Menene biocenosis? Iri, tsari, rawa da misalai na biocenosis

Menene biocenosis?

Bari muyi tunanin cewa akwai babban kamfani. Yana ɗaukar mutane da yawa aiki. Kuma kwamfutoci, firintoci, motoci da sauran kayan aiki suma suna aiki. Godiya ga ayyukan da aka shafa mai sosai, aikin yana kama da aikin agogo. Haka tsarin yake a yanayi.

Dukkan wannan hoton a bayyane yake yana nuna irin wannan ra'ayi kamar biocenosis... Kawai maimakon mutane da injuna - dabbobi, tsire-tsire, har ma da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da fungi. Kuma maimakon kamfani - yankin da aka zaɓa na wani yanki (tare da takamaiman yanayi, abubuwan haɗin ƙasa).

Zai iya zama ko dai ƙaramin yanki, alal misali, dungu mai ruɓewa, ko kuma babbar matakala. A ci gaba da kwatancen, a ɗauka cewa duk kwamfutocin da ke cikin wannan injin ba su da tsari. Me zai faru? - Aiki zai tsaya.

Yanayi daya ne a yanayi - cire kowace irin kwayar halitta daga cikin al'umma - kuma zai fara durkushewa. Bayan haka, kowa yayi aikinsa, kuma kamar suna sanya tubali ne a bango gama gari. Yawan nau'ikan jinsin da suka hade a cikin halittar halittu ana kiransu biodiversity.

Kalmar biocenosis ta bayyana a karni na 19. Wani masanin kimiyyar Bajamushe ya bi ɗabi'ar bivalve molluscs. Bayan shafe lokaci mai tsawo kan wannan aikin, sai ya fahimci cewa invertebrates suna jagorantar rayuwar zamantakewar rayuwa, suna da kirkirar "da'irar zamantakewa": kifin kifi, plankton, murjani.

Kuma ba za su iya rayuwa ba tare da juna ba. Bayan duk wannan, duk waɗannan "aminan" ba kawai abinci ba ne ga juna, amma suna ba da gudummawa ga rayuwar yau da kullun. Saboda haka wani lokaci, biocenosis - Wannan shine rayuwar mazaunan halittu daban-daban.

Yawan jama'a - gungun halittu masu rai na jinsi guda wadanda suke rayuwa a kan wannan yankin. Zai iya zama garken tsuntsaye, garken bauna, dangin kerkeci. Akwai nau'ikan mu'amala iri biyu a tsakanin su: tare da fa'ida ga kowane ɓangaren ma'amala, da gasa. Koyaya, galibi ba haka ba, irin wannan ƙungiyar tana da fa'idodi.

Kuma, sama da duka, damar ceton rai a cikin haɗari masu haɗari suna ƙaruwa. Bayan duk, ɗan'uwan na iya yin gargaɗi game da haɗari kuma ya shiga yaƙi tare da abokin adawar memba na ƙungiyar sa. Game da kishiya, wannan lamarin yana ba ku damar kula da mafi kyawun mutane a cikin ƙungiyar, yana hana haifuwa ba sarrafawa.

Kowace yawan jama'a ba ta da rikici, tana da wani tsari. Wadancan. rabo daga mutane dangane da jima'i, shekaru, jiki. ƙarfi, kazalika da yadda ake rarraba su akan yankin da aka zaɓa.

Alamomin farawa na ragin maza da mata sune 1 zuwa 1. Koyaya, a yawancin jinsunan dabbobi a tsarin rayuwa, wannan adadin yana canzawa saboda gaskiyar da ke aiki daga waje. Haka ma mutum.

Da farko, ya kamata a sami maza sama da mata, amma, jima'i mai ƙarfi yana sakaci game da lafiyarsu da rayuwarsu. A sakamakon haka, har zuwa yawan shekarun, lambobin sun zama daidai, kuma maza da yawa sun fi mata yawa.

Akwai wata alama ta musamman wacce ke ba da damar fahimtar cewa tarin mutane yana magana ne musamman game da yawan mutane - ikon kiyaye lambobinsu, wanda ke cikin yanki ɗaya, ta hanyar hayayyafa kawai (ba ɗaukar sabbin membobi cikin ƙungiyar). Kuma yanzu ƙarin game da menene biocenosis aka gyara:

• Abubuwan da basu dace ba Wadannan sun hada da ruwa; abubuwanda suka hada sinadarin iska; salts na asalin ma'adinai.
• Duk wannan yana haifar da yanayin yanayi a cikin wannan yankin. Anan muna magana ne game da alamun zafin jiki; yadda iska take da danshi; kuma, ba shakka, adadin hasken rana.
• Kwayoyin halitta Chem. hade tare da carbon (furotin, mai, carbohydrates).
• Rayayyun kwayoyin halitta.

