Barewar Pampas wata barewa ce ta Kudancin Amurka da ke cikin hatsari. Saboda bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halittarsu, barewar pampas suna daga cikin mafi yawan dabbobi masu shayarwa. Farin jikinsu ya kunshi fur mai ruwan kasa, wanda ya fi haske a ƙafafunsu da ƙasan. Suna da farin tabo a ƙarƙashin maƙogwaro da leɓɓa, kuma launinsu ba ya canzawa tare da lokacin.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Pampas barewa
Barewa Pampas na dangin sabuwar duniya ne - wannan wata kalma ce ga duk nau'ikan dawa na Kudancin Amurka. Har zuwa kwanan nan, an samo raƙuman ruwa guda uku na pampa deer: O. bezoarticus bezoarticus, wanda aka samu a Brazil, O. bezoarticus celer a Argentina, da O. bezoarticus leucogaster a kudu maso yammacin Brazil, arewa maso gabashin Argentina da kudu maso gabashin Bolivia.
An bayyana wanzuwar nau'ikan rabe-rabe guda biyu na pampa deer da ke cikin Uruguay, O. bezoarticus arerunguaensis (Salto, arewa maso yammacin Uruguay) da O. bezoarticus uruguayensis (Sierra de Agios, kudu maso gabashin Uruguay), an bayyana su bisa ga bayanan cytogenetic, molecular and morphometric data.
Bidiyo: Pampas Deer
Barewa maza da mata sun fi mata girma. Maza masu 'yanci sun kai tsayin 130 cm (daga tip na muzzle zuwa gindin wutsiya) tare da tsayin 75 cm a matakin kafaɗa da kuma jela na tsawon cm 15. Sun auna kimanin kilo 35. Koyaya, bayanai daga dabbobin kiwon da aka kamo suna nuni zuwa ƙananan dabbobi kaɗan: maza game da 90-100 cm tsayi, 65-70 cm tsayin kafada, kuma nauyinsu yakai 30-35.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Deer na maza pamas suna da gland na musamman a cikin hooves na baya wanda ke ba da ƙanshin da za'a iya gano shi zuwa nisan kilomita 1.5.
Tururuwa da barewar pampas matsakaiciya ce a cikin girmanta idan aka kwatanta da sauran barewa, masu tauri da siriri. Ahonin sun kai tsawon cm 30, suna da maki uku, gira da baya, da kuma reshe mai tsayi da yawa. Mata suna kaiwa 85 cm a tsayi kuma 65 cm a tsayi na kafaɗa, yayin da nauyin jikinsu yakai 20-25 kg. Maza sun fi mata duhu. Maza suna da ƙaho, yayin da mata ke da curls waɗanda suke kama da ƙaramin ƙaho. Hakori na ƙaho na namiji ya rabu, amma babban haƙori na gaba ɗaya ne kawai mai ci gaba.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Yaya barewar pampas take
Babban launi na sama da naɓaɓɓu na barewar pampas shine launin ruwan kasa mai launin ja ko ruwan toka. Mugu da wutsiya sun yi duhu kaɗan. Launi na kwalliyar a bayansa ya fi na gabobin hannu. Ana samun yankuna masu kirim a dunƙulen ƙafafu a ƙafafun, a cikin kunnuwa, kewaye da idanu, kirji, maƙogwaro, ƙananan jiki da ƙasan jela. Babu wani bambanci tsakanin bayin rani da hunturu na barewar Pampas. Launin jarirai sabbin haihuwa shine kirjin tare da jere na launuka farare a kowane gefen baya da kuma layi na biyu daga kafadu zuwa kwatangwalo. Guraren sun ɓace da kimanin watanni 2, suna barin lalatattun ƙarancin yara.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Launi mai launin ruwan kasa mai haske na barewar pampas yana ba shi damar haɗuwa daidai da abubuwan da ke kewaye da shi. Suna da facin fararen fata kewaye da idanu, lebe, da gefen makogwaro. Wutsiyarsu gajere ce kuma mai taushi. Gaskiyar cewa suma suna da farin tabo a ƙarƙashin jelar su ya bayyana dalilin da yasa galibi suke rudewa da barewar fari.
