Ophiura (daga Lat. Ophiuroidea) - benthic dabbobin ruwa na irin echinoderms. Sunansu na biyu - "wutsiyar-wutsiya" fassarar daidai ce daga Girkanci Ophiura (maciji, wutsiya).
Dabbobin sun sami wannan suna ne saboda yanayin motsirsu. An taimaka musu su motsa tare da ƙasan ta dogon lokaci, ware daga "hannaye" na jiki, wanda ke birgima kamar macizai.
Ajin Ophiura echinoderms, wanda ya hada da fiye da nau'ikan 2500 daban-daban. Mafi yawan wakilai suna zaune a yankuna masu zafi, inda suke jin daɗi sosai, kuma kusan nau'ikan 120 ne hafsoshin sojan ruwa ana iya samun sa a cikin zurfin ruwan Rasha.
Ragowar wadannan dabbobin da masu binciken kayan tarihi suka gano ya samo asali ne daga zamani na biyu na zamanin Paleozoic, wanda yake kusan shekaru miliyan 500 da suka gabata. A cikin rarrabuwa na yanzu, akwai manyan rukuni biyu na ophiurs:
- Ophiurida - ko "gaske ophiura "- echinodermshaskoki waɗanda ba sa yin haske kuma ba su da wata wahala;
- Euryalida - wakilan "ofiur rassa ", tare da mafi rikitaccen tsarin haske.
Wurin Ophiura
Rayuwar Ophiura yana nufin kasa. Waɗannan su ne ainihin mazaunan zurfin teku, kuma yawan rarrabawa yana da girma ƙwarai. Zaba nau'ikan ophiur Hakanan ana samun su a yankunan bakin teku, amma wutsiyar maciji galibi suna rayuwa a zurfin mita dubu da yawa.
Wadannan jinsunan abyssal ba sa tashi sama zuwa sama, an gano wadanda suka fi zurfi a rami mai zurfin mita 6,700. Mazaunin jinsuna daban-daban yana da nasa bambance-bambancen: wakilan ruwa mara zurfin ajin sun zabi duwatsun bakin teku, da murjani da kuma fure na algae, masu kaunar zurfin zurfin teku suna buya a cikin ramin.
Cikakken burrowing a cikin ƙasa, barin kawai ta haskoki ta haskoki a kan surface. Yawancin jinsunan ophiura suna cikin farin ciki tare tsakanin allurar urchins na teku, a cikin rassan murjani ko kan fure da algae.
A wasu wurare, akwai tarin yawa na ophiur, suna ƙirƙirar rayayyun halittu, waɗanda ke mamaye babban tasirin rayuwar al'ummomin teku. Irin waɗannan nau'ikan suna da tasirin tasirin tsarin ruwa gabaɗaya, saboda suna cin ƙwayoyin halitta da yawa, kuma, bi da bi, abinci ne ga sauran rayuwar ruwan teku.
Fasali na tsarin ophiura
Kunnawa hoto ofiura kama da kifin kifi, amma wannan kamannin yana iyakantacce ne kawai ta wasu alamun waje. Tsarin ciki da tarihin ci gaban waɗannan nau'ikan jinsin sun bambanta sosai.
Juyin halittar ophiuria ya koma cikin ci gaban haskoki, ko "hannaye" na dabbar, ware daga babban jiki. Tare da taimakon su, ophiuras suna tafiya tare da tekun.
Babban diski na tsakiya na jiki bai wuce 10-12 cm a diamita ba, yayin da hasken da ke fitowa daga gare shi ya kai tsawon zuwa cm 60. Babban bambanci tsakanin Ophiur da sauran wakilan echinoderms yana cikin tsarin waɗannan hasken.
Yawancin lokaci akwai biyar daga cikinsu, amma a cikin wasu nau'ikan lambar na iya kaiwa haskoki goma. Sun kunshi kasusuwan kasusuwan kasusuwa da yawa, wadanda aka hada su da zaren tsoka, tare da taimakon abinda "hanun" ke motsawa.
Godiya ga irin wannan haɗin gwiwa tsarin ofis, haskoki na wasu nau'ikan suna iya juyawa zuwa cikin ball daga gefen iska zuwa ga babban jiki.
Motsi na ophiur yana faruwa a cikin wani yanayi mai ban tsoro, yayin da aka jefar da wasu haskoki a gaba, wanda ke manne da rashin daidaito na kogin ruwan kuma yana jan dukkan jiki. Ana kiyaye kashin baya daga waje ta faranti mai laushi, wanda ya ƙunshi layuka huɗu.
Farantin ciki suna matsayin murfin maƙogwaron motar asibiti, faranti na gefe an sanye dasu da allurai da yawa na tsari da bayyanar.
An rufe ɓangaren ɓangaren kwarangwal da sikelin tabarau na microscopic. Wannan nau'in hoto ne na ido na ido. Idan babu gabobi na gani, wannan aikin ana yin shi ne da kwasfa kanta, wanda ke iya amsawa ga canje-canje na haske.
