Lebur tsutsotsi (Platyhelminthes) rukuni ne na masu laushin jiki, sassauƙan invertebrates da aka samo a cikin ruwan teku, da ruwa mai kyau, da kuma yanayin yanayin laima. Wasu nau'ikan tsutsotsi masu zaman kansu na rayuwa ne, amma kusan kashi 80% na duk kwandunan lalatattun ƙwayoyin cuta ne, ma'ana, suna rayuwa a cikin ko a wata kwayar kuma suna samun abincinsu daga gare ta.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Flatworm
Asalin tsutsotsi masu tasowa da juyin halittar azuzuwan daban-daban basu tabbata ba. Koyaya, akwai manyan yankuna guda biyu. Gabaɗaya, turbellaria tana wakiltar kakannin sauran dabbobi masu yadi guda uku. Bayan haka, wasu sun yarda cewa za'a iya sauƙaƙa kwarkwata a karo na biyu, ma'ana, zasu iya lalacewa daga dabbobi masu rikitarwa sakamakon asarar juyin halitta ko raguwar rikitarwa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Rayuwar kwandastan ba ta da tabbas, amma a cikin bauta, mambobi iri ɗaya sun rayu kwanaki 65 zuwa 140.
Flatworms sun faɗi ƙarƙashin masarautar dabbobi, wanda ke tattare da ƙwayoyin halittar eukaryotic da yawa. A wasu rarrabuwa, ana kuma sanya su a matsayin rukunin rukunin dabbobin eumetazoi, kamar yadda suke metazoid wadanda suke fada karkashin masarautar dabbobi.
Bidiyo: Flatworms
Flatworms kuma sun faɗi ƙarƙashin sassaucin ra'ayi tsakanin eumetazoi. Wannan rarrabuwa ya hada da dabbobi masu alaƙa da juna, wanda ya kunshi kai da jela (da kuma ɓangaren baya da ciki). A matsayin membobi na ƙananan hanyoyin talla, flatworms sun ƙunshi ƙwayoyin cuta guda uku. Kamar wannan, ana kiran su sau da yawa azaman ladabi.
Baya ga waɗannan ƙididdigar mafi girma, an rarraba nau'in zuwa ɗalibai masu zuwa:
- tsutsotsi ciliary;
- masu auren mata daya;
- cestodes;
- trematodes.
Ajin tsutsotsi masu narkewa sun ƙunshi kusan nau'ikan kwayoyin 3,000 da aka rarraba aƙalla oda 10. Ajin monogenea, kodayake an haɗasu a cikin wani aji daban-daban tare da tasarrufi, suna da kamanceceniya da yawa dasu.
Koyaya, ana iya rarrabe su da sauƙaƙan abubuwa ta hanyar kasancewar sun mallaki gabobin baya wanda ake kira haptor. Monogeneans sun bambanta cikin girma da sifa. Misali, yayin da ra'ayoyi da suka fi girma na iya bayyana a shimfide kuma mai siffar ganye (mai siffa-mai ganye), ƙananan ra'ayoyi sun fi daidaitawa.