Dauren pampas wani ƙaramin nau'in ne da ke da ƙarancin yanayin jima'i. Maza suna da ƙanana, mara nauyi mai kaho uku waɗanda ke wucewa ta zagayowar asara kowace shekara a cikin watan Agusta ko Satumba, tare da sabon saiti wanda ake ɗaukakawa kafin Disamba. Ba a raba ƙananan haƙori na ƙaho ba, ya bambanta da na babba. A cikin mata, curls na gashi suna kama da ƙananan kututtukan ƙaho.
Maza da mata suna da matsayi daban-daban yayin fitsari. Maza suna da ƙamshi mai ƙarfi wanda glandon yake fitarwa a cikin hooves, wanda za'a iya gano shi zuwa nisan kilomita 1.5. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran dabbobin, maza suna da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta idan aka kwatanta da girman jikinsu.
A ina ne barewar pampas take rayuwa?
Hotuna: Pamas deer a cikin yanayi
Deer ɗin pampas ya taɓa zama a cikin makiyaya na asali a gabashin Kudancin Amurka, wanda yake tsakanin latti 5 zuwa 40. Yanzu rarraba shi yana iyakance ga yawan mutanen yankin. Ana samun Pampas a Kudancin Amurka kuma ana samunsa a Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, da Uruguay. Mazauninsu ya hada da ruwa, tsaunuka da ciyawar da ta isa ta ɓoye barewa. Yawancin barewar pampas suna rayuwa a cikin yankin Pantanal dausayi da sauran yankuna na zagayowar ambaliyar shekara-shekara.
Akwai ragi uku na deer pampas:
- O.b. bezoarticus - yana zaune ne a tsakiya da gabashin Brazil, kudu da Amazon da kuma Uruguay, kuma yana da launi mai ruwan kasa mai launin ja;
- O.b. leucogaster - yana zaune a kudu maso yammacin yankin Brazil zuwa kudu maso gabashin Bolivia, Paraguay da Arewacin Argentina kuma yana da launin rawaya-launin ruwan kasa;
- O.b. celer - yana zaune a kudancin Argentina. Yana da wani nau'in haɗari da ƙarancin Pamas deer.
Erauran pampas ya mallaki wurare da yawa na wuraren ciyawa a ƙasan tsaunuka. Waɗannan wuraren sun haɗa da wuraren da ambaliyar ruwa ta ɗan lokaci ta kasance ko na estuarine, tuddai mai tudu da yankuna da fari na hunturu kuma babu ruwan dindindin. Yawancin yawancin ƙauyen pampas na asali an canza su ta hanyar noma da sauran ayyukan ɗan adam.
Yanzu kun san wanne ɓangaren barewar pampas yake rayuwa. Bari muga me yake ci.
Menene barewar pampas take ci?
Hotuna: Pamas deer a Kudancin Amurka
Abincin na barewar pampas yawanci ya ƙunshi ciyawa, shrubs da koren shuke-shuke. Ba sa cinye ciyawa da yawa kamar yadda suke nema, waɗannan tsutsa ne, ganye da harbe-harbe, da kuma katako, waɗanda suke shuke-shuke manya-manya-manya-manya. Barewa Pampas yawanci yin ƙaura zuwa inda tushen abinci ya fi girma.
Yawancin ciyawar da barewar pampas ke cinyewa a cikin ƙasa mai laima. Don ganin ko barewar tana gasa tare da dabbobi don abinci, an binciki najasar kuma an kwatanta ta da ta shanu. A zahiri, suna cin tsire-tsire iri ɗaya, kawai a cikin rabbai daban-daban. Dareran Pampas suna cin ciyawar ciyawa da ciyawa da yawa (shuke-shuke da ke shuke-shuke tare da tushe mai taushi), kuma suna duban harbe-harbe, ganye, da gaɓosai.
