Ambaton toad a cikin almara na Turai sau da yawa mummunan abu ne. Hoton yana da ɗabi'a irin ta mutane, an sanya shi alamar ƙazanta, wani lokacin ana danganta kaddarorin sihiri. Toadakasin haka, ɗayan mafi kyawun halitta, yana kawo babbar fa'ida, ba haɗari ba ne, masana sun hayayyafa dabbobi a cikin lambu, kuma wasu masanan suna tsare a gida.
Bayani da fasali
Bayyanar toads ya bambanta sosai, tunda akwai kusan nau'in ɗari uku na amphibians. Amma akwai sifofi na yau da kullun da ke halayyar amphibians marasa ƙarfi - babban kai, gaɓaɓɓun gaɓoɓi da aka ɗora a tarnaƙi, nau'in da aka matse na jiki mai nauyi.
Tsawon jikin toad ya bambanta daga ƙananan mutane na 20 mm zuwa ƙattai a cikin dangin su na 270 mm. Nauyi, bi da bi, daga gram 50 zuwa kilogram ɗaya. Mata sun fi girman girma a kan maza, ba tare da la’akari da jinsin ba.
Ana iya gane namiji ta ƙananan kumbura a ƙafafun gaba, waɗanda ake kira nuptial calluses. Babban aikin tsinkayen fata shine kama mace yayin kiwo.
Harshen amphibians yana da kunci kuma dogo. Babban muƙamuƙi ba tare da hakora ba. Abun saurara ya bunkasa sosai. Siffar mazajen amphibian shine kasancewar kwayayen marainiya. Saboda wannan, a wasu halaye, an bayyana bambancin toads, lokacin da namiji zai iya zama mace.
Launi na amphibians yana cikin launuka marasa ma'ana, yana basu damar haɗuwa da yanayin. Launi mai launin ruwan kasa, mai launin toka-toka, datti mai launin kore mai launuka iri daban-daban wanda yake bayyana kayan toad. Ban da keɓaɓɓun su ne mazaunan ƙasashe masu zafi, launinsa wanda ke da iyaka mai haske kamar yana gargaɗar da guba ta ainihin ma'anar mazaunan amphibian.
Amfani ba shi da haƙarƙari. Fata mai ban sha'awa tare da manyan warts masu girma dabam, bushe zuwa taɓawa. Parotid lumps da ke cikin yawancin jinsuna ana kiransu parotids. Tare da taimakonsu, toads suna ɓoye wani sirri na musamman wanda ke kare fata daga bushewa.
Siffa ta biyu ta ta'allaka ne da tsarin kariya - gamsai da aka ɓoye a cikin nau'ikan da yawa mai guba ne, abun da ke ciki ya ƙunshi gubar alkaloid. Karkashin damuwa ciyawa shirye don kare abokan gaba ta wannan hanyar.
Moshin yana da dandano mai ƙonewa da tasirin kwayar halitta. Dabbobin da suka ciji amphibian suna da guba. Ga mutane, ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyen toad yana da aminci, amma tuntuɓar ɓoyewar tare da ƙwayoyin mucous na iya haifar da kumburi.
Wataƙila wannan fasalin ya zama asalin labarin almara game da bayyanar warts bayan taɓa toad. Binciken masana kimiyya ya nuna cewa babu wata alaƙa tsakanin amphibians da warts. Duk toads banda nau'in Aha, nau'ikan wurare masu zafi, suna da aminci.
A matsayin kariya, amphibians suna hura jiki a gaban abokan gaba, suna tashi akan ƙafafunsu, suna ƙaruwa cikin girma. Matsayin barazanar yana sanya wahalar kamawa. Wani lokacin ma har tsalle take yi sosai ga makiya.
Toads suna ko'ina a cikin duk nahiyoyi. Babu amphibians kawai a cikin Arctic, Antarctic, Greenland. A Ostiraliya, inda babu 'yan amphibians a da, yawancin nau'in toad mai guba, aga, an ƙirƙira shi ta hanyar mutum.
Abokan gaba na amphibians tsuntsaye ne masu rarrafe, masu rarrafe, da wasu mazaunan gandun daji. Toads ba zai iya tsayayya da abokan gaba da yawa - storks, heron, ibises, hedgehogs, macizai. Yawan haihuwa yana kubutar dasu daga halaka.
