Ourasarmu tana da mazaunan amphibians daban-daban. Daya daga cikin mafi ban sha'awa wakilan wannan aji na dabbobi shine na kowa triton Wannan karamar halitta ce wacce talakawa ke yawan rikita shi da toads da kadangaru. Koyaya, waɗannan nau'ikan nau'ikan amphibians ne daban-daban, waɗanda basu da siffofi da yawa na yau da kullun. Kuna iya samun ƙarin bayani game da sababbi na yau da kullun, halayen su da halayen su a cikin wannan ɗaba'ar.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Photo: Na gama gari newt
Sabbin sababbin wakilai wakilan manyan aji ne na dabbobi: "Amphibians". Wannan nau'ikan sababbi ne daga jinsin sabbin sababbi, wanda ake ɗauka ɗayan mafi yawa da yaduwa a duniya. A Latin, sunan dabba yana kama da "Lissotriton vulgaris". A karo na farko Karl Linnaeus, sanannen ɗan asalin ƙasar Sweden ya lura da shi kuma ya bayyana shi. Kuma hakan ya faru ne a shekarar 1758. Sabbin, gami da na talakawa, sun sami suna don girmama allahn Triton. Wannan allahn galibi ana nuna shi ne yana hawa dabbar dolfin, ɗan nutsar da shi cikin raƙuman ruwa na teku.
Bidiyo: Common Newt
Yadda ake ganewa da banbanta sabon abu daga sauran masanan amfaniyan? Ana iya yin hakan ta hanyoyi da yawa. Sabbin gama gari kadan ne. Tsayinsa da wuya ya wuce santimita goma. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin santimita goma, fiye da rabi ya shagaltar da wutsiya. Fatar irin wannan triton yana da ɗan hatsi ko mai laushi ƙwarai, an zana shi a cikin koren zaitun ko inuwar launin ruwan kasa tare da ƙananan wuraren duhu. Wannan jinsin ya banbanta da dangin dangi na kusa sabo sabo da kasancewar ratsi mai tsawo a saman launi mai duhu, wanda ke gefen bangarorin.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Sabon abu na yau da kullun, duk da kyawawan kyawun sa da ƙaramin sa, yana da haɗari ga dabbobi da yawa. Fatar wannan amphibian tana fitar da guba mai saurin kisa. Sinadarin baya yin barazana ga mutane, amma ga dabbobin da ke da jini da yawa suna iya mutuwa. Irin wannan guba kusan a take take kawar da dukkan platelets da ke cikin jini, wanda ke haifar da kamawar zuciya.
Wani sabon abu ƙarami ne, ba mai son birgewa da rashin ɗa'a ba. Yana da mashahuri sosai tare da masu ilimin ruwa, saboda haka akan ajiye shi a gida sau da yawa. Tsayawa da irin wannan dabbar a gida bashi da wahala ko kadan. Babban aikin mutum shine ƙirƙirar da kula da yanayin da ya dace: haske, ƙasa, cikawa da girman terrarium, abinci mai gina jiki. Bayar da yanayi masu dacewa, mutum zai iya mallakar kyawawan dabbobin da zasu rayu aƙalla shekaru ashirin.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Common newt cikin ruwa
Sabon na yau da kullun yana da halaye na halaye na waje masu yawa:
- karami. Tsawon jikin wannan dabba bai wuce santimita goma ba - maza koyaushe sun fi mata girma. Santimita goma - wannan yana la'akari da wutsiya, wanda shine akalla rabin jimlar duka;
- santsi, ƙasa da sau - fata mai laushi mai laushi. Launin fata na iya zama launin ruwan kasa, zaitun. Cikin ciki koyaushe ya fi haske baya: rawaya ko lemu mai haske. Akwai tabo masu duhu a jiki, kuma a kan kai akwai ratsi mai duhu a gefunan;
- ingantattun gabobi. Sabon yana da ƙafa huɗu masu tsayi iri ɗaya. Pairafafun kafa na gaba suna da yatsu uku ko huɗu, kuma bayan na baya yana da biyar. Paafafun ƙafafun na ba wannan dabba damar yin iyo sosai, suna yawo a ƙasan tafkin ba tare da matsala ba. A kan ƙasa, sababbin sababbin abubuwa ke gudana kaɗan-kaɗan;
- rashin gani sosai, amma kyakkyawan yanayin wari. Manya za su iya gane abin farautar su da mita ɗari biyu daga nesa;
- haƙora haƙoranta. Suna cikin sama a cikin layuka biyu masu layi daya. Hakoran sun dan rarrabu kaɗan a wata 'yar kusurwa. Wannan tsarin hakoran na taimakawa dabbar ta rike wanda aka yiwa lamuransa da kyau a cikin bakinsa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Sababbin gama gari suna da sifa ta musamman - suna iya maido da gabobin jikinsu gaba ɗaya, idanunsu ko gabobinsu.