Game da na ƙarshe, akwai ƙididdiga don:

1. furodusa. Su masu hakar makamashi ne. Muna magana ne game da tsire-tsire waɗanda, saboda albarkatunsu, suna jujjuyawar hasken rana zuwa abubuwa masu rai. Bayan haka, sauran membobin al'umma suna iya cin ribar irin waɗannan "samfuran".

2. Cinyewa. Waɗannan daidai masu amfani ne, watau dabbobi da kwari. Bugu da ƙari, suna ciyarwa ba kawai ga tsire-tsire ba, har ma da naman wani. Hakanan za'a iya kiran mutum anan lami lafiya.

3. Masu Ragewa. Kar ka yarda ka maida mazaunin ka zuwa makabarta. Ragowar kwayoyin da suka rigaya sun shuɗe, a ƙarƙashin tasirinsu, sun shiga cikin mafi sauƙin kwayoyin halittar, ko kayan abinci. Yana ƙarƙashin ikon ƙwayoyin cuta, da fungi.

A lokaci guda, dukkan halittu da suka haɗu a cikin al'umma ya kamata su ji daɗi a cikin yanayin da aka tsara ta biotope (wurin da aka zaɓa). A wannan yanki, ruwa, ko iska, dole ne su sami damar ciyarwa da haifuwa. Biotope da biocenosis tare tsari biogeocenosis... Ba shi yiwuwa ba a ambaci abin biocenosis abun da ke ciki:

• Mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren wannan ƙungiyar shine ƙungiyar tsire-tsire waɗanda suka mamaye yankin. Ya dogara da su abin da sauran "kamfanin" zai kasance. Ana kiran ƙungiyar su phytocenosis... Kuma, a matsayinka na ƙa'ida, inda iyakokin ƙwayar phytocenosis ɗaya ke ƙarewa, dukiyar al'umma gabaɗaya.

Hakanan akwai wasu yankuna na rikon kwarya (bayan duk, wadannan iyakokin basu da kaifi), an tsara su ta kalmar ecotones... Misali shi ne gandun daji-steppe - wurin haduwar daji da steppe. Ana iya samun bangarorin daga dukkanin al'ummomin makwabta a cikin wadannan yankuna. Sabili da haka, jikewa da jinsin su ya fi yawa.

• Zoocenosis - wannan ya riga ya kasance ɓangaren dabbobi na babban kwayar halitta guda.

• Microcenosis - bangare na uku, wanda ya kunshi namomin kaza.

• Bangare na hudu shine kananan halittu, ana kiran tarayyar su microbiocenosis.

Wataƙila, kun taɓa jin irin wannan tunanin sau da yawa kamar yanayin halittu... Koyaya, wannan ya yi daidai da iri ɗaya da biocenosis, wanda kawai yanki ne na babban abun wuyar ganewa wanda ke wakiltar yanayin yanayin ƙasa.

Ba ta da iyakoki da tsirrai suka zayyana a sarari, amma tana da bangarorin abubuwa uku: biocenosis + biotope + tsarin hadewa tsakanin kwayoyin halitta (tururuwa, gona, ko ma duk birni, a matsayin misali). Don haka biocenosis da yanayin ƙasa abubuwa ne daban-daban.

Iri biocenosis

Yi la'akari nau'ikan biocenosis... Akwai ka'idoji da yawa na gradation. Ofayan su yana cikin girma:

• Microbiocenosis. Wannan wata duniya ce daban, an halicce ta a sikelin fure daya, ko kututture.
• Mesobiocenosis. Manyan siffofi, misali, gulbi, gandun daji.
• Macrobiocenosis. Babbar teku, tsaunukan dutse, da sauransu.

Bugu da kari, akwai rabe-raben da suka danganci nau'in biocenosis: ruwa mai tsafta, na ruwa, da na kasa.