A lokacin damina, kashi 20% na abincinsu ya kunshi sabbin ciyawa. Suna motsawa game da samuwar abinci, musamman shuke-shuke masu furanni. Kasancewar shanu yana kara yawan ciyawar ciyawar da ake samu daga barewar pampas, yana bayar da gudummawa wajen yada ra'ayin cewa barewar ba ta gasa da dabbobin don abinci. Binciken da ba na gaskiya ba ya nuna cewa barewar pampas tana guje wa wuraren da shanu suke, kuma idan shanu ba su nan, mazaunan gida sun fi yawa.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Pampas barewa
Barewa Pampas dabbobi ne na zamantakewa waɗanda ke rayuwa cikin rukuni. Wadannan rukuni ba a rarrabe su da jima'i ba, kuma maza suna tafiya tsakanin ƙungiyoyi. Yawancin lokaci ana samun magangara 2-6 ne kawai a cikin rukuni, amma akwai wasu da yawa a cikin filayen ciyarwa mai kyau. Ba su da ma'aurata masu auren mace daya kuma ba su da kurege.
Pampas ba sa kare yanki ko abokan aiki, amma suna da alamun mamayar. Suna nuna matsayi mai mahimmanci ta hanyar ɗaga kawunan su da ƙoƙarin ci gaba da ɓangarensu gaba da amfani da jinkirin motsi. Lokacin da maza suka kalubalanci juna, sai su yi amfani da ƙahonninsu a cikin ciyawar kuma su kankare su a ƙasa. Barewa Pampas suna shafa ƙanshin ƙanshin su a cikin tsire-tsire da abubuwa. Galibi ba sa faɗa, amma kawai suna faɗa da juna, kuma yawanci suna cizon.
A lokacin saduwar aure, mazan da suka manyanta suna gasa da juna don mata masu lalata. Suna lalata ciyayi tare da ƙahoninsu kuma suna shafa ƙyallen ƙanshi a kawunansu, tsirrai da sauran abubuwa. Tsanani ya nuna kansa cikin tura ƙaho ko lilo da gaban ƙafafu. Rikice-rikice akai-akai na faruwa tsakanin maza masu girman kansu. Babu wata hujja game da yanki, haɗawar lokaci mai tsawo, ko ƙirƙirar harem. Da yawa maza suna iya bin mace mai saukin kamuwa a lokaci guda.
Gaskiya mai Nishaɗi: Lokacin da barewar pampas ta hango haɗari, sukan ɓuya a cikin ganyayyaki kuma su tsaya sannan su tsallake mita 100-200. Idan su kadai ne, suna iya zamewa kawai. Mata za suyi kamar sun gaɓo kusa da maza don ɗauke hankalin mai farautar.
Deer Pampas yawanci yana ciyarwa da rana, amma wani lokacin ba dare ba rana. Suna da matukar sha'awar kuma suna son bincika. Barewa sukan tsaya a ƙafafunsu na baya don samun abinci ko ganin wani abu. Ba su da nutsuwa kuma ba su da wani yanayi ko ma na yau da kullun.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Pampas Deer Cub
Ba a san kaɗan game da tsarin jima'i na barewar Pampas. A Argentina, sun yi kiwo daga Disamba zuwa Fabrairu. A cikin Uruguay, lokacin saduwarsu yana farawa daga Fabrairu zuwa Afrilu. Dauren Pampas suna da halaye na zawarci masu ban sha'awa waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙaramin miƙewa, tsugunewa, da lankwasawa. Namiji yana fara yin soyayya da ƙaramin tashin hankali kuma yana yin sauti mai taushi. Ya matsa kan mace kuma yana iya danna harshensa akan ta sannan ya kalleta. Yana zama kusa da mace kuma yana iya bin ta na dogon lokaci, yana shakar fitsarin ta. Wani lokacin mace takan yi tasiri game da neman aure ta hanyar kwanciya a kasa.
