Iwashi

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Iwashi ko sardine na Gabas ta Tsakiya, ɗayan shahararrun kifayen da aka yadu a zamanin Soviet, tare da kyawawan kayan masarufi masu amfani. Yana da adadin halaye nasa da abubuwan ban sha'awa. Koyaya, saboda yawan kamun da aka samu, yawan jama'arta yana gab da halaka.

Asalin jinsin da bayanin

Hoto: Iwashi

Iwashi shine kifin teku na kasuwanci na dangin herring, amma ya fi daidai a kira shi sardine na Gabas ta Tsakiya. Sunan duniya, wannan karamin kifin ya samu karbuwa daga masana kimiyya a shekarar 1846 - Sardinops melanostictus (Temminck et Schlegel). Sunan gama gari "Iwashi", sardine ya samo asali ne daga lafazin kalmar "sardine" a Jafananci, wanda yake kama da, "ma-iwashi". Kuma ainihin sunan "sardine" kifin da aka karɓa, kamar yadda aka fara rubuta shi a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum, ba da nisa da tsibirin Sardinia ba. Gabon sardine ko Iwashi na ɗaya daga cikin rukunoni biyar na jinsin Sardinops.

Bidiyo: Iwashi

Baya ga Iwashi, jinsin Sardinops ya hada da irin wadannan nau'ikan sardines kamar:

  • Ostiraliya, da ke zaune a bakin tekun Australia da New Zealand;
  • Afirka ta Kudu, gama gari a cikin ruwan Afirka ta Kudu;
  • Peruvian, wanda aka samo a gefen tekun Peru;
  • Californian, yana zaune a cikin ruwan Tekun Pacific daga Arewacin Kanada zuwa Kudancin California.

Duk da cewa Iwashi na daga cikin dangin herring, kiranta da herring fahimta ce mara kyau. Ita ce kawai dangi mafi kusanci na herring na Pacific, kuma ya cancanci zama jinsin daban.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Wasu masunta marasa kishi suna bawa kwastomomi da sunan sardine na Gabas ta Tsakiya mai daɗi, ɗanɗano, wanda ya fi ƙasa da sardine cikin halayen masu amfani.

Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali

Hoto: Yaya Iwashi yake?

Duk da kamannin waje da herring, kifin yana da ƙanana cikin girma da nauyi, kusan gram 100. An bambanta kifin ta jiki mai tsayi, amma a lokaci guda tare da tsari mai yawa. Yawancin lokaci tsayinsa bai wuce santimita 20 ba, amma wani lokacin akan sami wasu mutane da suka kai santimita 25. Tana da babban, kai mai tsayi tare da muƙamuƙai masu girma, daidai bakin da idanu.

Sardine na Gabas ta Tsakiya yana da kyawawan sikeli masu launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi, mai cike da dukkan launuka na bakan gizo. Gefen da ciki suna da launin azurfa mai haske tare da bambancin launuka baƙi. A cikin wasu nau'in, raƙuman raƙumi kamar duhu na tagulla suna fitowa daga gefen gefen gill. Fin din da ke bayan ya kunshi haskoki ashirin masu taushi. Babban fasalin sardines shine ƙarancin caudal, yana ƙare a cikin ma'aunin pterygoid. Wutsiyar kusan baƙar fata ce kuma tana da ƙwarewa a tsakiya.

Dukkanin kamun kifin yana magana ne game da kyawawan halaye, da kuma cewa yana dacewa sosai a karkashin ruwa, yana kasancewa a motsi koyaushe. Ta fi son dumi kuma tana rayuwa a saman ruwa, tana yin ƙaura cikin manyan garken dabbobi, suna yin sarƙoƙi har zuwa mita 50.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Jinsin Sardinops, wanda Iwashi yake, shine mafi girma a tsakanin wakilan sardines da yawa.

Ina Iwashi yake zaune?