Koyaya, mafi yawan lokuta muna jin ra'ayoyi kamar:

• Na halitta. An ƙirƙira su ta ƙungiyoyi masu shirye-shirye na nau'ikan rayuwa daban-daban. Wasu nau'ikan za'a iya maye gurbinsu da irinsu ba tare da sakamako ba. Dukkanin kungiyoyi suna daidaitawa a cikin al'umma, suna mu'amala da kyale shi ya zama "yana shawagi".
• Na wucin gadi. Wannan ya riga ya zama ɗan adam (murabba'i, akwatin kifaye). Daga cikin su, akwai agrocenoses (an kirkiresu don cire kowane fa'ida): tafkuna, tafkunan ruwa, wuraren kiwo, lambunan kayan lambu. Ba tare da sa hannun mahaliccinta ba, irin wannan al'umma za ta rabu. Dole ne a kiyaye shi koyaushe ta hanyar shayarwa da lalata ciyawa, misali.

Tsarin Biocenosis

Gaba, bari muyi magana game da abin da ya faru biocenosis tsarin:

1. Dabbobi

Wannan yana magana ne akan tsarin cancantar al'umma, watau menene kwayoyin halitta ke zaune a ciki (jinsunan biocenosis). A dabi'a, a cikin yanayi mai kyau ga mafi yawan halittu, wannan mai nuna alama zai kasance mafi girma fiye da inda yake da wahalar jituwa.

Ba shi da ƙarancin yawa a cikin hamada da yankuna masu sanyi na Arctic. A gefe guda - wurare masu zafi da murjani tare da yawancin mazaunan su. A cikin al'ummomin da ke da ƙuruciya za a sami ƙananan jinsuna, yayin da a cikin waɗanda suka balaga yawan jinsunan na iya kaiwa dubu da yawa.

Daga cikin dukkan mambobin kungiyar akwai masu rinjaye. mafi yawansu. Zai iya zama duka dabbobi (iri ɗaya murjani) da tsire-tsire (itacen oak). Hakanan akwai ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ba su da kowane ɗayan abubuwan da ke tattare da biocenosis. Amma wannan ba yana nufin kwata-kwata cewa al'umma ba za ta iya wanzuwa ba, yana iya zama ɓarkewa a cikin dutsen, wanda a cikinsa aka sami duniyar da ba ta da tsirrai.

2. Sarari

A wannan lokacin, yana nufin a cikin wane jirgi ake samun wasu nau'in. Idan ya zo ga a tsaye tsarin, to rabo ya shiga tiers. a nan yana da mahimmanci a wane tsayi abin kulawa. Yin la'akari daji biocenosis, sa'an nan gansakuka da lichens - daya Layer, ciyawa da ƙananan ci gaba - wani, ganye na shrubs - wani, saman ƙananan bishiyoyi - na uku, dogayen bishiyoyi - na huɗu. Yayinda suke girma, ƙananan bishiyoyi suna kan matsayi mafi girma kuma suna iya canza tsarin halittar biocenosis.

Biocenoses suma suna da matakan ƙasa. Don kar a bar ku ba tare da abubuwan gina jiki ba, tushen tushen kowane nau'in shuka yana zabi wani zurfin wa kansa. A sakamakon haka, saiwar ta rarraba yadudduka kasar a tsakanin su. Irin wannan yana faruwa a masarautar dabbobi. Tsutsotsi iri ɗaya suna yin hanyoyinsu na ɓoye cikin zurfin daban don kar su tsallake kuma kada su tsoma kan wanzuwar juna.

Haka ma dabbobi da tsuntsaye. ƙananan bene mafaka ne ga dabbobi masu rarrafe. A sama akwai masaukin kwari da dabbobi masu shayarwa. Tsuntsaye suna zama cikin matakan mafi girma. Irin wannan rarrabuwa ba bako bane ga mazaunan tafki. Hakanan nau'ikan kifaye daban-daban, molluscs da sauran dabbobi masu rarrafe kuma suna motsawa cikin maɓallin sararin samaniya.

Akwai wani nau'in rarrabuwa na tsarin halittar biocenosis - a kwance... Tabbas bai dace da rarraba abubuwa masu rai a cikin yankin al'umma ɗaya ba. Sau da yawa biocenosis dabbobi zama a cikin garken tumaki, kuma ƙaramin itace yana girma a gadaje. Wannan juzu'i ne na kwance.

3. Muhalli

Anan muna magana ne game da irin rawar da kowane jinsi yake takawa a rayuwa guda. Bayan duk wannan, kwayoyin halittu a cikin al'ummu daban-daban na iya zama daban, kuma tsarin ma'amalarsu iri ɗaya ne. Mutane masu rikida sune wadanda aka basu irin wannan aikin, amma kowanne yana aiwatar dasu ne a cikin "danginsa". Hakanan, yawancin kafofin suna haskakawa kuma tsarin trophic (trophic biocenosis) dangane da sarƙoƙin abinci.

