Garkuwa (Triopsidae) ƙirar jinsi ce ta ƙananan crustaceans daga yankin Notostraca. Wasu jinsunan ana daukar su a matsayin burbushin halittu masu rai, wanda asalin su ya samo asali ne zuwa karshen lokacin Carboniferous, watau shekaru miliyan 300 da suka gabata. Tare da kadoji na kofaton doki, shchitni sune tsoffin jinsuna. Sun kasance a duniya tun lokacin dinosaur, kuma basu canza ba kwata-kwata tun daga lokacin, sai dai raguwar girma. Waɗannan su ne tsoffin dabbobi a yau.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Shchiten
Notostraca da ke yankin ya hada da iyali daya Triopsidae, kuma jinsi biyu ne kawai - Triops da Lepidurus. A cikin shekarun 1950, an gano nau'ikan garkuwa guda 70. Yawancin jinsin halitta an bayyana su dangane da bambancin yanayin halittu. Akwai mahimman sake dubawa biyu game da rabe-raben iyali - Linder a 1952 da Longhurst a 1955. Sun bita da yawa kuma sun gano nau'ikan 11 ne kawai a cikin zuriya biyu. An karɓi wannan harajin shekaru da yawa kuma ana ɗaukarsa akida.
Bidiyo: Shchiten
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Karatun da aka gudanar kwanannan ta hanyar amfani da kwayoyin halittar sun nuna cewa gomman mutane goma sha daya da ake dasu yanzu suna dauke da yawan mazauna kebabbu.
Garkuwa wani lokaci ana kiranta "burbushin halittu", saboda burbushin mallakar yankin an samo su a cikin duwatsu na lokacin Carboniferous, a wani wuri, shekaru miliyan 300 da suka gabata. Wani jinsin da ke nan, garkuwar crustacean (T. cancriformis), bai canza ba a zahiri tun zamanin Jurassic (kimanin shekaru miliyan 180 da suka gabata).
Akwai burbushin garkuwoyi da yawa a cikin kewayon ma'adanai. Rashin canje-canje masu zurfin tunani wanda ya faru a cikin iyali sama da shekaru miliyan 250 da wanzuwar waɗannan dabbobi, yana nuna cewa har yanzu ana ganin dinosaur a cikin wannan garkuwar. Kazachartra rukuni ne da ya ɓace, wanda aka sani kawai daga burbushin Triassic da Jurassic daga Yammacin China da Kazakhstan, suna da alaƙa da Garkuwa kuma suna iya kasancewa cikin tsarin Notostraca.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Yaya shiten yake
Garkuwan suna da tsayin cm 2-10, suna da karapace mai fadi a bangaren gaba da kuma dogon ciki, sirara. Wannan yana haifar da sifa mai kama da tadpole. Karape ɗin ya zama shimfida ƙarfi kamar yadda yake, santsi. Gaban ya hada da kai, da idanu biyu masu duwatsu da ke hade a kan kambin kai. Nau'in eriya guda biyu suna raguwa sosai, kuma na biyun wani lokacin baya nan gaba ɗaya. Cavities na baki suna ɗauke da wasu eriya masu ƙafa guda ɗaya kuma babu muƙamuƙi.
Matsakaicin gefen scutellum, yana nuna sama da ƙafafu 70 ƙafa. Jikin ya ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na “zobban jiki” waɗanda suke kama da sassan jiki, amma ba koyaushe ke nuna rabuwa na asali ba. Zobba na farko na goma sha ɗaya a jikin sun haɗa haƙarƙarin kuma ɗauke da ƙafafu biyu, kowane ɗayan kuma yana da buɗewar al'aura. A cikin mace, yana canzawa, yana zama "jakar kuruciya". Legsafafu na farko ko biyu sun bambanta da sauran kuma mai yiwuwa suna aiki azaman gabobin ji.
Sauran sassan sun zama ramin ciki. Yawan zoben jiki ya banbanta a tsakanin jinsi da tsakanin jinsuna daban-daban, kuma adadin nau'i-nau'i na ƙafafu biyu da zobe na jiki na iya kaiwa shida. Theafafu suna karami karami a hankali tare da ciki, kuma a cikin bangarorin karshe ba su nan. Ciki ya ƙare a cikin telson da wasu dogayen sirara, raƙuman ruwa, rassa masu haɗin gwiwa da yawa. Yanayin telson ya banbanta tsakanin jinsi biyu: a cikin Lepidurus, tsinkayen da aka zagaya ya fadada tsakanin ramuka na caudal, yayin da a cikin Triops babu irin wannan tsinkayen.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Wasu nau'ikan suna da ikon juya launin ruwan hoda lokacin da ake samun yawan haemoglobin a cikin jininsu.