Mata sun rabu da rukuni don haihuwa da ɓoye faun. Yawancin lokaci, barewa ɗaya ne mai nauyin kimanin kilogiram 2.2 ana haifarta bayan lokacin ciki na fiye da watanni 7. Bakon dawa sabon haihuwa ne kanana kuma masu tabo kuma suna rasa tabo kusan watanni 2 da haihuwa. A makonni 6, suna iya cin abinci mai ƙarfi kuma sun fara bin mahaifiyarsu. Fawn yakan kasance tare da mahaifiyarsa aƙalla shekara guda kuma ya kai ga girman haihuwa yayin kusan shekara ɗaya da haihuwa. Balaga a cikin fursuna na iya faruwa a watanni 12.
Barewa pampas wani zamani ne mai kiwo. Manya maza suna da damar saduwa duk shekara. Mata na iya haihuwa a tsakanin watanni 10. Ana iya rarrabe mata masu ciki sannu-sannu watanni 3 kafin haihuwa. Yawancin 'yan maruƙan an haife su a lokacin bazara (Satumba zuwa Nuwamba), kodayake an rubuta haihuwar cikin kusan duk watanni.
Abokan gaba na barewar pampas
Photo: Namiji da mata pampa deer
Manyan kuliyoyi kamar su cheetahs da zakuna suna farautar ganima a wuraren kiwo mai yanayi. A Arewacin Amurka, kerkeci, kyankyasai, da kyarkyasai sun farautar beraye, zomaye da barewar pampas. Wadannan maharan suna taimakawa wajen kula da yawan dabbobin kiwo domin makiyaya ba sa cin ciyawa da sauran shuke-shuke a cikin kwayar halittar.
Pampas suna fuskantar barazanar farauta da farauta, asarar gidaje saboda cuta a cikin dabbobi da dabbobin daji, aikin noma, gasa tare da sabbin dabbobin da aka gabatar da kuma yawan wuce gona da iri. Kasa da kashi 1% na mazauninsu ya kasance.
Tsakanin 1860 da 1870, takardu na tashar jirgin ruwa ta Buenos Aires kawai sun nuna cewa an shigo da fatun barewa miliyan biyu zuwa Turai. Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, lokacin da aka shimfida hanyoyi ta hanyar Kudancin Amurka - pampas - motocin sun ba wa mafarauta sauƙi su sami barewa. An kuma kashe su saboda abinci, don dalilai na kiwon lafiya, da kuma wasanni.
Mazaunan sun kawo gagarumar fadada aikin noma, yawan farauta da cuta zuwa ga barewar pampas tare da gabatar da sabbin dabbobin gida da na daji. Wasu masu mallakar filaye sun keɓe wasu daga cikin dukiyoyinsu don ajiyar dawa da kuma kiwon dabbobi maimakon tumaki. Tumaki sun fi yuwuwar yin kiwo a ƙasa kuma suna da babbar barazana ga barewar pampas.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Yaya barewar pampas take
Dangane da Lissafin Lissafin IUCN, yawan adadin dokin pampas tsakanin 20,000 zuwa 80,000 ne. Ana samun mafi yawan jama'a a cikin Brazil, tare da kusan mutane 2000 a cikin yankin arewa maso gabashin Cerrado na muhalli da kuma mutane 20,000-40,000 a cikin Pantanal.
Hakanan akwai ƙididdigar yawan jinsunan barewar pampas a cikin yankuna masu zuwa:
- a cikin jihar Parana, Brazil - ƙasa da mutane 100;
- a cikin El Tapado (Sashen Salto), Uruguay - mutane 800;
- a cikin Los Ajos (sashen Rocha), Uruguay - mutane 300;
- a cikin Corrientes (sashen Ituzaingo), Argentina - mutane 170;
- a cikin lardin San Luis, Argentina - mutane 800-1000;
- a Bahia de Samborombom (lardin Buenos Aires), Argentina - mutane 200;
- a Santa Fe, Argentina - ƙasa da mutane 50.
