Tarpan

Pin
Send
Share
Send

Tarpans - nau'in mustang na Eurasia. Sun zauna kusan dukkanin nahiyar, suna dacewa da mawuyacin yanayin rayuwa a Yammacin Siberia. Waɗannan matsakaitan matsakaitan dawakai sun zama magabatan wasu daga cikin nau'in dawakan gida na zamani.

Asalin jinsin da bayanin

Hotuna: Tarpan

Tarpans sune dadaddun kakannin zamanin da yawa. A zahiri ana fassara kalmar "tarpan" a matsayin "don tashi gaba", wanda ke magana akan tasirin farko na mutane lokacin da suka kalli waɗannan dawakai. Waɗannan dawakai ne na daji, waɗanda aka keɓaɓɓu a cikin gida kuma aka kiwata su don samun sabbin kiɗa.

Tarpan yana da rabe biyu:

  • gandun daji sun zauna a yankunan daji. Suna da kyakkyawar jiki da doguwar ƙafa ƙafa, amma a lokaci guda suna da gajarta. Wannan kundin tsarin mulkin ya baiwa dawakai damar hanzarta zuwa gudu mai sauri, masu gudu daga maharan;
  • steppe tarpans sun kasance mafi tsayi da dawakai masu yawa. Ba su da niyyar gudu, amma sun yi ta aunawa ta fadin filin. Godiya ga ƙafafun ƙafafunsu, suna iya tsayawa kan ƙafafunsu na baya kusa da bishiyoyi, suna kaiwa har zuwa ganyen bishiyun akan rassan.

Akwai nau'i biyu game da asalin tarpan. Na farko shine tarpans dawakai ne na gida. Sau ɗaya sun tsere kuma sun sami nasara ta hanyar inbreeding, wanda ya haifar da kamanni na musamman ga tarpan.

Bidiyo: Tarpan

Joseph Nikolaevich Shatilov, masanin kimiyyar halittu kuma masanin kimiyyar da ya lura da wadannan dawakai ya karyata ka'idar dawakan feral. Ya ja hankali da cewa tarpans ba su da cututtukan kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke halayyar dabbobi idan an haye su sosai; ya kuma gano ƙananan raƙuman ruwa guda biyu, waɗanda ke da ɗan bambanci kaɗan daga juna, amma a lokaci guda suna zaune a yankuna daban-daban.

Tarpan na gida yayi hali iri ɗaya kamar na dokin gida na yau da kullun: yana ɗaukar kaya kuma yana bi da mutane cikin natsuwa. Amma mutane ba su sami damar zagayawa ba - zuriyarsa ne kawai, suka haye tare da dawakan gida, suka faɗa cikin irin wannan horo.

A halin yanzu, an san nau'in dawakai da yawa, a cikin kiwo wanda tabbas tarpans ya halarci:

  • Dokin Icelandic;
  • Dawakin Holland;
  • sikanina na zalina.

Duk waɗannan nau'ikan dawakan suna da kusan kamanni iri ɗaya, gajere da tsarin mulki mai ƙarfi, wanda shine abin da tarpans ya banbanta.

Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali

Hotuna: Yaya faspan yake?

Ana iya yanke hukuncin bayyanar tarpans ta hanyar hotuna da kuma abubuwan da suka rage. Waɗannan gajerun dawakai ne, a bushewar ba su wuce 140 cm ba, - wannan shine haɓakar dokin mai ƙarfi. Jikin da ke da tsayin daka ya kai tsawon cm 150. Kunnuwan tarpan sun kasance gajeru, masu motsi, tare da babban kai da gajeren wuya.

Kan kwalta ya banbanta - yana da halayyar hakora-hanci mai martaba. Rigarsa tana da kauri, yana da babbar riga - wannan shine yadda dabbobi suka jure sanyi. Suturar frizz, ta kasance mai lankwasa. A lokacin hunturu ta yi girma, a lokacin bazara dawakai na zubewa.