Launin garkuwar ya fi sau da yawa launin ruwan kasa ko launin toka-mai rawaya. A gefen da ke kusa da ciki, dabbar tana da kananan abubuwa masu kama da gashi (kimanin 60), wadanda ke motsawa a hankali kuma su ba wa mutum damar kai abinci zuwa baki. Maza da mata sun bambanta a duka girman su da ilimin halittar su. Mazaje suna da ɗan harsashi mai ɗan tsayi kuma suna da eriya mafi girma na sakandare waɗanda za a iya amfani da su azaman matsewa yayin kiwo. Bugu da kari, matan na da ’yar kwai.
Yanzu kun san yadda garkuwa take. Bari mu ga inda aka samo wannan ɓawon burodi.
Ina garkuwar take?
Hotuna: Shiten gama gari
Ana iya samun garkuwa a Afirka, Ostiraliya, Asiya, Kudancin Amurka, Turai (gami da Burtaniya), da sassan Arewacin Amurka inda canjin yanayin yake daidai. Wasu ƙwai ba su da tasiri daga ƙungiyar da ta gabata kuma suna kyankyashewa idan ruwan sama ya yi ɗumi a yankinsu. Wannan dabbar ta natsu da yanayin rayuwa a duk nahiyoyi ban da Antarctica. An samo shi a mafi yawan tsibirai a cikin Pacific, Atlantic, Indian Oceans.
Mazaunin garkuwar yana cikin:
- Eurasia, nau'ikan 2 suna zaune a ko'ina: Lepidurus apus + Triops cancriformis (garkuwar bazara);
- Amurka, jinsuna kamar su Triops longicaudatus, Triops newberryi, da sauransu an yi rikodin su;
- Ostiraliya, akwai nau'ikan rabe-rabe da yawa ko'ina, a ƙarƙashin sunan haɗin Triops australiensis;
- Afirka, ya zama gida ga nau'in - Triops numidicus;
- jinsunan Triops granarius sun zabi Afirka ta Kudu, Japan, China, Rasha da Italiya. Ana samun garkuwoyi a ko'ina cikin duniya a cikin ruwan sha mai kyau, ruwa mai ƙyalƙyali, ko ruwan gishiri, haka kuma a cikin manyan tabkuna, wuraren peat, da kuma filayen ruwa. A cikin farfajiyar shinkafa, ana daukar Triops longicaudatus a matsayin kwaro domin yana shayar da lakar, yana hana haske isa ga shukokin shinkafar.
Ainihin, ana samun garkuwa a ƙasan dumi (a matsakaita 15 - 31 ° C) jikin ruwa. Sun kuma fi son zama a cikin ruwa mai yawan gaske kuma ba za su iya jurewa da pH da ke ƙasa ba 6. Ruwan da suke zaune dole ne su riƙe ruwa na tsawon wata ɗaya kuma ba za su sami canje-canje mai mahimman yanayi ba. Da rana, ana iya samun garkuwa a cikin ƙasa ta tafkin ko cikin kaurinsa, tonowa da tattara abinci. Suna son binne kansu cikin daddare da daddare.
Me garkuwar ke ci?
Hotuna: Garkuwar Crustacean
Garkuwa suna da komai, suna kuma mamayewa azaman masu cin karensu babu babbaka, suna cin duk dabbobin da basu fi su ba. Kowane mutum yana son fifita dabba akan tsire-tsire, amma zai ci duka biyun. Kwayoyin tsutsar kwari, da kuma zooplankton daban-daban, su ma batun zafin abincin su ne. Sun fi son tsutsan sauro a kan sauran tsutsayen kwarin.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Lokacin da suke karancin abinci, wasu nau'ikan gemu na cin naman yara ta hanyar cin yara ko amfani da hanyoyinsu wajen tace abinci a bakinsu. Nau'o'in thrips longicaudatus sun kware sosai wajen taunawa a kan tushe da kuma ganyen tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire kamar shinkafa.