Dukkanin tsarin biocenosis ya murɗe kan gaskiyar cewa makamashi (kwayoyin halitta) suna yawo a cikinsa, suna wucewa daga mutum ɗaya zuwa wani. Hakan na faruwa a sauƙaƙe - ta hanyar cin wasu dabbobi ko tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire ta masu cin nama. Wannan tsari ana kiran sa sarkar trophic (ko abinci).

Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata a cikin labarin, duk yana farawa ne da kuzarin jikin sama, wanda kowane irin shuke-shuke, ciyawa, bishiyoyi ake sarrafa shi cikin “caji” gaba ɗaya. Gabaɗaya, wannan caji ɗaya ya wuce kusan hanyoyin 4. Kuma tare da kowane sabon mataki yana rasa ƙarfi.

Bayan duk wannan, halittar da ta karɓa tana ciyar da wannan cajin akan mahimmin aiki, narkar da abinci, motsi, da dai sauransu. Don haka karshen mai amfani da sarkar yana samun allurai marasa kulawa.

Waɗannan mutanen da suke ciyarwa bisa tsari ɗaya, kuma mahaɗa ce iri ɗaya a cikin irin wannan sarkar, suna zaune iri ɗaya matakin trophic... ƙarfin rana zai isa gare su, bayan ya wuce daidai adadin matakai.

Hoton sarkar abinci wannan ne:

1. Autotrophs (greenery, ciyayi). Su ne farkon wadanda suka karbi "abincin rana".
2. Phytophages (dabbobi tare da ciyayi a cikin abincin su)
3. Duk waɗanda ba sa ƙyamar cin abinci a kan naman wani. Wannan kuma ya haɗa da waɗancan masu inganta lafiyar ciyawar.
4. Manyan masu farauta, suna cinye ƙananan "abokan aiki" masu rauni da rauni.

Kuma mafi bayyane, to: phytoplankton-crustaceans-whale. Hakanan akwai irin waɗannan mutane waɗanda ba sa wulakanta ciyawa, ba nama ba, to, za su shiga matakan girma biyu a lokaci guda. Matsayinsu a can zai dogara ne da adadin abincin wani nau'in da ake sha.

Menene zai faru idan kun cire aƙalla hanyar haɗi ɗaya daga sarkar? Bari mu shiga cikin batun ta amfani da misali na biocenosis na gandun daji (ba komai idan ya zama ɗan gandun daji ne na ɗanɗano, ko gandun daji da ya cika da itacen inabi). Kusan kowace shuka tana bukatar mai dauke da ita, watau kwari, ko tsuntsu, wanda zai zama manzon sa na fashin baki.

Waɗannan vectors, bi da bi, ba za su iya yin aiki ba tare da ƙura. Wannan yana nufin cewa lokacin da wani jinsi, alal misali, shrub, ba zato ba tsammani ya fara mutuwa, abokin tafiyarsa zai yi hanzarin barin jama'a.

Dabbobin da ke cin ganyen daji za su kasance ba tare da abinci ba. Kodai zasu mutu ko kuma su canza mazauninsu. Hakanan yana barazanar masu farautar cin waɗannan ciyawar. Don haka kwayar halittar za ta wargaje kawai.

Mayungiyoyi na iya zama tsayayye, amma ba na har abada ba. saboda canji a cikin biocenosis na iya faruwa saboda canje-canje a yanayin zafin jiki, zafi, ƙarancin ƙasa. A ce rani ya yi zafi sosai, to, ciyayi za su iya bushewa a hankali, kuma dabbobin ba za su iya rayuwa da rashin ruwa ba. Zai faru canji na biocenosis.

Mutum yakan bayar da nasa gudummawar, yana lalata ƙungiyoyin da aka kafa.

Duk waɗannan hanyoyin ana kiran su mayewa... Sau da yawa, tsarin canza ɗayan kwayar halitta zuwa wani yana faruwa lami-lafiya. Lokacin da tabki, misali, ya zama kandami mai fadama. Idan muka yi la'akari da al'umman da aka kirkira ta hanyar kere kere, to filin da aka noma ba tare da kulawa mai kyau ba ya zama ya mamaye ciyawar.

Hakanan akwai lokuta idan an kafa al'umma daga tushe, daga tushe. Wannan na iya faruwa bayan manyan gobara, tsananin sanyi, ko dutsen mai fitarwa.