Hoto: Kifin Iwashi

Iwashi wani yanki ne mai yanayin sanyi, matsakaicin sanyi na nau'in kifin da ke zaune galibi a yammacin Tekun Pacific, galibi ana samun mutane a cikin ruwan Japan, Gabas ta Tsakiya ta Rasha, da Koriya. Iyakar arewacin mazaunin Iwashi ta bi ta gefen kudu na mashigar Amur a cikin Tekun Japan, haka kuma a kudancin Tekun Okhotsk da kusa da arewacin Tsibirin Kuril. A cikin yanayi mai dumi, sardine na iya isa arewacin arewacin Sakhalin, kuma a cikin shekarun 30 akwai al'amuran kama ivasi a cikin ruwan yankin Kamchatka Peninsula.

Dogaro da mazauni da lokacin bazara, an rarraba sardines na Gabas zuwa gida biyu, kudu da arewa:

  • tyananan subtype, yana zuwa ɓoye a lokacin watannin hunturu, Disamba da Janairu, a cikin ruwan Tekun Fasifik kusa da tsibirin Japan na Kyushu;
  • arewacin Iwashi sun fara haɓaka a cikin watan Maris, suna ƙaura zuwa Tsibirin Koriya da gabar Japan na Honshu.

Akwai bayanan tarihi lokacin da Iwashi, ba tare da wani dalili ba, kwatsam ya ɓace tsawon shekaru goma daga wuraren da suka saba na Japan, Korea da Primorye.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Iwashi yana jin dadi a cikin igiyoyin ruwan dumi, kuma ƙarancin digo a cikin zafin ruwan yana iya haifar da mutuwar su.

Yanzu kun san inda aka samo kifin Iwashi. Bari mu ga abin da wannan ciyawar ta ci.

Me Iwashi ke ci?

Hotuna: Herring Iwashi

Abincin abincin sardine na Gabas ta Gabas ya dogara ne akan nau'ikan ƙananan ƙwayoyin plankton, zooplankton, phytoplankton da kowane nau'in algae na teku, wanda yafi kowa a yanayin yanayin sararin samaniya da yanayi.

Hakanan, idan an buƙata cikin gaggawa, sardines na iya cin abinci akan caviar na sauran nau'ikan kifin, jatan lande da kowane irin ɓaure. Wannan yakan faru ne a lokacin hunturu, lokacin da yawan plankton a cikin teku ke raguwa sosai.

Ofayan ɗayan abincin da aka fi so na sardines na Gabas ta Tsakiya shine juriya - jaka da cladocerans, waɗanda suna cikin manyan haraji a cikin masarautar dabbobi. Abincin yafi dogara da yanayin al'ummar plankton da kuma yanayin lokacin ciyarwar.

A lokacin balaga, wasu mutane sun gama ciyarwa a makare, ma'ana, tare da ajiyar kitse a lokacin hunturu, a cikin Tekun Japan, kuma basu da lokaci koyaushe don yin ƙaura zuwa filayen ɓarna zuwa gaɓar tekun, wanda ke haifar da mutuwar kifi da yawa saboda yunwar oxygen.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Godiya ga daidaitaccen abinci, Iwashi sune zakara a cikin abubuwan omega-3 mai ƙanshi da abubuwa masu amfani.

Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa

Hoto: Pacific Iwashi

Sardine na Gabas ta Tsakiya ba mai farauta ba ne, nutsattsen kifi wanda yake farautar plankton, yawo cikin manyan makarantu. Kifi ne mai kaunar zafi wanda ke rayuwa a cikin manya-manyan ruwa. Zafin ruwan da ya fi dacewa don rayuwa shine 10-20 digiri Celsius, don haka a lokacin sanyi lokacin kifi yayi ƙaura zuwa ruwa mai dadi.