Ainihin, garkuwa suna a ƙasan, suna ruri a ƙasa don neman abinci. Suna aiki a kowane lokaci, amma don lokacin nishaɗi mai amfani suna buƙatar haske. Ya faru cewa garkuwoyin suna kan saman ruwa, sun juye juye. Ba a bayyana abin da ke tasiri ga wannan ɗabi'ar ba. Ba a tabbatar da ka'idar farko ta rashin isashshen oxygen ba. Ana lura da irin wannan halayyar a cikin shtitrai a cikin ruwa mai wadataccen oxygen. Wataƙila, ta wannan hanyar, dabba tana neman abinci, ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda aka tara a farfajiya.
Wasu kwayoyin cututtukan parasitic na jinsi Echinostome suna amfani da T. longicaudatus a matsayin mahaukaciyar kwayar halitta. Bugu da kari, ana samar da karin abubuwan gina jiki sakamakon ci gaba da wannan kwalliyar a cikin sashin kandami da haɓaka laka. An san Shitney da rage girman yawan sauro ta hanyar cinye tsutsa.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Garkuwan bazara
Garkuwa nau'ikan nau'ikan keɓaɓɓu ne; ana samun mutanensu daban a wurare daban-daban na jikin ruwa. Wannan saboda yanayin tsinkaye mafi girma wanda ke faruwa yayin da suke cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi. Waɗannan ƙananan ɓawon burodi suna amfani da kayan haɗi waɗanda ake kira phyllopods don ciyar da kansu gaba cikin ruwa. Suna motsawa koyaushe cikin yini kuma ana samun su suna iyo a cikin ruwan ruwa.
Waɗannan ɓawon burodi suna da kayan masarufi waɗanda ke ba su damar haƙa cikin laka don neman abinci. Sun fi aiki a rana. Bincike ya nuna cewa shtitti na iya rage yawan saurin rayuwa a wasu lokuta lokacin da abinci ya yi karanci ko kuma yayin da sauran yanayin muhalli ba su da kyau. Suna zubewa koyaushe, musamman galibi suna zubar da ƙwarjin ƙuntatuwarsu tun suna ƙuruciyarsu.
Suna iya amfani da idanunsu don gano abinci da abokan hulɗa (idan haifuwa ta auku ta hanyar jima'i). Bayan idanun akwai dorsal, occipital sashin jiki, wanda akasari ana amfani dashi don kara kuzari, ma'ana, don tsinkayar abubuwan da suka shafi sinadarai a cikin jiki ko a cikin muhalli.
Garkuwa suna da ɗan gajeren rayuwa, a cikin daji da kuma cikin fursuna. Matsakaicin rayuwarsu a cikin daji shine kwanaki 40 zuwa 90, sai dai idan ruwan wucin gadi ya bushe da wuri. A cikin bauta, yana iya rayuwa a matsakaita daga kwanaki 70 zuwa 90.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Biyu na garkuwa
A cikin yankin Notostraca, har ma tsakanin jinsuna, akwai manyan bambance-bambance a yanayin kiwo. Wasu al'umman suna haihuwa ta hanyar jima'i, wasu kuma suna nuna takin kan mace, kuma wasu kuma hermaphrodites ne da ke hada dukkan jinsunan. Sabili da haka, yawan saurin maza a cikin jama'a ya bambanta ƙwarai.
A cikin yawan jima'i, maniyyi ya fita daga jikin mutum ta cikin pores masu sauki, kuma azzakarin baya nan. Sigar mace ce daga mace, sa'annan a riƙe ta a cikin yar jaka mai kama da kwano. Mace ne kawai ke rike da duwawun na wani karamin lokaci kafin kwanciya, kuma tsutsar tsutsar ta ci gaba kai tsaye ba tare da ta hanyar metamorphosis ba.
Mace na riƙe ƙwai a cikin jakar kwai na awanni da yawa bayan haɗuwa. Idan yanayi yayi kyau, mace zata sanya farin kwai / gyambo a wasu kayan kwalliya da ake gabatarwa a cikin kandami. Idan yanayi bai yi kyau ba, mace na gyara ƙwai don su shiga cikin yanayin bacci kuma ba za su ƙyanƙyashe ba har sai yanayin ya inganta. A kowane hali, matakin larva na farko bayan sakawa shi ne metanauplii (matakin larva na crustacean).
