Bokoplav dabbar ɓawon burodi mai ɗauke da tsarin kifin kifi mafi girma (Amphipoda). Gabaɗaya, kusan nau'ikan itacen crustaceans 9000 sanannu ne waɗanda ke rayuwa a ƙasan teku da sauran gabobin ruwa a duniya. Yawancin yawancin ɓawon burodi na wannan tsari suna zaune a yankin bakin teku kusa da hawan igiyar ruwa, suna iya fita zuwa gaɓar tekun. Hakanan kuma a cikin wannan tsari ana wakiltar siffofin parasitic, ƙwarin whale nasu ne.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Bokoplav
Bocoplav (Amphipoda) sune maɓuɓɓugar fata waɗanda ke cikin rukunin manyan kifin kifi zuwa umarnin amphipods. A karo na farko, wannan masanin ya bayyana ne ta hanyar masanin ilmin kimiya na Faransa Pierre André Latreuil a cikin 1817. Wannan umarnin ya hada da fiye da nau'in 9000 na crustaceans. Bokoplav tsoffin halittu ne na da, an san cewa wadannan crustaceans suna zaune cikin benthos na tekuna da ruwa mai kyau a farkon zamanin Dutse na zamanin Paleozoic, wannan kusan shekaru miliyan 350 kenan da suka gabata.
Bidiyo: Bokoplav
Koyaya, saboda rashin carapace, ragowar waɗannan dabbobin da kyar suka rayu; samfuran 12 ne kawai na tsohuwar tsari aka sani. Burbushin tsohuwar amphipods da suka rayu a zamanin Eocene sun wanzu. Wadannan burbushin sun wanzu har zuwa yau albarkacin amber. Wata tsohuwar dabba ta faɗo cikin digon ambar kuma ba zata iya fita daga gare ta ba, kuma saboda wannan yanayin ne kawai zamu iya sanin cewa waɗannan halittu sun rayu a zamanin Paleozoic.
A cikin 2013, an bayyana amphipod wanda ya rayu a zamanin Triassic na zamanin Mesozoic, kusan shekaru miliyan 200 ya girmi samfurin na baya.
Amfani ne na nau'in Rosagammarus minichiellus a cikin shekarar da wannan gungun masana kimiyya suka bayyana shi a ƙarƙashin wakilin Mark McMenamin. A halin yanzu, al'umman crustacean suna da bambancin gaske. Hakanan wasu ƙwayoyin planktonic an haɗa su cikin wannan tsari.
Bayyanar da kwatancin
Hotuna: Yadda amphipod yake
Bocoplavas ƙananan ƙananan ɓawon burodi ne. Girman mutum matsakaici yakai 10 mm kawai, amma, akwai kuma manyan mutane kusan 25 mm a girma, amma da wuya. Wakilan ƙananan jinsunan amphipods suna da ƙananan kaɗan kuma girman su bai wuce mm 1 kawai ba.
Jikin amphipods yashafa kai tsaye. Babban bambanci tsakanin amphipods da sauran ɓawon burodi shine rashin carapace. A kan kirjin, bangaren gaba yana hade da kan. Representedafafu a sashi na farko suna wakiltar haƙar ƙafa. Gabobin hannu a kirjin suna da tsari daban. Akwai manyan pincers na gaba akan gabobi da gaba. Ana buƙatar waɗannan yatsun don su riƙe abinci. Nau'i biyu masu zuwa sun ƙare da ƙusoshi. Sai kawai a kan ƙusoshin gaba ana tura su gaba, kuma ƙusoshin baya suna fuskantar baya.
Godiya ga waɗannan faratan, dabbar zata iya tafiya cikin sauƙi tare da mai tushe. Gills yana tsakanin tsakanin 2nd da 7th thoracic segment. Ciki amphipod ya kasu kashi da yawa - yazama mai kyau. Kowane ɗayan sassan ya haɗa da sassan 3. A jikin bangarorin masu kyaun gani, akwai mayukai, gabobi masu rassa biyu masu hidimar iyo.
Uropods-bebs suna kan tsakaitaccen abu, saboda abin da crustacean zai iya tsalle sama da sauri da sauri tare da bakin kogin tare da kasan tafkin. Urepods suna da ƙarfi sosai. Hanjin hanji da dubura ne suka wakilci tsarin.
Ina amphipod yake rayuwa?
Photo: Bokoplav a cikin kogin
Bocoplavs halittu ne gama gari. Suna rayuwa ne kusan a cikin dukkanin ruwa mai tsafta, a tekun, a gindin tekuna. Bugu da kari, yawancin amphipods ma suna rayuwa a cikin ruwan karkashin kasa. Ana iya samun su a cikin maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da rijiyoyin Caucasus, Ukraine a yammacin Turai.
