Akwai adadi mai yawa na kwari daban-daban a duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutane da yaduwa sune 'ya'yan itace gardama... Wadannan ƙananan kwari sun san kowa. Ba lallai ne ku jira tsawon lokacin bayyanar su ba idan akwai 'ya'yan itace da suka ɗanɗana ko kaɗan sun ruɓe a cikin gidan. Ko da wasu 'yan kwanaki sun isa ga dukkan tarin' ya'yan kwari masu 'ya'ya da za su bayyana a kan rabin cinyewar peach ko apple.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Drosophila tashi
Flyaunar fruita fruitan itace na iya farawa a kowane gida, kuma a cikin kayan marmari ko ɗakunan ajiya na fruita inan itace, a cikin shaguna, mazauni ne na dindindin. Wannan dabbar ta saba da duk wani mai lambu da mai lambu. Irin wannan kuda yana da matukar damuwa, yana da matukar wahalar kawar dashi. Duk da wannan, ƙudajen 'ya'yan itace suna da daraja sosai ga masana kimiyya. Su kayan kimiyya ne na musamman. Ana gudanar da gwaje-gwaje da gwaje-gwajen kimiyya daban-daban akan wannan dabba a yau.
Bidiyo: Drosophila tashi
Ana kiran flya fruitan flya differentlya daban: fruitananan flya fruitan itace, flya fruitan itace, fruita ,an itace, fruita fruitan itace gama gari. A cikin Latin, sunan yana kama da Drosophila melanogaster. Kwaro ne mai fuka-fuka-fuka-fuka-fukai biyu, wani nau'ikan matsakaici ne na jinsi irin na Drosophila. Drosophila na cikin babban dangin kuda.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Drosophila yana da sunaye daban-daban da laƙabi. Mutanen suna kiran waɗannan kwarin giya ko ruwan inabi. Wannan saboda gaskiyar cewa suna saurin gano tushen ƙanshin 'ya'yan itace mai tsami. Saboda haka, akwai irin waɗannan dabbobi da yawa a cikin masana'antu da tsire-tsire daban-daban don samar da ruwan 'ya'yan itace da samar da ruwan inabi.
A yau akwai varietiesan varietiesan nau'ikan varietiesa fruitan 'ya'yan itace. Masana kimiyya sun kirga sama da jinsuna dubu. Yawancin jinsunan suna rayuwa ne a cikin yanayin yanayin zafi da yanayin zafi. Musamman, fiye da nau'ikan nau'ikan ɗari uku na irin wannan kwari suna rayuwa a Tsibirin Hawaiian kaɗai. A yankin Tarayyar Rasha, kwari daya ya fi kowa - 'ya'yan mara tashi.
Tashi na Drosophila yana da fasali masu zuwa:
- abincin da ya ƙunshi kayan ƙanshi;
- babban ƙwarewa ga ƙanshi mai ƙanshi;
- haihuwa - mace daya na iya yin kwai da yawa a tsawon rayuwarta;
- kasancewar bayyananniyar bambance-bambancen gani tsakanin mata da maza.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Yaya flya fruitan itace ke kama
Ana kiran tashi Frosophila kuda da 'ya'yan itace saboda dangantaka ta musamman da kayan lambu da kuma' ya'yan itace. Abu ne mai sauki a gane kwaron.
Yana da wasu halaye na waje:
- karami. Wannan karamar tsaka ce. Matsakaicin tsayin kwari kusan milimita biyu ne. Haka kuma, fikafikatan sun fi jiki tsawo koyaushe. Matan sun dan fi girma. Matsakaicinsu tsayi shine milimita biyu da rabi;
- haske da fitattun idanu. Drosophila na da kumburi, jajayen idanu. Sun ƙunshi adadi mai yawa. Tabbas, gansu da ido yana da matsala ga mutum. Zai yiwu a yi la’akari da irin wannan fasalin wannan ƙaramin ƙwaron ne kawai idan an faɗaɗa shi ƙwarai;
- launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa-kasa-kasa. Launin launuka daban-daban na iya bambanta kaɗan - zama mai haske ko duhu;
- bristle tare da ƙarshen iyakar. Wannan fasalin ya zama ruwan dare ga kudajen namiji;
- mai zagaye ko ciki mai ciki. Abun ciki mai juzu'i na al'ada ne ga maza, kuma mafi zagaye - ga mata;
- takwas ingantattu tergites a cikin mata. Maza suna da shida ne kawai daga cikinsu, saboda an haɗa tergites biyu tare;
- kasancewar farantin chitinous masu ƙarfi. Duk da kankantar su, wadannan kwari suna da kwarin guiwa mai karfi a cikin faranti. Mata suna da mafi yawan irin waɗannan faranti, kuma a cikin maza Drosophila ba a haɓaka platinum huɗu.