Jarabawar abinci ga kwari na kowane nau'i yana ba da damar amfani da toads don "kare" amfanin gona daga kwari mai ɓarna. A wasu ƙasashe, suna aiki ne na musamman don yin amfani da amphibians don waɗannan dalilai. Adunƙun daji, sake matsuguni zuwa gidan rani, a gaban abinci na yau da kullun, ya sami tushe a wuri guda, yayi aiki azaman “mai tsaron gida” na amfanin gona.
Irin
Da yawa nau'in toads zauna ko'ina. Kimanin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na nau'in amphibian suna zaune a Eurasia. Ana iya samun nau'ikan toads guda shida a Rasha.
Toad na kowa (launin toka). Babban amphibian, tsawon jiki har zuwa 13 cm, yaɗu, an san shi fiye da sauran nau'in. Launi galibi launin toka-launin ruwan kasa ne a saman, tare da bambancin launuka masu duhu. Da ke ƙasa akwai launuka masu launin rawaya, sau da yawa tare da tsarin marbled mai duhu. Idanun da ɗaliban kwance suna lemu mai haske.
Ana samun toad a cikin gandun daji iri daban-daban, yankuna masu tudu, suna zaune a yankunan busassun a tsawan da ya kai 3000 m. Sau da yawa yakan bayyana a cikin sabbin filayen da aka huce, a wuraren shakatawa, a cikin gonar lambu. Maƙwabta tare da mutum ba ya tsoratar da toad, yana zaune tsoffin gine-gine a matsayin mafaka. Baya ga Rasha, talakawa toad yana rayuwa a Turai, yankunan arewa maso yamma na Afirka.
Green toad. Launin kamannin kamanni ne da mai zane ya ƙirƙira shi - manyan ɗigon zaitun masu duhu tare da ratsi mai baki a kan iyaka suna warwatse a kan asalin launin toka. Kari akan haka, an yada kananan speck ja a jikin mai kumburin. Tsawon jiki shine 5-8 cm.
Saboda karancin gabobi na baya, amphibian ba safai yake tsalle ba, mafi yawanci yana motsawa ta jinkirin tafiya. Don zama, yana zaɓar wuraren buɗewa na filaye, makiyaya, filayen ambaliyar ruwa. Yana faruwa a tsaunuka har zuwa mita 4500. Filastik na rayuwa a wurare daban-daban yana nuna ƙarancin sauƙi ga abubuwan muhalli marasa kyau.
Adarancin Gabas ta Tsakiya. A cikin Rasha, amphibian yana zaune akan Sakhalin, a cikin Transbaikalia. Ba kamar yawancin dangi ba, yana zama a cikin biotopes mai tsananin danshi - a kan makiyaya masu ambaliyar ruwa, magudanan ruwa na koguna. Manyan tubercles a baya suna sanye take da ƙananan ƙashi.
Ananan duwatsu masu tsayi guda uku suna ƙawata kayan toad; a ƙarshen sai suka rabe zuwa manyan wurare daban-daban. Cikin ciki launin toka-rawaya tare da ƙananan aibobi. Tsawon jiki shine 6-10 cm.
Caucasian toad (Colchis). Daga cikin jinsunan da ke zaune a Rasha, babban amphibian ya kai tsawon cm 15 a jikinsa. Ana samun sa ne kawai a yankunan Yammacin Caucasus. Ya fi so ya zauna a cikin gandun daji, tsaunuka.
Launi na ɓangaren sama daga launin toka zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, ba a bayyana wuraren da kyau. Cikin ya fi kashewa. Yawan jama'a yana da tasirin gaske ta hanyar kiyaye mazaunin, yaduwar babban abokin gaba - raccoon-taguwar.
Read toad (wari) Launi ya banbanta a cikin zangon ruwan toka-kore. Tsiri mai launin rawaya yana gudana tare da baya. Yana fasalta makunnin muryar makogwaro. Babu spines a kan tarin fuka. Girman yana da girma ƙwarai - har zuwa cm 8-9. Ana samunta sau da yawa akan bankunan tafki, filayen ƙasa mai ƙeƙasasshiyar ƙasa, a wuraren da ke da ciyawar dazuzzuka na daji.
Adwallon Mongoliya. Fata mai laushi ta mata ba ta da ƙaya; maza suna ɗauke da makamai na tsiro. Launi mai ban mamaki ne sosai - aibobi-launuka masu launin launin ruwan kasa daban-daban suna kan asalin launin toka-toka mai launin toka. Striaramar haske tana gudana tare da ɓangaren tsakiya. Toads na Mongoliya suna zaune a bakin tafkin Baikal, a Buryatia. A waje da Rasha, ana samun sa a cikin China, Mongolia, Korea, ƙasan Tibet.