Ba kamar kifin kifin ba, ƙafafun motar asibiti da ke fitowa daga ramuka a cikin kowane radial vertebra ba su da ampoules da masu shayarwa. An sanya su wasu ayyuka: taɓawa da numfashi.
Kamar haskoki, faifai na kasusuwa an rufe faifan kayan cincin ɗin a cikin sikeli. Sau da yawa suna da allurai daban-daban, tarin fuka, ko ƙyama. A tsakiyar gefen gefen bakin bakin bakin pentahedral ne.
Muƙamuƙin ne yake faɗin siffar bakin - fitattun abubuwa uku-uku masu sanye da faranti na baki. Tsarin baki da muƙamuƙi yana ba ophiuras damar don murkushe abinci kawai, amma kuma kamawa da riƙe shi.
Abincin Ophiur
Wutsiyoyin maciji suna cin abinci akan ƙwayoyin halittar ruwa daban-daban. Abincin su ya kunshi tsutsotsi, plankton, halittun ruwa masu kyau, algae, da nama mai laushi. Haskoki na ophiura da ƙafafuwan sa galibi suna da hannu cikin kamawa, riƙewa, da isar da abinci zuwa ramin baka.
Particlesananan ƙananan abubuwa da dendrite na ƙasa suna jan hankalin ƙafafun motar asibiti, yayin da haskakawa ke kama ganima mafi girma, wanda, juyawa, kawo abinci a baki. Hanyar hanji tana farawa da baki echinoderm ophiur, wanda ya kunshi:
- Maganin ciki
- Ciki wanda yake ɗaukar mafi yawan jiki
- Cecum (ba dubura)
Kusan dukkan ophiuras suna iya hango ganima daga nesa. Legsafafu suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wannan, wanda ke kama ƙanshin abincin nan gaba. Tare da taimakon katako, dabba tana motsawa cikin inda ake buƙata, a hankali ta isa ga manufa.
Lokacin da dabbobi ke nika abinci tare da sikeli na bakin, duk hasken yana kan hanya zuwa sama. Manyan al'ummomi na reshen ophiuria suna amfani da hasken "shaggy" don ƙirƙirar tarko na musamman, wanda ƙananan tsutsotsi, crustaceans ko jellyfish ke faɗuwa a ciki.
Irin wannan shimfidar da take da reshe mai haske a sauƙaƙe tana ɗaukar abincin teku da aka dakatar (plankton). Wannan hanyar abinci mai gina jiki tana nufin namu zuwa ga matattarar muco-ciliary. Akwai masu cin gawarwakin mutane.
Wasu nau'ikan ophiur, misali, baki ophiura, ana iya kiyaye su a cikin akwatinan ruwa. Waɗannan dabbobin ana ciyar da su da busassun hanyoyin teku na musamman, amma kuma zaku iya shayar da su da ƙananan kifin sabo.
Sake haifuwa da ci gaban ophiura
Yawancin wutsiya-wutsiya sun kasu kashi biyu zuwa mata da maza, amma kuma akwai nau'ikan hermaphrodites da yawa. Daga cikin nau'ikan ophiur, akwai kuma nau'ikan da ke haifar da rarrabuwa.
Wannan yana faruwa sau da yawa a cikin ƙananan raƙuman echinoderms shida, faifan diski wanda bai wuce exceedan milimita ba. An rarraba diski ta wannan hanyar cewa koyaushe akwai raguna uku da suka rage tare da wani ɓangare na jiki. Bayan lokaci, an dawo da “makamai” da suka ɓace, amma maiyuwa ya fi gajarta.
Ganiya kiwo na ophiur yawanci yakan faru ne a lokacin bazara da bazara. Da yake tashi a saman hasken, dabbar tana jefa kayan jima'i a cikin ruwa, wanda daga baya maza ke haduwa.
A cikin hoton akwai ophiura mai baƙar fata
A cikin ruwa, ƙwai suna haɗuwa kuma sun shiga cikin matakin tsutsa - ophiopluteus, wanda za'a iya gane shi ta hanyar rabin rabi da kuma matakai masu tsayi.
Wannan aikin yana ɗaukar kimanin makonni uku, bayan haka kuma duk ci gaban ƙwayar tsutsa zuwa babban mutum yana faruwa a cikin ruwa. Ophiura yana nutsewa zuwa ƙasa lokacin da aka kammala matakin ci gaba kuma dabbar dabba zata iya yin rayuwa ta ƙasa.
Amma ba kowane nau'in ophiura bane ke jefa ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwa. Wasu echinoderms suna ɗaukar yara a cikin kansu, ko a cikin jakuna na musamman - bursa, ko a cikin ƙwarjin ƙwai. Fresh water yana shiga bursa ta cikin ramuka, kuma da sabon maniyyi.
Wannan fasalin yana bawa mutum damar ɗaukar ƙarnuka da yawa na samari lokaci guda. Ophiuras suna iya haifuwa da kansu a cikin shekara ta biyu ta rayuwa, kodayake dabbar da ke cikin ruwa ta kai ƙarshenta zuwa ƙarshen shekaru 5-6 da wanzuwa.