Yankin Ingol-fiellidea yana zaune a cikin ruwan Afirka, kudancin Turai da Amurka. Hakanan wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan wadannan kayan kwalliyar suna rayuwa ne a sassan yashi a gabar Peru, Channel da kuma Gulf of Thailand. Nau'in Gammarus pulex, G. kischinef-fensis, G. balcanicus. Suna zaune a tafkunan Ingila, Moldova, Jamus da Romania. A cikin ƙasarmu, waɗannan ɓawon burodi suna rayuwa a kusan dukkanin jikin ruwa.
Ruwan amphipods yana rayuwa a cikin tekun Azov, Black da Caspian. A cikin kogin Volga, Oka da Kama suna rayuwa ne a cikin nau'ikan halittu da yawa: Niphargoides sarsi, Dikerogammarus haemobaphes, Niphargoides sarsi. A cikin tafkin Yenisei da Angarsk akwai fiye da nau'in 20 na waɗannan ɓawon burodi. Da kyau, mafi yawan fauna a cikin Tafkin Baikal. A ƙasan Tafkin Baikal, nau'ikan crustaceans 240 suna rayuwa. Dukkanin ɓawon burodi suna rayuwa a ƙasan jikin ruwa kuma suna rayuwa irin ta planktonic.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A ƙasan Kogin Oka kawai a ƙarancin hanyar sa, akwai kusan mutane dubu 170 na jinsi Corophium a kowane murabba'in mita na ƙasa.
Yanzu kun san inda aka samo amphip din. Bari muga me yake ci.
Me amphipods ke ci?
Hotuna: Crustacean amphipod
Kusan dukkanin amphipods suna da komai.
Babban abincin amphipods ya haɗa da:
- shuke-shuke a karkashin ruwa (duka sassan rai da wadanda suka mutu);
- ragowar kifi da sauran dabbobi;
- share fage;
- ruwan teku;
- kananan dabbobi.
Hanyar da kuke ci na iya bambanta. Waɗannan crustaceans suna cizon manyan abinci tare da taunawa kuma suna fasa cikin ƙananan gunduwa. Muƙamuƙan ƙarfi suna riƙe ɓangaren abinci kuma suna hana su faɗuwa daga bakin. Wasu nau'in amphipods suna ciyarwa ta hanyar tace abin da aka dakatar da raƙuman ruwa ya kawo. Wadannan kullun suna zaune a bakin tekun. Lokacin da suka ji cewa kalaman suna motsi daga bakin tekun, kifin kifayen da ke ɓoyewa a cikin ƙasa sai kawai ya ɗan jingina daga gare ta, idan aka fallasa ƙasa, sai ɓawon burodi ya shiga cikinsa gaba ɗaya, don haka nau'in Niphargoides maeoticus yakan ciyar.
Rustungiyoyin ɓaure na jinsunan Corophiidae, Leptocheirus da Ampeliscidae suna ciyarwa ba tare da barin gidajensu ba. A can, waɗannan dabbobin za su fara laka saman ƙasar da lamuran baya na eriya. Algae da kwayoyin cuta sun shiga cikin ruwan, kuma cutar sankara tana tace ruwan ta hanyar ratsawa ta hanyar sadarwar da ke kan gaba. Masu farauta tsakanin amphipods sune awakin teku.
Wadannan ƙananan crustaceans suna kai hari ga ƙaramin dangi, tsutsotsi, jellyfish. Amphipods na Planktonic na jinsin Lysianassidae suna rayuwa akan jellyfish kuma suna tafiyar da salon rashin lafiya. Wani nau'in parasitic na amphipods Cyamidae whale lice. Waɗannan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suna rayuwa a kan kifin whales kusa da dubura kuma suna cin abinci akan fatar whale, suna gurnani da ulcers mai tsanani.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Bokoplav
Yawancin amphipods suna jagorancin salon rayuwa ta ruwa. Da rana, suna zaune a gindin tafki, da daddare, waɗannan ƙananan ɓawon burodi suna sauka a kan ƙasa kuma suna iya rarrafe tare da rairayin bakin teku don neman abinci. Yawanci suna cin ruɓaɓɓen algae, wanda aka wanke bakin ruwa a cikin igiyar ruwa. Da rana, masu ɓawon burodi suna komawa cikin tafki ko ɓuya a cikin ƙasa, suna kiyaye gill ɗin daga bushewa.