A ina ne sabon sabon yake zaune?
Photo: Na kowa sabon yanayi
Mixed deciduous gandun daji sun dace da rayuwar talaka sabon. Wadannan dabbobin suna rayuwa kuma suna kiwo a tsayayyun tafkunan ruwa. A ƙasar da suke ɓoye a cikin daji, ana iya samunsu a wuraren shakatawa, lambuna, belin daji. An kauce wa wuraren budewa. Sabbin gama gari halitta ce ta gama gari. Yana zaune kusan ko'ina. Iyakar abin da aka keɓance sune wasu yankuna: Crimea, kudancin Faransa, Portugal, Antarctica, Spain. Mahalli na asali ya dogara da ƙananan ƙananan abubuwan da aka saba.
Akwai ragi bakwai:
- Yankin Yana zaune a Girka, Macedonia, Albania da Bulgaria;
- Schmidtler's Triton. Ana iya samun sa ne kawai a yammacin Turkiyya;
- Ampelny. Haka kuma ana kiranta innabi. Tana da ƙaramar ƙofar dorsal, tana zaune a arewa maso yammacin Romania;
- Cosswig's Triton. Shi ma mazaunin Turkiyya ne. Kuna iya saduwa da irin wannan dabba a gefen kudu maso yamma;
- Lissotriton vulgaris vulgaris. Wannan jinsin sunaye ne. Shine yafi kowa yawa. Wurin da yake zaune ya faro daga Ireland zuwa yammacin Siberia. Bambance-bambancen irin wannan dabbar ita ce babbar dorsal dorsal, mai tsinkayen wutsiya;
- Kudu gama gari newt. Wurin da yake zaune shi ne Slovenia, arewacin Italiya, kudancin Faransa;
- Triton Lanza. Yana zaune a kudancin Rasha, arewacin Armenia, Azerbaijan da Georgia.
Yanzu kun san inda sabon abu yake zaune, bari muga me zai ci.
Menene sabon abincin yake ci?
Hoto: Sabon gama gari a Rasha
Sabbin gama gari ƙananan ne amma masu saurin saurin rayuwa. Su ƙwararrun masu ninkaya ne, ƙafafunsu na motsi ne, suna da yatsu, wanda ke basu damar saurin matsawa ƙarƙashin ginshiƙan ruwan da ke ƙasan tafkin ba tare da wata matsala ba. Wadannan yara farauta kusan koyaushe cikin nasara. Zasu iya ci gaba da cin abincin da sauri, kuma ƙoshin su yana basu damar jin shi ko da ɗaruruwan mitoci ne. Bugu da kari, sababbi na gama gari suna da baki mai karfi tare da layuka biyu na hakora. Tare da taimakonsa, dabbar cikin sauƙin ke riƙe da abincin.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Abu ne mai wahala ka rarrabe namiji da mace na sabon sabon abu. A lokuta na al'ada, irin wannan bambancin shine girman girman dabba kawai. Maza sun fi mata girma kaɗan, amma har ma wannan gaskiyar dabara ce. Koyaya, yayin lokacin saduwa, bambancin jinsi ya fi bayyana. A wannan lokacin, tudu yana bayyana a bayan maza.