Bayyanar kwari na Drosophila ya dogara da yanayin ba kawai. Zai iya canzawa ya danganta da yanayin yanayi, muhalli da kuma abincin dabbobi. Hakanan ya kamata a tuna cewa waɗannan kwari manyan matafiya ne. Galibi suna ƙaura daga wata ƙasa zuwa wata a cikin 'ya'yan itace da kayan marmari. A wannan yanayin, matsakaitan shekaru na iya ɗan canza launinsu da halayensu.
A ina 'ya'yan itacen ke tashi?
Hoto: Drosophila ya tashi a Rasha
Don wanzuwa da haifuwa na tashiwar Drosophila, wasu sharuɗɗa sun zama dole. Wannan kwaron yana bukatar yanayi mai dumi. Ba zama a cikin ƙasashe masu sanyin hunturu da lokacin bazara masu sanyi ba. Waɗannan matsakaitan suna buƙatar dumi, don haka suna jin sun zama cikakke a cikin wurare masu zafi da kuma subtropics. Kudajen Drosophila sun yadu a inda zafin iska baya sauka kasa da digiri Celsius goma a kowace rana.
Don rayuwa a waje, tashiwar Drosophila yana buƙatar zafin jiki na iska tare da digiri goma sha shida. A zafin jiki na digiri goma sha takwas, wannan kwaron na iya rayuwa na kimanin wata ɗaya. Idan tsarin zafin jiki ya fi girma (sama da digiri 25), to, an rage tsawon rai. Koyaya, a wannan yanayi, kudaje masu fruita fruitan itace suna hayayyafa cikin sauri. Hakanan, yawan irin wadannan dabbobi na ƙaruwa sosai a lokacin da suke da tsananin ɗanshi. A saboda wannan dalili, tsibiran wurare masu zafi tare da yawan ruwan sama suna da yawan yawan ƙudajen Drosophila.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Kudajen Drosophila kanana ne amma suna da tauri sosai. Zasu iya kasancewa a cikin mawuyacin yanayi na muhalli. A saboda wannan dalili, koyaushe sun kasance kuma yanzu abubuwa ne masu mahimmanci don binciken nazarin halittu. Wadannan dabbobin sun ma kasance zuwa tashoshin sararin samaniya da jiragen ruwa.
Wannan nau'ikan kwari na 'ya'yan itace ya yadu ko'ina cikin duniya. Ana samun tashiwar Drosophila a ko'ina inda kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itace ke girma, kuma yana zuwa wasu yankuna tare da kayan da aka shigo dasu. Tana zaune da yawa a kudancin Rasha. Fiye da nau'ikan nau'ikan irin waɗannan ƙudaje suna rayuwa a Tsibirin Hawaiian. Kasashen arewacin ne kawai za a iya keɓancewa daga mahalli na asali, inda yanayin yanayin ƙarancin yanayi ke ci gaba tsawon shekara.
Menene 'ya'yan itacen kuda ke ci?
Hoto: Namiji Drosophila ya tashi
Fauren Frua Fruan itace, kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, mazauna ne na dindindin a wuraren da ake ajiye kayan lambu da fruitsa fruitsan itace. Suna nan da yawa a manyan ɗakunan ajiya, shagunan kayan lambu, shaguna, kasuwanni. Kuma tuni daga waɗannan wuraren sun shiga cikin gine-ginen zama, gidajen abinci da kuma gidaje. Kudajen Drosophila suna samun abincinsu a waɗannan wuraren.
Furewar ruwan inabin, wanda bai fi milimita uku ba tsayi, yana da kyakkyawan ci. Yana ciyar da ruwan tsire-tsire, tarkacen tsire-tsire, ɓatattun sassan 'ya'yan itacen. A matakin matakin larvae na Drosophila, suma suna cinye ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Abincin cin abincin manyan kwari na kwari sun hada da: albasa, dankali, apples, kwayoyi, cherries, inabi, kabewa, hatsi, jams, adana, kayan kwatankwacin 'ya'yan itace, da yawa.