Kamar yawancin kifin kifi, amphipods suna numfasawa tare da gill.An huda faranti na gill tare da ƙananan jirgi waɗanda suke riƙe danshi kuma wannan yana ba masu ɓawon burodi zuwa ƙasa. 'Yan Crustaceans suna da ikon ban mamaki don zirga-zirgar sararin samaniya, har ma suna nesa da ruwa suna iya tantance ainihin inda suke buƙatar dawowa.
Wasu amphipods suna neman busassun itace da rassa, suna cin bishiyar bishiyar da ƙura. Ampodods masu fa'ida, awakin teku suna ɓuya a tsakanin manyan ciyawar kusan kowane lokaci. Suna farautar ganima na dogon lokaci suna zaune a wuri guda ta hanyar ɗaga ƙananan hanunsu na gaba, da zaran ta ga abin farautar da ƙarfi sai su far mata.
Lice Whale na rayuwa mai rikitarwa, kuma suna cinye kusan rayuwarsu duka a kan kifayen da ke cin fatarsu. Ananan ƙananan ɓawon burodi da ke zaune a bakin teku suna tafiyar da rayuwa mai kwanciyar hankali. Wasu kusan ba sa fitowa daga burukan su, suna ciyar da hanyar tacewa koyaushe suna haƙa ƙasa.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Ciwon daji amphipod
Bokoplavs halittun maza ne masu maza da mata. Jima'i dimorphism galibi ana bayyana shi sosai. Dogaro da jinsin, mazan na iya zama sun fi mata girma, ko akasin haka. A cikin dangin Gammaridae, maza sun ninka mata yawa. Iyalin Leptocheirus, a gefe guda, suna da mata fiye da maza. Mata masu balaga da jinsi iri daban-daban suna da 'yar jaka.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Ci gaban halayen jima'i na maza a cikin amphipods saboda kasancewar kwayar halitta ta musamman wacce aka ɓoye ta gland androgenic endocrine gland. Sanya dashen wadannan jijiyoyin zuwa ga mace ya haifar da lalacewar kwayayen mata a cikin gwaji.
A cikin amphipods Gammarus duebeni, ana sanin jinsin zuriya ne da yanayin zafin da ƙwai ke girma. A lokacin sanyi, an kyankyami maza; a lokacin dumi, ana haihuwar mata. Tsarin jima'i a cikin amphipods yana ɗaukar kwanaki da yawa. Namiji yana matsawa a bayan mace, yana riƙe da gefuna na baya da na baya na ɓangaren ƙwaya na biyar na mace tare da ƙafafunsa masu ƙarfi cikin tsammanin narkewar.
Bayan narkewar, sai miji ya matsa zuwa cikin mace kuma ya dunkule kafafun na ciki tare, yana tura su sau da yawa a tsakanin faranti na bayan burodin buzu. A wannan lokacin, ana sakin maniyyi daga kofofin al'aura. Ana jigilar maniyyi a cikin bursa tare da taimakon ƙafafun ciki. Bayan awanni 4, mace ce ake saka ƙwai a cikin wannan jakar kuma nan da nan sai su haɗu. A cikin nau'ikan amphipods daban-daban, yawan ƙwai da mace take yi ya bambanta. Yawancin mata suna yin ƙwai 5 zuwa 100 a cikin dabbar ta hanyar aure ɗaya.
Amma wasu nau'ikan sun fi haihuwa, alal misali, Gammara-canthus loricatus har zuwa kwai 336, Amathillina spinosa har zuwa 240. Amfanin Farin Tekun Fari mafi inganci Apopuchus nugax bayan hada guda daya, mace tana dauke da amfrayo dubu. Yana ɗaukar kwanaki 14 zuwa 30 kafin ƙananan ɓawon burodi su bar jakar uwa.
Ananan ɓawon burodi suna girma cikin sauri, suna rayuwa game da molts 13. Yawancin nau'ikan amphipods suna yin kiwo ne a lokacin dumi, amma, amphipods na jinsin halittar Anisogammarus suna kyankyashe kwayayensu a duk lokacin hunturu, kuma a lokacin bazara ana haihuwar kananan crustaceans. Matsakaicin rayuwar amphipods yana da shekaru 2. Wakilan nau'in Niphargus orcinus virei sun fi rayuwa; za su iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 30, amma a matsakaita suna rayuwa kimanin shekaru 6.
Abokan gaba na amphipods
Hotuna: Menene amphip yayi kama?
Babban maƙiyan amphipods sune:
- kifi;
- whales da kisa
- kunkuru;
- mink;
- kuliyoyi;
- karnuka;
- muskrat;
- kwadi da sauran amphibians;
- kwari da tsutsarsu;
- arachnids;
- tsuntsaye (galibi bututun sandp).