Matsakaicin tsawon rayuwar irin wannan kifin yana kimanin shekaru 7, amma, irin waɗannan mutane ba su da yawa. Iwashi ya kai ga balagar jima’i yana da shekaru 2, 3, tare da tsayin santimita 17-20. Kafin balaga, kifin yafi zama a cikin ruwa mai ɗanɗano. A lokacin hunturu, Iwashi yana zaune ne kawai daga gefen kudancin Korea da Japan, yana fara motsi zuwa sabar a farkon bazara, a farkon Maris, kuma zuwa watan Agusta, sardines sun riga sun kasance a duk yankuna na arewacin mazauninsu. Nisa da lokacin ƙaura na kifi ya dogara da ƙarfin ruwan sanyi da dumi. Fisharfi da balagaggen kifaye sune farkon waɗanda suka shiga ruwan Primorye, kuma zuwa watan Satumba, lokacin da matsakaicin dumamar ruwan ya isa, ƙananan samari sun kusanci.

Girman ƙaura da yawan abin da yake tarawa a garken na iya bambanta dangane da wasu lokutan zagayen jama'a. A wasu lokuta, lokacin da yawan mutane suka kai matsakaicin lamba, an aike da biliyoyin kifi zuwa yankin subarctic tare da yawan kwayar halittu don abinci, wanda ya ba sardine na Gabas ta Gabas sunan laƙabi "Seaunƙarar Teku".

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Sardine na Gabas ta Tsakiya ƙananan ƙananan kifi ne na makaranta waɗanda, bayan sun yi yaƙi kuma sun ɓace daga makaranta, ba za su iya tsawaita wanzuwar shi kaɗai ba, kuma mai yiwuwa su mutu.

Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa

Hotuna: Iwashi, wanda aka fi sani da sardine mai nisa

Samun wadataccen nauyi da jari, mata suna shirye don kiwo, tuni suna da shekaru 2, 3. Ana yin ragi a cikin ruwan kudu a gefen tekun Japan, inda bai kamata zafin ruwan ya faɗi ƙasa da digiri 10 ba. Sardines na Gabas ta Tsakiya suna farawa da yawa galibi cikin dare, a yanayin zafi da bai ƙasa da digiri 14 ba. Wannan aikin na iya faruwa duka a nesa, nesa mai nisa, da kuma kusancin bakin teku.

Matsakaicin yawan haihuwa na Iwashi shine ƙwai 60,000; ana wanke kashi biyu ko uku na caviar kowace shekara. Bayan kwana uku, zuriya masu zaman kansu sun bayyana daga ƙwai, waɗanda da farko suke rayuwa a saman matakan ruwan gabar teku.

Sakamakon binciken kimiyya, an gano siffofin sardines guda biyu:

  • jinkirin-girma;
  • saurin girma.

Nau'in farko ya ba da asali a cikin ruwan kudu na tsibirin Kyushu, na biyu kuma a arewacin tsibirin tsibirin Shikoku. Wadannan nau'ikan kifayen ma sun banbanta wajen iya haihuwa. A farkon 70s, babban Iwashi mai saurin girma ya mamaye, ya yawaita da wuri-wuri, ya fara ƙaura zuwa arewa zuwa Primorye, kuma yana da kyakkyawar amsa ga haske.

Koyaya, a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, an maye gurbin wannan jinsin da sardine mai saurin tashi, tare da ƙarancin ƙarfin balaga da ƙarancin haihuwa, tare da rashin cikakken martani ga haske. Karuwa mafi girma a yawan sardines mai saurin tafiya ya haifar da raguwar matsakaicin kifi, kuma yawancin mutane sun kasa kaiwa ga balagar jima'i, wanda hakan ya rage yawan haihuwa da yawan kifaye.

Makiyan Iwashi

Hoto: Yaya Iwashi yake?

Yawan hijirar Iwashi ya jawo hankalin dukkan kifaye masu shayarwa da dabbobi masu shayarwa. Kuma da ƙoƙarin tserewa daga manyan masu farauta, sardines na Gabas ta Tsakiya suna tashi zuwa saman, suna zama sauƙin ganima ga tsuntsaye. Kekunan teku sun zagaye sama da ruwa na dogon lokaci, suna bibiyar da lura da halayen kifin. Nutsuwa wani ɓangare cikin ruwa, tsuntsaye cikin sauki sukan sami kifin mara sa'a.