Wadannan kayayyakin ba wai kawai a matsayin abinci bane, har ma a matsayin wurin kiwo. A gaban tsarin yanayin zazzabi mai dacewa da bayyanar kayan ƙanshi, ƙudajen Drosophila sun fara haɓaka cikin ƙwazo. Yana da matukar wahalar ma'amala da irin wadannan kwari, musamman a manyan rumbunan adana kaya, inda yake da wahalar samu da kuma kawar da dukkan 'ya'yan itace ko kayan marmari da suka lalace. Yana da sauki don kawar da matsakaitan matsakaitan shekaru a gida. Ya isa ya hana ta wadatar abinci. Ya kamata koyaushe ku sake nazarin kayan marmari, 'ya'yan itãcen marmari, hatsi, fitar da datti a kan kari kuma sau da yawa wanke kwantena don adana abinci.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Drosophila tashi a yanayi
Fauren itaitan itace suna da ban haushi, kwari masu fuskata. Tsawon rayuwarsu takaitacciya ce, don haka waɗannan matsakaitan shekarun suna hanzarin barin zuriya da wuri-wuri. Guraren giya suna rayuwa duk inda 'ya'yan itace, kayan marmari, ragowar su, ruwan inabi, jam da sauran kayayyakin abinci suka kasance. Dukan rayuwar waɗannan dabbobin suna faruwa ne a cikin gidaje, gidaje masu zaman kansu, a shagunan giya, a ɗakunan ajiya da shaguna da yawa.
'Ya'yan itacen kumburi suna da matukar damuwa ga abinci mai ƙanshi. Idan irin wannan sun bayyana a wani wuri, to a nan gaba kadan ya kamata muyi tsammanin samuwar cikakken taro na matsakaitan matsakaitan shekaru. Haka kuma, kudaje suna rayuwa kuma suna hayayyafa ba tare da la'akari da lokacin ba. Baya ga vinegar, 'ya'yan itace masu guba, kayayyakin lalata, waɗannan kwari suna da tsananin ɗaci. Sau da yawa sukan zauna a cikin tukwane na filawa, a cikin furanni a waje, da kuma cikin wasu kayan lambu na kwalliya. Dalilin bayyanar midges shine yawan ban ruwa na shuke-shuke.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Drosophila ba wai kawai cutarwa ba ne, amma har ma da fa'idodi ga mutane. Sau da yawa ana amfani dasu a cikin karatu daban-daban. Misali, ana amfani da su ne wajen kwaikwayon wasu cututtukan mutane. A yayin gudanar da irin wadannan karatuttukan, kusan kashi 61 cikin 100 na sakonnin da ke tsakanin cututtuka da tsarin kwayar halittar kwaron.
Harshen ayyukan Drosophila yana tashi a cikin yanayin yanayi yana tare da tsawon kimanin awanni ashirin da huɗu. Koyaya, masana kimiyya sun samo kwarkwaro da salon rayuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba - suka motsa, suka ci abinci suka huta a lokuta daban-daban. Midges ba sa rayuwa na dogon lokaci - bai wuce kwana ashirin ba. Tsawon rayuwarsu ya dogara da dalilai da yawa: yanayin zafin jiki, abinci, nau'in kwari, yanayin zafi.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: kwaro mai tashi da kwaro mai suna Drosophila
'Ya'yan itacen kwari kwari ne masu gajeren shekaru. A mataki goma sha shida sama da sifili, waɗannan dabbobin suna rayuwa ne kawai kwanaki goma. A saboda wannan dalili, jikinsu yana haɓaka cikin sauri, ƙuda fruita fruitan itace mata na iya yin ƙwai a zahiri bayan haihuwarsu - a rana ta biyu ko ta uku. Gwararrun mata masu haihuwa ne. Suna riƙe ikon su na haifuwa a tsawon rayuwarsu.
Mace tana yin ƙwai kai tsaye kan 'ya'yan itace, kayan marmari, da ragowar su. Qwai suna da ƙanana. Tsawonsu bai wuce milimita 0.5 ba. Suna da siffa mai tsayi. Mace Drosophila na iya yin ƙwai har zuwa tamanin a lokaci guda. Kuma a tsawon rayuwa, yawan ƙwai da mutum ɗaya ya yi na iya kaiwa ɗari da yawa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Mata na Drosophila na bukatar mating daya kawai da namiji don yin kwai sau da yawa. Gaskiyar ita ce, wannan kwaron yana iya adana maniyyi don amfanin shi daga baya.
Tsarin ci gaba da haɓakar larvae ya dogara da abincin su. Bayan haihuwa, tsutsa suna rayuwa akan saman tayin. Zasu iya rayuwa a cikin yanayin ruwa ba tare da nutsuwa ba saboda ɗakunan ruwa na musamman. Tsawon tsutsa ɗaya galibi milimita uku da rabi ne. Launin jikinsu fari ne. Wani lokaci bayan haihuwa, tsutsa tana tsalle, bayan kwana hudu sai wani baligi ya fito daga jaririn.