Dangane da ƙididdiga daban-daban, kusan barewar Pampas 2,000 ta rage a cikin Ajantina. Wannan babban adadin ya kasu kashi-kashi a cikin rukunin yawan jama'a 5 da ke kewayen lardin Buenos Aires, San Luis, Corrientes da Santa Fe. Yawan jama'ar kananan kamfanoni O.b. Leucogaster, wanda aka samo a Corrientes, shine mafi girma a ƙasar. Wannan rukunin ƙananan yan kaɗan ne a cikin Santa Fe, kuma baya nan a sauran lardunan biyu. Dangane da mahimmancin sa, lardin Corrientes ya ayyana barewar pampas a matsayin wani abin tarihi, wanda ba kare dabbobi kawai yake ba, har ma yana kare mazaunin sa.
Yanzu haka an rarrabu da barewar pampas a matsayin masu haɗari, wanda ke nufin suna iya zama cikin haɗari a nan gaba, amma a halin yanzu akwai wadatattun su don ba su cancanci zama masu haɗari ba.
Kariya daga barewar pampas
Hoto: Pambar barewa daga littafin Red
Theungiyar kiyayewa a Ibera Nature Reserve a lardin Corrientes na Argentine suna aiki don canza yanayin da ke faruwa a cikin yanki da asarar dabbobi a cikin yankin ta hanyar kiyayewa da kuma dawo da yanayin halittu na cikin gida da halayen su na flora da dabbobi. Na farko a cikin jerin abubuwan fifiko shine sake dawo da barewar Pampas da aka lalata cikin gida zuwa wuraren kiwo na Iberiya.
Shirin maido da pamas na Iberian yana da manyan manufofi guda biyu: na farko, dan daidaita yawan mutanen da ke akwai a yankin Aguapey, wanda yake kusa da wurin ajiyar, kuma abu na biyu, don sake samar da wadatattun mutane a cikin ajiyar kanta, ta haka ne yake fadada yawan dabbobin dawa. Tun daga shekara ta 2006, ana gudanar da ƙididdigar lokaci-lokaci na yawan barewar pampas don tantance rarrabawa da yalwar nau'in a cikin yankin Aguapea. A lokaci guda kuma, an bunkasa ci gaba, an shirya tarurruka tare da masu shanu, an kirkiro kasidu, fastoci, almanacs da fayafai na ilimi, har ma an shirya wasan kwaikwayo na yara.
Tare da taimakon flora da fauna na Argentina, an halicci keɓaɓɓen yanayi mai girman hekta 535 don adanawa da yaɗa dusar pampa. An kira wurin ajiyar Guasutí Ñu, ko ofasar Deer a cikin harshen asali na Guaraní. Shine yanki na farko mai kariya wanda aka keɓe don keɓewar barewar pampas a yankin Aguapea.
A cikin 2009, ƙungiyar likitocin dabbobi da masana kimiyyar halittu daga ƙasashen Argentina da Brazil sun kammala kamawa na farko da canja wurin barewar pampas a Corrientes. Wannan ya taimaka wajen dawo da yawan jinsunan a cikin San Alonso Nature Reserve, a wani yanki mai girman hekta 10,000 na makiyaya mai inganci. San Alonso yana cikin keɓaɓɓun Yankin Ibera. Yawan barewar nan a San Alonso ita ce ta biyar da aka sani a cikin ƙasar. Tare da karin San Alonso zuwa kasar da ke da kariya, yankin da aka tanada don tsaurara matakan kiyayewa a Ajantina ya ninka har sau hudu.
Barewar Pampas ya kasance mai yawan ziyartar makiyaya a Kudancin Amurka. A zamanin yau, duk da haka, waɗannan sassauƙan, matsakaiciyar barewar barewa an iyakance su ne ga ƙananan tsirarun al'ummomi a duk inda suke. Dauren pampas 'yan asalin ƙasar Uruguay, Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina da Bolivia. Adadin namun daji pamas yana raguwa, kuma akwai abubuwa da dama da zasu iya yuwuwa, gami da cututtukan da dabbobin gona suka addaba, wuce gona da iri da kuma rage musu mazauni saboda fadada aikin gona.
Ranar bugawa: 11/16/2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 09/04/2019 da 23:24