Bokoplav yan kanana ne kuma kusan basuda kariya. Saboda haka, waɗannan ɓawon burodi suna da makiya da yawa a cikin mahalli na asali. Saboda wannan, crustaceans suna ƙoƙari su jagoranci rayuwa mai sauƙi ko secreasa. A cikin koguna, amphipods ana farautar su da eels, burbot, perch, roach, bream da sauran kifi da yawa. Ana ɗaukar Eels a matsayin maƙiyan maƙiya mafi haɗari na waɗannan ɓawon burodi, saboda waɗannan kifayen koyaushe suna haƙa ƙasa kuma a sauƙaƙe suna hawa cikin ramin crayfish.
A gabar tsuntsayen kifayen kifayen dabbobi da dabbobi masu shayarwa suna kwanto. Amma mafi yawan amphipods basa mutuwa daga fadawa cikin yanayin yan cin nama, amma daga cututtuka. Kuma mafi haɗari daga cikinsu shine annobar crayfish. Cutar ita ce ke kashe dubunnan ɓaure a kowace shekara. Crustaceans da cututtukan parasitic suna wahala, har ma waɗannan ƙananan halittun parasites ne. Mafi kyaun crustaceans waɗanda suka sami rauni, ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban suna hanzarta ninka raunuka.
Gurbacewar jikin ruwa shima yana daga cikin abubuwan da basu dace ba. Bocoplavas yana da matukar damuwa game da shigar abubuwa masu cutarwa cikin ruwa; an san al'amuran mutuwar mutane da yawa a cikin wuraren gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Bokoplav
Bocoplavas sune mafi yawan ajin crustaceans. Wannan aji ba ya buƙatar kariya ta musamman. Ba shi yiwuwa a iya bin diddigin yawan mutane saboda yawan dunkulen crustaceans na nau'ikan jinsuna da ke rayuwa a cikin dukkanin jikin ruwa. Waɗannan ƙananan ɓawon burodi suna jin daɗi a cikin daji, suna dacewa da yanayin muhalli da yawa kuma suna saurin ninkawa da sauri.
An halatta kamun kifin don amphipods Caughtananan ƙananan ɓawon burodi a cikin ƙasarmu ana kama su ta hanyar da ba ta dace da muhalli ba. Naman Krill abinci ne mai daɗi da gina jiki mai wadataccen bitamin da kuma ma'adanai. Yawancin nau'ikan amphipods ana amfani dasu azaman kama a cikin kamun kifi. Masunta suna amfani da jig don kamun kifi don cincin, bream, irin kifi da sauran nau'ikan kifaye.
Bokoplav tsari ne na ainihi na tafkunan ruwa. Wadannan kananan crustaceans suna cin ragowar gawarwakin dabbobi, shuke-shuke masu lalacewa, plankton. Wato, duk abin da ƙwayoyin cuta masu haɗari da cuta ke iya ninkawa cikin nasara. Yayin ciyarwa, waɗannan ɓawon burodi suna tsarkake ruwa, suna mai da shi tsabta da bayyane. Kututtukan ɓawon burodi na tsara yawan jellyfish da sauran halittun da suke farauta.
Duk abin da za a yi don amphipods shi ne sanya ido kan tsabtace magunan ruwa, girka wuraren ba da magani a kamfanoni da tabbatar da cewa babu wani abu mai hadari da guba da zai shiga cikin ruwan.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Ana kuma kiran Bokoplavov fleas na teku, amma ba kamar ƙwarin ƙasa ba, waɗannan halittun ba sa cutar mutane da dabbobi masu shayarwa.
Bokoplav wata halitta mai ban mamaki wacce take zaune da ruwa mai yawa a duniya. Dubunnan ƙananan ƙananan ɓawon burodi suna rayuwa a cikin kowane ruwa. Duk da ƙaramarta, waɗannan halittu ne masu sauƙin fahimta waɗanda ke jagorancin rayuwa mai aiki. Sun san yadda ake iyo sosai, kuma suna saurin tafiya rairayin bakin teku masu yashi ta amfani da tsalle. Wani lokaci akan kwatanta wadannan kananan halittu da ungulu, saboda dabi'ar su ta cin mushe. Crustaceans suna da mahimmiyar rawa a cikin yanayin halittar, saboda suna tsari ne na jikkunan ruwa kuma abinci ne ga adadi mai yawa na dabbobi dake karkashin ruwa, dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsuntsaye.
Ranar bugawa: Satumba 15, 2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 11.11.2019 da 12:00