Drosophila ya tashi daga abokan gaba
Photo: Yaya flya fruitan itace ke kama
Kudajen Drosophila ƙananan ƙananan kwari ne waɗanda ke da takamaiman wuraren zama. Saboda wannan dalili, ba su da abokan gaba na zahiri. A cikin mazaunin halitta irin waɗannan dabbobi gizo da gizo-gizo ne kawai ke iya kai musu hari, wasu ƙwari masu farauta. Sauran masu farauta, kamar su tsuntsaye, na iya cin abinci akan tsutsu. Koyaya, wannan yana faruwa da ƙyar.
Ana iya kiran shuke-shuken kwari maƙiyin ɗan Adam na Drosophila. Suna cin kwari iri-iri kuma kwari 'ya'yan itace banda banda haka. A wannan yanayin, fruita fruitan itace liesa independan kansu suna biɗar da kansu ga haɗari, suna tashi kai tsaye zuwa ga abokan gaba. Aroanshi na musamman wanda yawancin tsire-tsire masu ƙwayoyin cuta ke fitarwa suna jan hankalin su. Wani lokaci irin waɗannan tsire-tsire suna da girma musamman a cikin gida don kawar da matsakaitan matsakaici da sauri. Yawancin ire-iren waɗannan shuke-shuke na gida suna da kyau da sauƙin kulawa.
Hakanan, babban makiyin ƙudaje 'ya'yan itace mutane ne. Midges suna zama a cikin abinci, kusa da gwangwani, a cikin tukwanen filawa. Ana samun su da yawa a shagunan kayan lambu, ɗakunan ajiya har ma da shaguna. Mutane suna ƙoƙarin kawar da ƙuda 'ya'yan itace ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Suna amfani da maganin feshi na musamman, suna aiwatar da tsaftacewa gabaɗaya, suna yin tarko sama da girke-girken jama'a.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Fruita fruitan 'ya'yan itacen da suka manyanta ba sa cutar mutane. Koyaya, waɗannan kwari basu da lahani sosai. Vawayoyin su, waɗanda ke shiga cikin jiki da abinci, suna da ikon haifar da miasms na hanji.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Drosophila tashi
Iyalin 'ya'yan itace flya isan itace ɗayan kwari mafi yawa a duniya. Fiye da nau'in kwari sun riga sun san cewa suna nan. Flyaunar fruita flya isa isan itace nau'ikan jinsin mutane ne. Mazauninsa ya hada da kusan dukkanin duniya, ban da wuraren da yanayin zafin iska ya kasance mara kyau a duk shekara. A wasu yankuna, wannan dabbar tana rayuwa koyaushe, a wasu - yana samun sa'a tare da abincin da aka shigo da shi.
'Ya'yan itacen kwari kwari ne wanda yawan su bai haifar da wata damuwa ba. Yana da karko kuma dabbar ba ta fuskantar barazanar halaka. Wannan kwaro yana da yawa, yana ninka cikin sauri kuma yana iya daidaitawa har ma da yanayin mahalli mai wahala. A wani lokaci, mace daga thea fruitan itace laysa laysan itace sun fi larvae sama da hamsin. Ta ci gaba da ninkawa har zuwa ranar karshe. A lokacin rayuwar ta ta kankane, mace na iya yin kwai da yawa.
Soananan lardo na Drosophila suna da ƙimar rayuwa, suna ci gaba cikin sauri kuma sun zama manya. Duk wannan yana bawa irin wannan kwarin damar kula da yawan jama'a. Hatta tabarbarewar yanayin rayuwar muhalli da amfani da magungunan ƙwari iri-iri a gonar bai shafi irin waɗannan matsakaitan ba.
Faunan Frua Fruan itace ofan ƙanana kuma shahararrun kwari a doron ƙasa. Suna ninka cikin sauri akan rubewar kayan lambu ko 'ya'yan itatuwa. Yana ɗaukar a zahiri kwanaki kaɗan don ɗimbin ɗimbin ƙananan, fruitan itace masu ban haushi don bayyana akan cizon apple. Duk da zagon kasa 'ya'yan itace gardama kwaro ne mai ban sha'awa wanda tabbas ya cancanci ƙarin koyo game dashi.
Ranar bugawa: 20.10.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 11.11.2019 a 11:58