Ajin cestode ya kunshi nau'ikan sama da 4,000, wanda aka fi sani da kwandon tef. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'ikan flatworms, cestodes ana yin su ne da dogayen jikinsu, masu faɗi, waɗanda zasu iya yin tsayi har zuwa mita 18 a tsayi kuma sun ƙunshi ɓangarorin haihuwa da yawa (proglottids). Duk membobin aji na trematode parasitic ne a cikin yanayi. A halin yanzu, kimanin nau'in 20,000 na trematode class aka gano.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hoto: Yaya irin farar fiska take
Alamomin wakilai na tsutsar ciki sune kamar haka:
- an manne jikin a ƙasan duka tare da rage kauri idan aka kwatanta shi da tsakiyar jiki;
- tare da matattarar sassan jikin mutum, tsutsotsi masu banƙyama suna da babban fili zuwa girman girma;
- motsi yana gudana tare da taimakon cilia mai haɗaka mai kyau, wanda ke maimaitawa akai-akai a hanya ɗaya;
- ba a raba su;
- tsutsotsi masu tsire-tsire ba su da cikakke (ramin jikin da ke tsakanin bangon jiki da magudanar hanji a cikin yawancin dabbobi);
- suna da subepidermal rhabditis a cikin ciliary epidermis, wanda ya banbanta wannan rukunin daga sauran tsutsotsi;
- suna bata dubura. A sakamakon haka, ana amfani da kayan abinci ta cikin pharynx kuma ana fitar da su ta bakin;
- yayin da yawancin jinsuna a wannan aji masu cin karensu ba babbaka, wasu kuma suna rayuwa ne a matsayin ciyawar dabbobi, masu satan shara, da masu daukar ciki;
- ana amfani da kwayoyin launuka masu launin fata da kuma hotunan hoto wadanda suke a mahangar mahangarsu a wurin daukar hotunan idanunsu;
- Dogaro da jinsin, tsarin juyayi na tsutsar ciki ya fito ne daga sauƙaƙa zuwa hanyoyin sadarwa masu rikitarwa wanda ke sarrafa motsi na tsoka.
Wasu halayen halaye guda ɗaya sun haɗa da:
- duk wakilan ajin monogenea hermaphrodites ne;
- masu auren mata daya ba su da matsakaita runduna a rayuwarsu;
- duk da cewa suna da wasu siffofi na jiki dangane da jinsin, amma an nuna cewa suna iya tsawaita da gajarta jikinsu yayin da suke tafiya ta cikin muhallinsu;
- ba su da dubura saboda haka suna amfani da tsarin protonephridial don fitar da shara;
- ba su da hanyoyin numfashi da na jini, amma tsarin juyayi wanda ya kunshi zobe na jijiyoyi da jijiyoyi wadanda suka fadada zuwa baya da gaban jiki;
- kamar yadda kwayoyin cuta na parasites, monogeneans galibi ke ciyar da kwayoyin halittar fata, gamsai, da jini mai karbar baki, wanda ke haifar da lalacewar laka da kuma fatar da ke kare dabba (kifin).
Halaye na ajin cestode:
- rikitaccen tsarin rayuwa;
- ba su da tsarin narkewa. Madadin haka, saman jikinsu an rufe shi da kananan maganganu masu kama da kwayar halitta, kwatankwacin wadanda ake samu a cikin karamin hanjin hanji da yawa;
- ta hanyar wadannan tsarukan, kwandunan tsutsotsi suna shan abubuwan gina jiki ta hanyar murfin waje (tagment);
- suna da tsokoki mai kyau;
- cilia da aka gyara a saman su ana amfani da ita azaman ƙarewar azanci;
- tsarin juyayi ya kunshi jijiyoyin jijiyoyi na gefe.
Halayen Trematode:
- suna da masu shayarwa ta baka da kuma masu shayarwa ta iska wadanda ke baiwa kwayoyin damar hadewa da mai gidansu. Wannan yana sauƙaƙa sauƙaƙan ƙwayoyin cuta;
- ana iya samun manya a cikin hanta ko tsarin jijiyoyin mai gida;
- suna da ingantacciyar hanyar narkewa da tsarin fitar da abinci;
- suna da ingantaccen tsarin tsoka.
A ina ne tsutsotsi masu rayuwa?
Photo: Flatworms a cikin ruwa
Gabaɗaya, ana iya samun tsutsotsi masu rayuwa kyauta (turbellaria) duk inda danshi yake. Ban da darkcephalids, tsutsotsi masu rarrabu suna cikin duniya a rarraba. Ana samun su a cikin ruwa mai ɗaci da na gishiri da kuma wani lokacin a cikin ƙauyuka masu laima, musamman ma a yankuna masu zafi da yankuna masu zafi. Darkcephalids, wanda ke kula da ruwan kwalliyar ruwa, ana samunsa galibi a Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka, Madagascar, New Zealand, Ostiraliya da tsibirin Kudancin Tekun Pacific.