Abin da aka fi so a Iwashi don:

  • whales;
  • dabbobin ruwa;
  • sharks;
  • tuna;
  • cod;
  • kwarkwata da sauran tsuntsayen bakin teku.

Fardin sardine na Gabas shine kawai ɗakunan ajiya na abubuwa masu amfani da abubuwan haɗin ga mutane, tare da tsada mai tsada, ana ɗaukarsa mafi amfani da ɗanɗano. Saboda haka, babban barazanar, kamar kifi dayawa, ya kasance kamun kifi.

Iwashi shine babban kifin kasuwanci tsawon shekaru da yawa. Tun daga 1920s, duk masunta a gabar ruwa an mai da hankali ne kan sardines. An aiwatar da kamun ne tare da raga, wanda ya taimaka wajen raguwar wannan nau'in.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Sakamakon binciken kimiya, masana kimiyya sun tabbatar da cewa ana iya amfani da wannan nau'in kifin don lamuran lafiya, musamman rigakafi da maganin cututtukan zuciya.

Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin

Hoto: Kifin Iwashi

Daya daga cikin laƙabin sardine na Gabas ta Gabas shine "kifin da ba daidai ba", tunda ba tare da wani dalili ba sardines na iya ɓacewa daga wuraren kamun kifi na yau da kullun. Amma tunda yawan abin da Iwashi ya kama na shekaru da yawa ya kasance mai tsayi sosai, yawan mutanen sardine yana raguwa cikin sauri. Koyaya, bisa ga bayanan masana kimiyyar Jafananci, an sami lokaci na ƙaruwar yawan kifin na Gabas ta Gabas, wanda ya faru a 1680-1740, 1820-1855 da 1915-1950, daga inda za'a iya yanke hukunci cewa matsakaicin adadin ya kai kimanin shekaru 30-40, sannan lokacin ya fara koma bayan tattalin arziki.

Canjin canjin yawan jama'a ya dogara da dalilai da yawa:

  • yanayin yanayi-teku a cikin yankin, tsananin hunturu da rashin wadataccen abinci;
  • abokan gaba na halitta kamar masu cin nama, masu cutar da ƙwayoyin cuta. Tare da ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin yawan sardines, yawan maƙiyan ma sun ƙaru;
  • kamun kifi, kamun masana'antu, kamun kifi.

Hakanan, yawancin nazarin ilimin kimiyya sun nuna cewa muhimmin mahimmanci shine tsara yawan mutanen Iwashi manya ga matasa. Tare da raguwar kifin baligi, girma matasa ma yana ƙaruwa. Duk da yawan buƙatun masarufi na Iwashi, a ƙarshen 80s, saboda ƙaƙƙarfan ragin da yawansu ya yi, an hana kamun kifi da yawa. Bayan shekaru 30, masana kimiyya sun bayyana cewa yawan kifaye yana ƙaruwa sosai tun daga shekarar 2008 kuma matakin baƙin ciki ya wuce. A halin yanzu, kamun kifi a cikin Tekun Pasific da Tekun Japan ya sake komawa gaba ɗaya.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A Yammacin Sakhalin, a cikin raƙuman ruwa masu zurfin ciki, galibi akwai lokuta da ake keɓe ga mutuwar duka ƙirar Iwashi, waɗanda aka ciyar da su a cikin ruwa mai ƙarancin ruwa, kuma saboda tsananin sanyin ruwan, ba za su iya yin ƙaura zuwa kudu don ƙarin haifuwa ba.

Iwashiduk da kankantarta, magani ne na musamman ga mazaunan tekun da mutane. Saboda rashin gaskiya da kamawa mai yawa, wannan kifin yana gab da ƙarewa, amma, yanayin baƙin ciki na yawan jama'a ya wuce kuma yana da kyakkyawan yanayin ci gaba.

Ranar bugawa: 27.01.2020

Ranar da aka sabunta: 07.10.2019 a 21:04

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Kalli bidiyon: BBCF2 Central Hachiouji. Gonzalez Naoto. 7918 (Janairu 2025).