Abinci na kowa sabon ya hada da:
- kayan kwalliya;
- larvae na kwari da sauran invertebrates;
- kifin caviar;
- tadpoles;
- slugs da tsutsotsi na duniya;
- ƙwayoyin ƙwaro;
- makamai masu sulke;
- tsakiya.
Abu mafi ban sha'awa shi ne cewa sababbi yana da ƙarfi sosai a cikin ruwa. A kan ƙasa, suna ɗan cin kaɗan. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin ruwa, cikin cikinsu kusan kashi casa'in cikin ɗari cike da ruwa, kuma a ƙasa - kashi sittin da biyar ne kawai. A gida, abincin dabbobi ya ɗan bambanta. Irin waɗannan amphibians ana ciyar dasu da tsutsar ciki, kwari da jini, da kifin kifin na akwatin kifaye.
Koyaya, ya zama dole a kiyaye kuma a ciyar da sababbi gama gari sosai. Musamman, yashi ko ƙananan duwatsu kada a sanya su a cikin terrarium. Yayin cin abincin, dabbar na iya hadiye yashi sannan kuma akwai yiwuwar cewa sabon zai mutu daga toshewar hanji.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Sabon sabo daga littafin Red
Sabbin samfuran da aka saba dasu suna cikin ruwa ne da kuma tushen ƙasa. Suna da kwazazzabai da huhu waɗanda ke ba su kwanciyar hankali a ƙasa da cikin ruwa. Wannan dukiyar ta ƙasa tana taimaka wa waɗannan dabbobin su rayu a lokacin fari lokacin da tafkin ya kafe. Gabaɗaya, ana iya raba salon rayuwar gama gari zuwa matakai biyu: hunturu da bazara. A cikin hunturu, ayyukan jinsin salamander ya zama ƙasa ƙwarai. Sabbin hibernate a kan tudu, suna neman tsari a gaba.
Ko sauƙaƙen tarin ganye ya dace da sabon sabon. Amma mafi kyawun zaɓi shine burrow da aka watsar. Kusan sau da yawa, sababbi suna yin hibernate tare da waɗanda ke karnukan su. Winarfafawa a cikin rukuni yana ƙara wa dabbobin damar rayuwa. Za a iya samun sama da manya talatin a cikin rukuni. Lokacin da yanayin zafin jiki ya sauko ƙasa da sifili, sababbi suna daskarewa, sun daina motsi.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Mutane da yawa sun san cewa sabbin abubuwa na yau da kullun suna da fa'ida ga mutane. Waɗannan ƙananan halittu suna kashe sauro da yawa. Suna cin su duka a matakin larval da kuma cikin girma.
A lokacin bazara, koda a yanayin zafi da ke ƙasa da digiri goma a ma'aunin Celsius, sababbi sukan farka bayan sun daskare kuma su koma ruwa. Ruwa a wannan lokacin yana da sanyi sosai, amma sababbi suna jure wannan yanayin zafin sosai. A lokacin bazara, sababbi na yau da kullun suna aiki da dare. Ba sa son haske mai haske, an daidaita su da zafi sosai. Da rana, ana iya ganin irin wannan dabba kawai a lokacin ruwan sama. Mafi yawancin lokuta, sababbi suna rayuwa a cikin kananan garken tumaki, kowane daya daga cikinsu yana da manya uku zuwa hudu.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Common newt karkashin ruwa
Farkon lokacin saduwa ya yi daidai da lokacin barin mafakan hunturu. Da zaran sababbi na yau da kullun sun sake komawa cikin ruwa a bazara, fara wasannin wasannin mating kai tsaye. A cikin tafkunan ruwa, namiji da mace a hankali suna kusantar juna, yin iyo tare. A wannan lokacin, wakilin mai ƙarfin jima'i yana ƙoƙari ya bugi ƙaunataccensa da jelarsa da ƙarfi. Wani lokaci bayan irin waɗannan wasannin, dabbobin suna yin aure.