Biocenosis zai canza kayan aikinsa har sai ya zama mafi dacewa ga biotope da aka zaba. Akwai nau'ikan halittun da suka fi dacewa don yankuna daban-daban. Yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsayi don ƙirƙirar kyakkyawan yankin ga yankin. Amma masifun yanayi daban-daban basa barin yanayi don kammala wannan aikin.

Akwai wani yanki na sarkokin abinci zuwa iri:

• Makiyaya. Wannan hoto ne mai kwatancen kwatancen hanyoyi a cikin biocenosis... Duk yana farawa ne daga tsire-tsire kuma ya ƙare da masu farauta. Ga misali: idan kuka ɗauki makiyaya ta gari, to da farko furen yana cin hasken rana, sannan malam buɗe ido yana cin abincin sa, wanda ya zama wanda aka azabtar da kwadi. Wannan, daga baya, ya haɗu da maciji, wanda ya rikida ya zama abin farautarsa.

• Detrital. Irin wannan sarkar tana farawa ko dai da gawa ko sharar dabbobi. Mafi sau da yawa a nan muna magana ne game da al'ummomin benthic waɗanda aka kafa a cikin zurfin zurfin ruwa.

Tare da tanadi da hasken rana, komai ba sauki a can, yana da sauƙin cire kuzari daga bazuwar da ke daidaitawa daga manyan matakan ruwa. Kuma idan a cikin hanyar da ta gabata na sarkar mahalarta suna girma cikin girma tare da kowane mahada, a nan, a matsayin mai mulkin, akasin haka yake - duk fungi, ko ƙwayoyin cuta, sun cika.

Suna canza abinci zuwa cikin jihohi mafi sauki, bayan haka ana iya narkar da shi daga tushen shuke-shuke. Don haka sabon da'ira zai fara.

Nau'ikan sadarwar interspecies

Hulɗa tsakanin halittu iri ɗaya na iya zama na daban daban:

1. Tsaka tsaki. Kwayoyin halitta wani bangare ne na al'umma daya, amma a zahiri basa cudanyar juna. Bari mu ce yana iya zama squirrel da elk nesa da shi. Amma irin waɗannan haɗin za'a iya yin rikodin su galibi a cikin halittun halittu masu yawa.

2. Yaduwar hankali. Wannan tuni gasa ce mai wahala. A wannan yanayin, mutane masu jinsi ɗaya suna ɓoye abubuwa waɗanda zasu iya tasiri ga halakar abokin hamayya. Wadannan na iya zama guba, acid.

3. Kaddara. Akwai haɗin haɗi sosai a nan. Wasu mutane sun zama abincin dare na wasu.

4. Parasitism. A cikin wannan makircin, wani mutum ya zama mafaka ga wani, ƙaramin mutum. Wannan "abokiyar zaman" duka tana ciyarwa kuma tana rayuwa ne ta hanyar biyan "dako". Ga na karshen, wannan galibi baya wucewa ba tare da wata alama ba, amma yana haifar da babbar illa. Koyaya, bazai iya haifar da mutuwa a kowane dakika ba.

Akwai nau'o'in cututtukan da ke bukatar mai masaukin dindindin. Kuma akwai wadanda suke komawa ga taimakon wata halittar kawai idan ya zama dole, misali, canjin yanayin rayuwa, ko don ciyarwa (sauro, kaska).Parasites na iya daidaita duka a saman jikin mai gida da kuma cikin sa (bovine tapeworm).

5. Ciwon siga. Yanayin da kowa yake cikin farin ciki, watau duka ɓangarorin suna jure fa'idodin ma'amala. Ko kuma irin wannan zaɓi yana yiwuwa: wata kwayar halitta tana cikin baƙar fata, kuma irin wannan alaƙar ba ta shafar rayuwar wani. Irin wannan yanayin ne muke gani lokacin da kifin kifin yake tare da nau'ikan kifaye na musamman, ta hanyar amfani da kariyar mai farauta.

Kari akan haka, wadannan masu sauke kaya suna cin abinci guda daya da suka rage bayan sun ci dodo. Haka kurayen ke dibar ragowar zakunan. Wani zaɓi don irin wannan hulɗar shine rabawa.

Idan muka ɗauki mazauna cikin ruwa ɗaya, to a matsayin misali, kifin da ke rayuwa tsakanin ƙayatattun ƙauyukan teku. A kan ƙasa, suna da taushi, sun zauna cikin kabarin wasu dabbobi.