Daga cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan toad akwai masu keɓaɓɓu na amphibians waɗanda ke gab da halaka. A wasu lokuta zaku iya ganin wakilan baƙuwar amphibians a cikin yankuna daban daban ko cikin gidan zoo.
Kihansi baka. Mazaunin ƙaramar ƙwarya ya kasance tare da Kogin Kihansi a ƙasar Tanzania. Gina madatsar ruwan ya lalata mazaunin mazaunan amphibians. Adana nau'ikan ana tallafawa ne kawai a cikin yankunan zoos. Toad a cikin hoto buga tare da ragewa - girman bai wuce tsabar 5 rubles ba. Launi rawaya ne, inuwa mai haske.
Pine-shugaban toad. Ana adana nau'in ne kawai a kudu maso gabashin Amurka. Halin halayyar, wanda aka nuna a cikin sunan, shine kasancewar manyan kumburi a bayan idanun amphibian. Kowane mutum yana da tsawon tsawon cm 11, launi ya bambanta daga launin ruwan kasa, kore zuwa sautu-mai rawaya-rawaya. Warts yawanci galibi inuwa ce mai duhu fiye da asalin bango. Toad ya zauna a kan duwatsun yashi, wurare masu hamada.
Adwallon kwando. Ya banbanta a cikin tsayi mai tsayi, tsayin jiki kawai cm 3-3.5 ne. A fatar ruwan koren ruwan hoda-baki tubercles. Ciki mai kirim ne An kiyaye nau'in a cikin Mexico.
Bugun Blomberg. Tsawon babban mutum ya kai cm 25. Wani nau'in da ba safai yake faruwa a gab da halaka. Ana samun numbersan lambobi a yankin na yankin Colombia.
Rayuwa da mazauni
Toad - amphibian wata halitta wacce ta fi rayuwa a doron ƙasa - tun daga gabar dausayi har zuwa busasshiyar hamada. Jikunan ruwa suna jan hankalin yawancin amphibians yayin kiwo don saka ƙwai. Wasu nau'ikan, alal misali, Anzonia, sune ruwa-ruwa, kuma akwai toads na bishiyoyi waɗanda ke rayuwa akan bishiyoyi.
Sun fi son wanzuwar kadaitaka, sun taru cikin rukuni tare da wadataccen abinci, yayin lokacin saduwa. Ayyukan amphibians ana bayyana da daddare; da rana, toads ɓoye a cikin keɓaɓɓun wurare - tsakanin duwatsu, kabarin dabbobi, ɓacin rai na ƙasa tsakanin tushen shuke-shuke.
A cikin yanayin hadari, ana iya samun toads a rana. Kusancin mutum bai dame su ba, suna iya hawa cikin gine-gine, benaye. A cikin wuraren da wutar lantarki ta haskaka da daddare, 'yan toka suna taruwa don farauta - don kama kwari.
Lokacin hunturu ciyawar daji ciyarwa a cikin hibernation, wanda a ciki yake shiga idan zafin jiki ya sauka, 6-8 ° C. Tsawancin ya kai kimanin kwanaki 150. Placesananan keɓaɓɓun wuraren toad sun bambanta, ya danganta da yanayin yanayin yanayi - ƙarƙashin ganyen da suka faɗi, ramuka masu zurfin ciki, ɓoyo, fasa duwatsu, gine-ginen da aka watsar. Suna hibernate singly or in groups. Farkawa yana faruwa yayin da iska ya ɗumi har zuwa 8-10 ° C, ruwa 3-5 ° C.
Gina Jiki
Ciyawar farauta tana farauta a ƙasa. Yawancin abincin sun ƙunshi kwari, dabbobin ƙasa - larvae, gizo-gizo, tsutsotsi, millipedes, slugs. Molluscs, soyayyen kifi, ƙananan rodents, kadangaru suna ƙara nau'ikan abinci.
Dabbobi daban-daban na lambu, gami da ƙwayoyin dankalin turawa na Colorado, abubuwa ne na farautar farauta. Amphibians suna amsa motsi na waɗanda abin ya shafa, hari daga kwanton bauna. Ga masu lambu da masu lambu, toads sun zama mataimaka masu ban mamaki, kariya ta ilimin halittu don shuke-shuke.
Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai
Hanyoyin kiwo na toads na nau'ikan jinsuna sun bambanta. Haɗin waje yana da mahimmanci a cikin yawancin amphibians. Maza suna haifar da sauti tare da taimakon resonator na musamman. Jakar murya a cikin nau'ikan jinsuna suna bayan kunnuwa ko kan makogwaron amphibians. Mata suna bayyana a kiran maza kusa da tafki. Amphibians sun fantsama cikin tsayayyen ko ruwa mai gudu.
Rungumar maza ba a rarrabewa sosai cewa, ban da mata, wani lokacin suna kama kwakwalwan kwamfuta da kifi. Bayan hadi, mace takan ba da dubban kwai, daga kwai 1,500 zuwa 7,000, wadanda ke hade a cikin dogayen igiyar mucus. Suna yin tsire-tsire a tsire-tsire a ƙarƙashin ruwa, suka bazu a ƙasan tafki. Tsawon igiyoyin sune mita 8-10. Bayan an gama yaduwar, toads din suka koma bakin teku.
Ci gaban amfrayo yana ɗauke da kwanaki 5 zuwa 20, wani lokacin har zuwa watanni 2, ya danganta da yanayin zafin da ke cikin tafkin. Daga nan sai tsutsar tsutsar ta bayyana, ci gabanta ya kai kimanin wata ɗaya da rabi. A waje, suna kama da soyayyen kifi, tunda ba su da gaɓoɓi.
Kowace tsutsa tana juyawa ahankali, girmanta yakai kashi 40% na babban balbijan. Sannan saurayi lessanƙara mara ƙarfi. Bayan kammala metamorphosis, yaran sun bar tafkin kuma suka hau kan ƙasa. Motsi na toads tare da bakin ruwa yana faruwa dare da rana, don haka galibi ana iya ganinsu a wannan matakin rayuwa. Amphibians sun balaga a cikin shekaru yana da shekaru 2-4.
A Turai, akwai nau'ikan toad inda namiji ke da alhakin kula da zuriya. Manufarta ita ce ta zauna a cikin kabarin tare da zaren ƙwai a ƙafafuwanta har sai tadodin sun ƙyanƙyashe. A cikin Afirka, akwai ɗan toku mai tsaka mai wuya wanda ke ɗaukar zuriya kusan watanni 9.
Tsayawa da toad a gida
Amphibians marasa ƙwarewa sun zama sananne ga kiyaye gida a cikin terrariums. Ana sanya akwatinan ruwa na kwance tare da amphibians a cikin yankuna masu inuwa, banda sautuna masu ƙarfi. Clayasa da aka faɗaɗa, ana amfani da tsakuwa a matsayin ƙasa, an kafa mafaka, ƙaramin tafki daga kwandon ruwa.
Ciwan Toads koyaushe yana da kyau. A cikin bauta, slugs, kyankyasai, crickets, da abinci na musamman daga shagon dabbobi yawanci yakan zama abincin su. Ga mazaunan terrarium, yanayin motsi na ganima yana da mahimmanci, saboda haka manyan toads sun fi son beraye, beraye, kajin, kaɗi. Ana kama Amphibians da harshe mai ɗanko, da manyan abubuwa tare da muƙamuƙinsa.
Wasu dabbobin suna da nutsuwa har suna karbar abinci daga hannun mai su. Toad a gida tare da madaidaicin abun ciki, yana rayuwa na dogon lokaci, yana farantawa masu shi rai shekaru da yawa. Dogaro da nau'ikan, shekaru 25-30 ba shine iyaka ga amphibians ba. Mai rikodin a tsakanin masu shekaru ɗari ɗari ya cika shekaru 40 da haihuwa.
Ta yaya toad ya bambanta da kwado
Kamanceceniya na waje, halaye gama gari na halittun masu jini-sanyi sune dalilan da yasa kwadi da toads suka rikice. Bambance-bambancen dake tsakanin su ana lura dasu cikin tsarin jiki, halaye, mazauni. Reproduarfin haihuwa na kwadi ya fi girma.
Kwaɗi, ba kamar toads ba, halittu ne masu tsalle, suna iya iyo sosai. Gajerun kafafu na toads baya basu damar ci gaba da sauri, saboda haka sun kasance masu tafiya a kafa. Fatar kwaɗi santsi ne ba tare da tarin fuka irin na toads ba.
Baya buƙatar danshi, sabanin busasshiyar farfajiyar jikin toads. Ana iya ganin kwaroro koyaushe ta wurin tafki, toads mazaunan ƙasa ne. Ga mutane da yawa, kwadi da toads ba a son su. Amma nazarin al'ummominsu yana bayyana fannoni da yawa masu kyau don kiyaye tsarin halittu na yau da kullun.