Lokacin kiwo yayi tsawo. A wannan lokacin, sabuwar mace tana kula da sa ƙwai masu yawa. Wasu lokuta lambar su tana cikin ɗaruruwan kuma tana iya kaiwa ɗari bakwai. Mace a hankali masks kowannensu sun ɗora kwayayen. Ta sa shi a kan ganyen shukar da ke nitsewa cikin ruwa sannan ta nade shi. Ta wannan hanyar, tana sarrafa ƙirƙirar wata jaka. A ciki, ana kiyaye ingantaccen zuriyar nan gaba, saboda ana riƙe ganyen da aka ninka saboda sandar ƙwai.
Hanyar balarabar kwayar halittar bayan kwana goma sha biyar. Sannan larvae tare da jela sun fito daga gare su. Tsutsa tana da tsayi kamar milimita bakwai. Ranar farko ta rayuwa, tsutsa ba ta cin abinci har ma tana kokarin kada ta bayyana a sararin samaniya. Sai kawai a rana ta biyu bakinta ya tsinke, yana ba ta damar fara cin abinci. Bayan kamar makonni uku, tsutsa tana da ƙafafu, kuma bayan watanni biyu da rabi, tsutsa ta zama babba sabuwa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cikin yankuna masu yanayi mai ɗumi, zuwa kaka, larvae suna samun cikakkiyar sifar manya. A arewacin mazaunin halitta, tsutsa ba su da lokacin da za su bi duk matakan ci gaba, sabili da haka suna hunturu da gill na waje.
Abokan gaba na sababbin sabo
Hoto: Sabon gama gari a Rasha
Sabbin gama gari sune kanana kuma kusan basuda kariya. Suna da mafi girman adadin rayuwa ne kawai a cikin bauta. A gida, waɗannan dabbobin za su iya kaiwa shekaru ashirin da takwas ba tare da matsala ba. Kusan bazai yuwu a samu wani baligi irin na wannan zamanin a cikin daji ba. Matsakaicin tsawon rai a cikin fursuna a cikin sabobin shekaru goma sha huɗu ne kawai. Daya daga cikin dalilan wannan babban banbancin shine kasantuwar adadi na makiya na hakika.
Mafi yawan abokan gaba na sabobin sabo suna kwanto cikin ruwa. Wannan ba abin mamaki bane, saboda waɗannan amphibians suna ɗaukar lokaci mai yawa a cikin ruwa. Kusan dukkan nau'ikan dabbobin da ke rayuwa a cikin ruwa ba sa son cin abinci a kan sababbi.
Mafi munin makiya sun hada da:
- dangi na kusa Duk da alaƙar kai tsaye, sababbi da suka fi girma suna cin ƙananan. Misali, sabbin sau da yawa ana ganinsu a cikin wannan;
- kwadi. Amphibians ƙwararrun mafarauta ne. A gare su, sababbin abubuwa ne masu sauƙin ganima;
- kifi Perch, Pike, irin kifi da sauran kifaye da yawa sun afkawa manyan masanan da ke cin abinci ko cin abinci akan tsutsarsu;
- macizai da macizai. Suna da dabara suna kama sababbi marasa gani kuma suna hadiye su kwata-kwata;
- tsuntsaye da wasu dabbobin da ke rayuwa a doron ƙasa. Sabbin samari ba kasafai suke bayyana a duniya ba. Amma idan sun je wurin, sun zama cikin sahun dabbobi da tsuntsaye, saboda a duniya sababbi masu rikitarwa ne. Ba sa ƙyamar cin abinci a kan raƙuman ruwa, masu launin toka, malarla.