Duk da yake mafi yawan nau'ikan flatworm suna rayuwa a cikin ruwan teku, akwai wasu da yawa da za'a iya samu a cikin yanayin ruwan sha gami da mahalli na wurare masu zafi da yanayin yanayin zafi. Don haka, suna buƙatar aƙalla yanayi mai laima don rayuwa.
Dogaro da nau'ikan, wakilan ajin tsutsotsi masu warkarwa sun wanzu a matsayin ƙwayoyin rai masu rai ko kuma masu parasites. Misali, wakilan umarni na darkcyphalids sun wanzu azaman kwalliya ko gurgu.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Wasu nau'in flatworm suna da kewayon wurare masu yawa. Ofayan mafi yawan sararin samaniya kuma mai jure yanayin yanayi daban-daban shine turbellar Gyratrix hermaphroditus, wanda ake samu a cikin ruwa mai ɗanɗano a tsaunuka tun daga matakin teku har zuwa mita 2000, da kuma cikin wuraren waha na ruwa.
Monogeneans ɗayan manyan rukuni ne na tsutsotsi, membobinta kusan keɓaɓɓu ne na ƙwayoyin halittar cikin ruwa (ectoparasites). Suna amfani da gabobin mannewa don manne wa mai masaukin. Wannan zane shima ya kunshi kofunan tsotsa. Cestodes yawanci sune tsutsotsi na ciki (endoparasites) waɗanda ke buƙatar sama da ɗaya runduna don rikitaccen tsarin rayuwarsu.
Yanzu kun san inda ake samun tsutsotsi. Bari mu ga abin da suke ci.
Menene ƙwarin tsutsa?
Photo: Flat annelid tsutsa
Tsutsotsi masu zaman kansu galibi masu cin nama ne, musamman waɗanda aka dace don kama ganima. Haduwarsu da ganima sun bayyana ne ba zato ba tsammani, ban da wasu jinsunan da ke ɓoye siririn filament. Narkewar abinci shine duka kwayoyin halitta da kuma cikin mahaifa. Enzymes masu narkewa (masu haɓaka nazarin halittu) waɗanda suke haɗuwa da abinci a cikin hanji suna rage girman ƙwayar abinci. Wannan kayan da aka narkar da su an dauki su (phagocytosed) ta sel ko kuma aka sha su; Daga nan sai narkewar abinci ya cika a cikin ƙwayoyin hanji.
A cikin ƙungiyoyin parasitic, duka narkewar ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayar ciki. Matsayin da waɗannan ayyukan ke gudana ya dogara da yanayin abincin. Lokacin da m ya tsinkayi gutsutsuren abinci ko nama na mahalarta, ban da ruwa ko ruwa-ruwa (kamar su jini da gamsai), a matsayin abinci mai gina jiki, narkewar abinci ya fi yawa. A cikin waɗanda suke cin jini, narkar da abinci galibi cikin ciki ne, wanda yakan haifar da ajiyar hematin, launin da ba za a iya narke shi ba ta hanyar lalacewar haemoglobin.
Yayinda wasu tsutsotsi masu zaman kansu suke rayuwa kuma basa halakarwa, wasu nau'ikan da yawa (musamman trematodes da tapeworms) suna cin mutuncin mutane, dabbobin gida, ko duka biyun. A cikin Turai, Ostiraliya, Amurkan, gabatarwar ƙyamar tef a cikin mutane ta ragu ƙwarai sakamakon binciken nama na yau da kullun. Amma inda tsaftar muhalli ba ta da kyau kuma ana cin naman ba a dafa sosai, yawan kamuwa da cututtukan kasusuwa yana da yawa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: An bayar da rahoton wasu nau'ikan talatin da shida ko sama da haka a matsayin masu cutar ɗan adam. Ana samun cututtukan Endemic (na gida) na kamuwa da cuta a kusan duk ƙasashe, amma yaɗuwar kamuwa da cuta yana faruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Afirka da Amurka mai zafi.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Flatworm
Toarfin sake sabunta nama, ban da sauƙin warkar da rauni, yana faruwa a cikin aji biyu na tsutsar ciki: turbelaria da cestode. Turbellaria, musamman planaria, ana amfani dasu ko'ina cikin nazarin sake haifuwa. Mafi girman ƙarfin sake haifuwa yana cikin nau'ikan halittar haihuwa. Misali, ragowa da kusan dukkan wani bangare na rudani mai rikitarwa na iya girma ya zama sabon tsutsotsi gaba daya. A wasu lokuta, farfaɗowar ƙananan ƙananan abubuwa na iya haifar da samuwar ƙwayoyin halitta ajizai (misali, mara head).
