki suna lalata tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire waɗanda suka dace da abinci don kwari na jinsin, amfani da magungunan ƙwari na da lahani ga ɗaukacin jinsin kwari.
Dalilan raguwa a yankunan zama:
- Nitsar da yankuna;
- Stubunƙarar ciyawa;
- Kiwo a cikin farin ciki inda Apollo yake zaune;
- Noman gandun daji;
- Dumamar yanayi.
Canji a cikin zafin jiki yana haifar da fitowar farkon caterpillars, wanda ke mutuwa daga sanyi da rashin abinci, ba tare da kammala zagayen metamorphosis ba.
Yankin rarraba:
- Yankunan tsaunuka na Urals;
- Yammacin Siberia;
- A cikin tsaunukan Kazakhstan;
- A cikin Gabas mai nisa;
- Amirka ta Arewa;
- Makiyaya mai tsayi
Wasu nau'in suna rayuwa a tsawan mita 4000, basa sauka.
Gina Jiki
Menene malam buɗe ido na Apollo yake ci? Bari mu gano wannan. Manya suna cin abincin nectar na furanni, amma don su sami sinadarin sodium wanda ya zama dole sai suka zauna akan rigar laka, suna lasar gishirin. Raw gawayi, zufa na ɗan adam, fitsarin dabbobi wakiltar tushen abubuwan ganowa. Musamman maza sau da yawa sukan taru a wuraren da ake samun abubuwan da ake buƙata.
Ana sanya ƙwai akan tsire-tsire wanda kwari zai ciyar a baya, waɗannan sune:
- Sedum na caustic ne;
- Sedum fari ne;
- Ya shunayya;
- Thorny dutse grate;
- Sedum na matasan;
- Oregano talakawa;
- Masarar shuɗi;
- Ciyawar ciyawa;
- Ana cin matasa a tsaunukan Alps.
Caterpillars suna ciyarwa a cikin yanayin rana, sun fi son ɓoyewa a cikin ciyawar busassun lokacin da yanayin ruwan sama da gajimare suka fara. Pupae suna ciyarwa a cikin kansu, basu da bakin waje.
Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai
Maza, suna shirin saduwa, suna korar duk abokan hamayya daga yankin su, wani lokacin ƙudan zuma, wasps. Dangantakar aure a cikin Apollo sune kamar haka: mace tana sirrin pheromones - abubuwa masu kamshi na musamman wadanda ke jan hankalin namiji.
Ya sami wata mace ta hanyar ƙanshin da ya fi so kuma an fara raye-rayen aure. Namiji yana nuna darajarsa tare da motsi, yadda girmansa yake, fikafikan sun fi girma, yana taɓa gashin mata tare da gashin kansa a kan ciki, yana fitar da ƙamshi mai kayatarwa
A ƙarshen saduwa, namiji yakan rufe ciki na mace da hatimin sphragis, don keɓance takin ciki akai-akai - irin wannan ɗamarar tsabtar ɗabi'ar.
Sannan zai fara fiffike fuka-fukansa da kyau, yana buɗe su don ya nuna jajayen idanuwa a ɓangaren ƙananan. Motsa eriya tare da eriya, idan mace ta yarda da kwanciya, sai ta zauna kusa da shi.
Yana yawo a kusa da ita kuma ya aura a kan kuda; wani ci gaban (sphragis ko cikawa) a saman cikin ciki yayin lokacin saduwa. Mating yana ɗaukar minti 20, ma'auratan sun ɓatar da wannan lokacin ba tare da motsi ba, suna zaune a kan tsire-tsire.
Tsarin rayuwa;
- Matakin kwai - mace tana yin ƙwai har zuwa 1000, cikin rukuni na ƙwai 10-15, a wurare da yawa, tana lika su a kan takardar tare da ɓoyewa daga ƙarshen ciki. Kwan ƙwai na ƙwai yana da yawa, ƙanshi ya taurare, an kafa tsaro mai ƙarfi, kamar murfin chitinous.
- Matakin Caterpillar - tsutsa ke fita daga cikin ƙwai, nan da nan ya fara cizon ganyen da aka haife shi. Maimakon bakin, yana da kayan cizon sauro da gland na gishiri biyu, ruwan da wadannan gland din suka fitar yana daskarewa a cikin iska, yana samar da duniyan gizo. A ƙarshen zagayen zagayen kwaron, sai ya buya wani gidan yanar gizo, ya fara nade shi ya zama pupa.
- Matakan dalibi - galibi ana daskarewa, don rashin kwanciyar hankali a lokacin sanyi. Ana manna shi a kan bishiya ko ganye, sau da yawa sau da yawa ana nade shi a cikin ganye. Da farko fari ce ta farin gizo a launi, sa'annan ya yi tauri ya zama ya zama farin fure. A gani, za a fara ganin yadda za'a tsara malam buɗe ido daga sama. A ciki, wanda ba zai yuwu ba ga ido, tarihi na faruwa - aiwatar da narkewar jikin kifin. Bayan wannan, tarihin tarihi zai fara - samuwar gabobin fata na gaba, kwarangwal, gabobin azanci, fuka-fuki da tsarin narkewar abinci. Dukansu matakai suna gudana a layi daya.
- Imago - jirgin ruwan manya ya fito, yana da taushi, fikafikan sun dunkule kuma sun yi dent. A zahiri cikin awanni biyu, fuka-fukan sun bazu, sun zama masu karfi, tana wanka, suna yada eriyarta da proboscis. Yanzu tana iya tashi sama da haihuwa, lokacin saduwa zai fara ne daga Yuli zuwa Agusta!
Ci gaban ƙasa mai ƙarfi ya haifar da raguwa a yankin sasantawa Apollo talakawa, bacewar wasu kananan abubuwa. An jera a cikin Littafin Ja na Unionungiyar Internationalasashen Duniya don Adana Natabi'ar IUCN, a cikin Rashanci, Belarusiyanci, Littattafan Red Bayanai na Yukren.
Wasu yankuna na Rasha sun shigar da shi a cikin littattafan gida na kiyaye nau'in - Smolensk, Tambov da Moscow, Chuvashia, Mordovia. Reserve na Prioksko-Terrasny ya tsunduma cikin maido da jiragen ruwan Apollo, amma ba tare da dawo da halittu ba, aikin bai bada sakamakon da ake nema ba.