Hakanan ya faru cewa mutane biyu ba za su iya rayuwa ba tare da juna ba. Amma dalilin ba komai bane na soyayya. Misali, idan muna magana ne game da tururuwa, da kuma rayuwar mahaifa a cikin hanjinsu. Latterarshen suna jin daɗi sosai a can, akwai abin da za su ci, kuma babu haɗari.

Kwarin ba su iya sarrafa cellulose din da ke shiga tsarin narkewar abinci, wanda shi ne ainihin abin da mazaunin su ke taimaka wa. Ya zama cewa babu wanda aka bari a baya.

Matsayin biocenosis

Na farko, irin wannan makircin kasancewar dukkan rayayyun halittu yana sanya yiwuwar cigaba. Bayan haka, kwayoyin halitta suna buƙatar daidaitawa koyaushe tare da canza abubuwan haɗin al'ummarsu, ko kuma neman sabo.

Hakanan rawar biocenosis ta yadda yake kiyaye ma'aunin halittun halitta, yana daidaita lambobinsu. Haɗin abinci yana ba da gudummawa ga wannan. Bayan duk wannan, idan abokan gaba na halittu suka ɓace, na biyun zai fara ninkawa ba da iko. Wannan na iya tayar da hankali kuma ya haifar da bala’i.

Misalan biocenosis

Don taƙaita wannan labarin, bari muyi la'akari da takamaiman misalai na ƙwayoyin halitta. Za mu ɗauki nau'ikan gandun daji a matsayin tushe. Tabbas, a cikin irin waɗannan al'ummomin ne mafi yawan jama'a suke, kuma biomass ya wuce matsakaici.

Dazuzzuka daji

Menene daji? Wannan tarin ciyayi ne a wani yanki na musamman wanda dogayen bishiyoyi suka mamaye. Mafi yawan lokuta, wurin zama na spruces, pines da sauran bishiyoyi shine wuraren tsaunuka. Yawan bishiyoyi a cikin irin wannan gandun daji yayi tsayi sosai. Idan muna magana ne game da taiga, to ba zai iya yin alfahari da adadi mai yawa na nau'ikan manyan shuke-shuke ba - aƙalla 5. Idan yanayi bai yi tsanani sosai ba, to wannan adadi na iya zuwa 10.

Bari mu sake tsayawa kan taiga. Don haka, har zuwa nau'ikan conifers 5 sune: spruce, pine, fir, train. Godiya ga allurai masu ban sha'awa, bishiyoyi suna rayuwa cikin mummunan lokacin sanyi na Siberia. Bayan haka, guduro yana zama kariya daga sanyi mai ɗaci. Wata hanyar kuma da za a “dumama” ita ce kasancewa kusanci da juna. Sabili da haka fam ɗin dusar ƙanƙara ba zai karye rassan ba, suna girma ƙasa.

Daga farkon narkewar, conifers suna fara aiki da hoto, wanda takwarorinsu masu yanke hukunci, waɗanda ba su da ciyayi, ba za su iya yi ba. Dabbobin dazuzzuka na gandun daji masu rarrafe: daga ɓarna, ciyawa, beraye, barewa da firam, daga tsuntsaye waɗancan gwarare ne, kayan alatu. Hakanan akwai masu lalata da yawa: lynx, mink, fox, sable, bear, ungulu mikiya, hankaka.

Gandun daji mai rarrafe

Don haka, tsarin tsirrai na sararin samaniya kamar haka: matakin farko - mafi girman bishiyoyi: Linden, ko itacen oak. Mataki a ƙasa zaka iya samun apple, elm, ko maple. Bugu da ari akwai bishiyoyin honeysuckle da viburnum. Kuma ciyawa suna girma kusa da ƙasa. Masu samarwa sune bishiyoyin kansu, bishiyoyi, ciyawar ciyawa, gansakuka. Kayan amfani - shuke-shuke, tsuntsaye, kwari. Ragewa - kwayoyin cuta, fungi, invertebrates masu taushi.

Madatsar ruwa biocenosis

Autotrophs (tsire-tsire masu tara abubuwa) a cikin ruwa sune algae da ciyawar bakin teku. Canja wurin cajin hasken rana zuwa wasu halittu yana farawa da su. Masu amfani dashi sune kifi, tsutsotsi, molluscs, kwari iri-iri. Kwayoyin cuta da ƙwaro iri-iri suna aiki azaman ruɓuwa, waɗanda ba sa damuwa da cin mushe.

Kalli bidiyon: KAFIN A HARBENI NAGA GAWAR MUTANE SAMA DA DUBU DAYA A GIDAN MALAM ZAKZAKY H (Yuli 2024).