A wannan matakin farko, launukan lemu ne masu launuka iri biyu da ido ɗaya. Bayan 'yan sa'o'i kadan, sun rasa asalinsu kuma telson ta fara zama cikin tsari. Bayan wasu awanni 15, tsutsa ta sake rasa asalin ta kuma fara kama da ƙaramar samfurin garkuwar.
Yaran yara suna ci gaba da narkewa da girma cikin 'yan kwanaki masu zuwa. Bayan kwana bakwai, ɓawon burodi zai ɗauki launi da fasalin babban mutum kuma zai iya yin ƙwai saboda ya isa balaga.
Abokan gaba na garkuwar
Hotuna: Yaya shiten yake
Waɗannan ƙananan ɓawon burodi sune asalin tushen abinci ga tsuntsayen ruwa. Yawancin jinsunan tsuntsaye suna cin ganyayyaki da manya. Kari kan haka, kwadi na itace, da sauran nau'ikan kwadin, galibi suna cin abincin shittocks. A wasu lokuta lokacin da abinci yayi ƙaranci, waɗannan ɓawon burodi na iya komawa ga cin naman mutane.
Don rage hangen nesa na intraspecific, scutellids sun kasance suna kaɗaici, sun zama marasa manufa da rashin gani kamar manyan rukuni. Launin launin launin ruwan nasu kuma yana yin kamanni ne, yana haɗuwa da laka a ƙasan kududdufinsu.
Babban mafarautan da suke farautar shtiten sune:
- tsuntsaye;
- kwadi;
- kifi
Garkuwa ana daukar kawancen mutane ne a kan Yammacin Yammacin cutar yayin da suke cinye tsutsa daga sauro Culex. Hakanan ana amfani dasu azaman makamai masu guba a cikin Japan ta cin ciyawa a cikin filayen shinkafa. T. cancriformis shine mafi yawan amfani dashi don wannan dalili. A cikin Wyoming, kasancewar T. longicaudatus yawanci yana nuna kyakkyawan dama na ƙyanƙyashin kwan.
Yawancin lokuta ana siyar da jatan kwatankwacin ruwa a cikin akwatin kifaye kuma suna cin abinci wanda ya ƙunshi galibi da karas, prilts da busasshen jatan lande. Wani lokaci ana ciyar dasu da shrimp live ko daphnia. Tunda suna iya cin komai, suma ana basu abincin rana na yau da kullun, masu fasa, dankali, da sauransu.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Shchiten
Babu wani abu da ke barazanar jama'ar shtitney. Su mazaunan duniyar duniyar ne kuma shekarun da suka gabata sun saba da rayuwa cikin mawuyacin yanayi. Kusoshin garkuwar suna motsawa daga nesa mai nisa ta dabbobi ko ta iska, don haka faɗaɗa kewayon su da hana fitowar jama'a keɓe.
Lokacin da yanayi mai kyau ya faru, kawai wani ɓangare na cysts na yawan jama'a zai fara haɓaka, wanda ke ƙaruwa da damar rayuwa. Idan manya masu tasowa suka mutu ba tare da sun bar zuriya ba, sauran cysts na iya ƙoƙarin sake farawa. Ana sayar da busassun cysts na wasu nau'ikan bijimin a cikin kayan kiwo kamar dabbobin kifin.
Daga cikin masu sha'awar kumburi, shahararrun su ne:
- Nau'in Ba'amurke - T. longicaudatus;
- Na Turai - T. cancriformis
- Ostiraliya - T. australiensis.
Sauran jinsunan fursunoni sun hada da T. newberryi da T. granarius. Siffofin Red (albino) sun zama ruwan dare gama gari tsakanin masu sha'awa kuma sun zama jarumai na yawancin bidiyon YouTube. Garkuwa ba su da kyau a cikin abun ciki. Babban abin da ya kamata a tuna shi ne cewa suna buƙatar yashi mai kyau a matsayin ƙasa, kuma ba sa bukatar a ajiye su kusa da kifin, saboda suna iya cin ƙananan kifi, kuma manyan za su cinye su.
Garkuwa - tsoffin dabbobi, wanda a cikin Triassic ya kai tsawon mita biyu. A cikin manyan ruwa, sun zama muhimmin ɓangare na sarkar abinci. Ya kamata a tuna cewa suna iya cutar da soya da ƙananan kifi, da sauran sauran ɓawon burodi.
Ranar bugawa: 12.09.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 11.11.2019 a 12:13