Koyaya, ba duk sababbi na kowa bane yake da kariya. Yawancin ragi da yawa suna da fata mai guba sosai. Misali, sabon launin rawaya mai dauke da bel akan murfinsa yana dauke da guba mai yawa wanda ya isa ya kashe kananan sanduna dubu ashirin da biyar.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Na gama gari newt
Sabbin gama gari suna da yawan haihuwa. A wani yanayi na saduwa, mata na iya yin kwai kusan ɗari bakwai. A mafi yawancin yankuna na rayuwa, wannan dukiyar tana bawa dabbobi damar kula da daidaituwar yawan jama'a. Koyaya, har ma da yawan haihuwa a wasu yankuna ba zai iya ceton halin da ake ciki ba kuma a yau a cikin ƙasashe da yawa yawan mutanen sabuwar ya ragu ƙwarai.
Menene dalilin raguwar kaɗan yawan waɗannan masanan?
Akwai manyan abubuwa da yawa:
- gajeren lokaci A cikin bauta, sabon ba zai wuce shekaru goma sha huɗu ba. Akwai dalilai da yawa kan hakan. Mafi mahimmanci shine rashin abinci, fari da rauni ga maƙiyan ƙasa. Sabbin gama gari ba su da yawa, basu da ƙarfi sosai, basu da gani sosai kuma suna da nutsuwa a ƙasa. Duk wannan yana ba su sauƙin ganima;
- gurbatar jikin ruwa. Ruwa mai datti, sharar ɗimbin yawa - duk wannan yana hana dabbobi gidan su da abinci;
- sauyin yanayi da yanayin yanayi a wasu yankuna na mahalli na asali. Yawancin tafkunan ruwa suna malalewa kuma a hankali suna ɓacewa. Canjin yanayi shima yana cutar da sabbin mutane. Wadannan dabbobin ba su dace da zafin rana ba.
Kariyar sababbin sabo
Hotuna: Sabon sabo daga littafin Red
Sabuwar sabuwa abu ne mai ƙanƙanci amma mai amfani. Yana taimakawa wajen sarrafa yawan sauro. Wadannan amphibians suna cin sauro, gami da wadanda ke da matukar hadari ga mutane - malaria. Zuwa yau, yawan waɗannan dabbobin masu amfani ya ragu ƙwarai, musamman a wasu yankuna. A cewar masana kimiyya, dalilai da yawa sun rinjayi wannan, amma babban ana kiransa gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwan sha da muhalli.
Saboda raguwar ƙarancin sababbi gama gari, an saka su a cikin Littattafan Bayanai na Red data na Azerbaijan da Rasha. A Switzerland, Burtaniya, an san wannan nau'in da ƙarancin gaske. A Suwitzilan, yawan sabbin abubuwa sun ragu saboda yawan magudanar ruwa. A cewar alkaluman hukuma, kimanin kashi saba'in cikin dari na ruwa a duk fadin kasar sun malale. Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa yawan irin waɗannan amphibians ɗin ya ragu da sau huɗu. Kuma akwai matukar raguwar dabbobi a cikin kankanin lokaci wanda masana kimiyya suka damu matuka.
Hakanan, sabon sabo a yau yana ƙarƙashin kariyar Yarjejeniyar Berne. Sabbin abubuwa ne masu amfanida yawa. Don kiyayewa da dawo da yawan su, ya zama dole a kiyaye ruwayen da ake dasu, a kare ciyayi dake kusa dasu da inganta yanayin muhalli a yankuna masu matsala.
Nau'in gama gari - daya daga cikin karami wakilan danginsa. Wannan kyakkyawar dabba ce kyakkyawa wacce aka ba ta keɓaɓɓen ikon rayuwa cikin ruwa da ƙasa.Sabbin wannan nau'in suna da fa'ida sosai ga mutane, suna lalata sauro mai haɗari da tsutsa. A yau, sababbi gama gari suna buƙatar kulawa ta musamman daga mutane, saboda yawansu yana raguwa kowace shekara.
Ranar bugawa: 07/19/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 25.09.2019 a 21:41