Sake haifuwa, kodayake ba safai a cikin tsutsotsi masu parasit ba gaba ɗaya, yana faruwa a cikin ɓoyayyen wuri. Yawancin kwandunan kwalliya na iya farfaɗowa daga kan kai (scolex) da yankin wuya. Wannan kayan sau da yawa yana wahalar da mutane don magance cututtukan fata. Jiyya na iya kawar da jiki kawai, ko strobila, yana barin barin abin da ke haɗe da bangon hanji na mai gida don haka yana iya samar da sabon maganin da ke gyara mamayewar.
Tsutsayen Cestode daga nau'ikan da yawa na iya sabunta kansu daga wuraren da aka cire su. Formasasshen ƙwayar lardin Sparganum, parasite na ɗan adam, na iya shan haifuwa da sabunta haihuwa.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Green flatworm
Tare da 'yan kaɗan banda, hermaphrodites da tsarin haihuwar su suna da rikitarwa. Wadannan tsutsotsi masu yawa suna da gwaji da yawa, amma kwaya daya ko biyu. Tsarin mace ba bakon abu bane domin an kasu kashi biyu: ovaries da vitellaria, galibi ana kiransu da gwaiduwa. Kwayoyin Vitellaria suna samar da kayan aikin gwaiduwa da kwai.
A cikin tsutsotsi, yawancin jiki mai kama da tef yawanci ana raba shi zuwa jerin sassa ko proglottids, kowannensu yana haɓaka cikakkiyar saitin al'aurar maza da mata. Wani kayan aiki mai rikitarwa ya kunshi madawwami (iya juyawa waje) azzakari a cikin namiji da canji ko farji a cikin mace. Kusa da budewarta, tashar mata zata iya bambancewa zuwa gabobin jini da yawa.
Sake haifuwa da tsutsar ciki ta samu ta hanyoyi da dama, wadanda suka hada da hayayyafa ta hanyar jima'i (hermaphroditis lokaci guda) da kuma haihuwar mara aure (giciye-fission). Yayinda ake haihuwar jima'i, ana samarda kwai kuma a daure su a cikin koko, daga inda yara kanana suke kyankyashewa. Yayinda ake haihuwa, wasu jinsunan sun kasu kashi biyu, wadanda aka maido dasu, suka zama rabin da suka bata, don haka suka zama gaba dayan kwayoyin halitta.
Jikin katakon tsutsotsi na gaskiya, cestodes, ya ƙunshi sassa da yawa da aka sani da proglottids. Kowane ɗayan proglottids yana ƙunshe da tsarin haihuwar mace da na mace (kamar hermaphrodites) waɗanda ke da ikon haifuwa da kansu. Ganin cewa kwaya daya mai dauke da kwayar cutar na iya samar da proglottids har dubu, wannan yana ba da damar tsutsar ciki ta ci gaba da bunkasa. Misali, proglottid daya na iya samar da dubban qwai, kuma tsarin rayuwarsu na iya ci gaba da zama a cikin wani mahalarta lokacin da ake hadiye kwan.
Mai gidan da ke haɗiye ƙwai an san shi da matsakaiciyar mai gida kasancewar an ba da wannan a cikin wannan mahaɗan musamman don ƙwai ya ƙyanƙyashe don samar da tsutsa (coracidia). Larwayoyin, duk da haka, suna ci gaba da haɓaka a cikin mai masaukin na biyu (mai masaukin ƙarshe) kuma sun balaga a matakin manya.
Abokan gaba na flatworms
Hoto: Yaya irin farar fiska take
Mafarauta suna da damar yin amfani da yawo mai yawo daga ajin turbelaria - bayan duk, ba a taƙaita su da jikin dabbobi ba. Wadannan tsutsotsi suna rayuwa a wurare daban-daban, gami da rafuka, rafuka, tafkuna da tafkuna.
Yanayi mai danshi sosai dole ne a gare su. Sun fi son yin ratayewa a ƙarƙashin duwatsu ko kuma tsibirin ganyaye. Kwarin ruwa misali daya ne na bambance-bambancen masu farautar wadannan tsutsotsi - musamman kwaroron da ke ruwa da kananan yara. Crustaceans, ƙaramin kifi, da tadpoles suma suna cin abinci akan waɗannan nau'ikan tsutsotsi.
Idan kun mallaki akwatin kifayen ruwa kuma kuka lura da kasancewar kwari mai laushi, suna iya mamaye murjunanku. Wasu masu mallakar akwatin kifaye sun fi son amfani da wasu nau'ikan kifin don kula da ilimin halittar kwari. Misalan takamaiman kifayen da galibi ke cin abinci a kan katako da farinciki sune sanduna masu fareti shida (Pseudocheilinus hexataenia), berayen rawaya (Halichoeres chrysus), da kuma mandarins masu haske (Synchiropus picturatus)
Yawancin tsutsotsi masu ruɓaɓɓen ƙwayoyin cuta ne na masu karɓar baƙi, amma wasu daga cikin su ma masu farautar gaskiya ne. Ruwa mai laushi galibi masu cin nama ne. Inyananan ƙananan invertebrates sune abincin da aka fi so musamman a gare su, gami da tsutsotsi, crustaceans, da rotifer.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Flatworm
A halin yanzu, an gano nau'ikan sama da 20,000, tare da nau'in flatworm wanda shine ɗayan manyan nau'ikan bayan chordates, molluscs da arthropods. Kimanin kashi 25-30% na mutane a halin yanzu suna ɗauke da kwayar cuta iri guda. Cututtukan da suke haifarwa na iya zama masu lahani. Cututtukan Helminth na iya haifar da yanayi daban-daban na yau da kullun irin su raunin idanu da makanta, kumburin gabbai da ƙwarin gwiwa, toshewar narkewar abinci da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, ƙarancin jini da gajiya.
Ba da daɗewa ba, an yi tunanin cewa cututtukan ɗan adam da ke haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙarancin ƙarfi an iyakance su da ƙarancin albarkatu a duk Afirka, Asiya da Kudancin Amurka.Amma a wannan zamani na tafiye-tafiye na duniya da canjin yanayi, tsutsotsi masu larura suna tafiya a hankali amma tabbas suna tafiya zuwa sassan Turai da Arewacin Amurka.
Sakamakon dogon lokaci na karuwar yaduwar tsutsotsi masu cutar suna da wahalar tsinkaya, amma cutarwar da kamuwa da cuta ke haifarwa na nuna bukatar samar da dabarun sarrafawa wanda zai iya magance wannan barazanar ga lafiyar jama'a a cikin karni na 21. Hakanan tsutsotsi masu yaduwa na iya haifar da mummunan lahani ga tsarin halittu. Masu bincike a jami'ar New Hampshire sun gano cewa tsutsotsi masu alaƙa a cikin ɗakunan karatu na iya nuna lafiyar yanayin muhalli ta hanyar lalata shi.
Lebur tsutsotsi - kwayoyin halittu masu daidaituwa tare da jikakken kwayoyin salula wadanda ke nuna tsarin sassan jiki. Flatworms, a matsayin mai mulkin, sune kayan aikin hermaphroditic - kayan aikin haihuwa na jinsi biyu da aka samo a cikin mutum ɗaya. Wasu shaidun zamani sun nuna cewa aƙalla wasu nau'ikan kwandunan za a iya sauƙaƙa su a karo na biyu daga magabatan da suka fi rikitarwa.
Ranar bugawa: 05.10.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 11.11.2019 a 12:10