Wutsiyar tsaka ce mai tsaka-tsayi, mai yawa, baƙi, kamar goshi. A lokacin rani, dawakai sun sami launin ja, launin ruwan kasa, kusan launin rawaya mai datti. A lokacin hunturu, dawakan sun haskaka, sun zama kusan ja ko tsoka. Aananan bakin bakin layi, halayyar dawakan daji, suna gudana daga baya daga wuya zuwa croup. Hakanan zaka iya ganin ratsi a ƙafafu waɗanda suke kama da raunin zebra.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Oƙarin sake fasasshen kwalta ta hanyar rayar da wannan nau'in ya ƙare da fasali mai rikitarwa - masu kiwo ba za su iya dasa abin tsaye a lokaci ɗaya da hanci mai kumburi ba.

Gwanon yana kama da motsin dawakan Przewalski - daga ƙananan gashi masu kauri, a tsaye. Yankin dajin ya ɗan bambanta da matakan girma da tsarin mulki, amma gabaɗaya dawakan suna da kamanceceniya da juna.

A ina tarpan ya zauna?

Photo: dokin tarpan

Tarpan ya zauna a cikin dukkanin tudu, dajin daji, hamada da yankunan daji na Eurasia. Ana iya faɗi wannan, yana nufin zane-zanen dutsen, waɗanda ke nuna dawakai na daji masu matsakaici da raƙuman zebra a ƙafafunsu.

Tun daga zamanin tsohuwar Girka, tarpans sun mallaki yankuna masu zuwa, kamar yadda za'a iya faɗi daga rubutattun kafofin:

  • Poland;
  • Denmark;
  • Switzerland;
  • Belgium;
  • Faransa;
  • Spain;
  • wasu yankuna na Jamus.

Tarpans sun yawaita sosai, suna yaɗuwa zuwa Belarus da Bessarabia, suna zaune a kan tsaunuka kusa da Tekun Baƙar fata da Azov har zuwa gabar tekun Caspian. Ana iya jayayya cewa, tarpans ma sun rayu a cikin Asiya, Kazakhstan da Yammacin Siberia.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Akwai shaidar cewa sun isa arewa mai nisa, amma dawakan ba su sami tushe a cikin mummunan yanayin sanyi ba.

Tarpans ba za su iya zama a cikin ƙasashen da mutane suka mallaki aikin gona ba, don haka aka tura dawakan zuwa cikin daji. Wannan shine yadda wasu ƙananan raƙuman ruwa suka bayyana - gandun daji, kodayake da farko dawakai suna zaune ne kawai a cikin matakan. Tarpans sun zauna a Belovezhskaya Pushcha har zuwa farkon karni na 19, yayin da a Turai an hallaka su a tsakiyar zamanai, da kuma yankunan gabashin Turai - a ƙarshen karni na 18.

Menene tarpan ya ci?

Hoto: Batattun Tarpans

Tarpan yana da yawan ciyawa, kamar sauran dawakai. Suna cin busasshiyar ciyawa da ciyawa, wanda koyaushe yana ƙarƙashin ƙafafun dabbobi. Saboda gaskiyar cewa dawakai suna da babban taro, kuma ciyawa tana da ƙarancin kuzari, dole dawakai su ci abinci ba dare ba rana.

Idan da rana babu rikitarwa game da abinci mai gina jiki, to da daddare wasu dawakai suna tsaye tare da kawunansu sama, wasu kuma suna cin abinci. Dawakai sun canza don su cika cikin su. Don haka sun tabbatar da lafiyar garken - dawakai tare da kawunansu a sama suna iya lura da hadari mai zuwa.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Kamar tsuntsaye, tarpans na iya cinye lemming ko linzamin daji bisa lasawa kawai tare da ciyawar.

Hakanan Tarpans sun ci waɗannan abinci masu zuwa:

  • gansakuka da lichen Wasu lokuta dawakai na iya jan kansu zuwa rassan bishiyoyi ta hanyar tsayawa a kan ƙafafunsu na baya don tsinke youngan ganyen;
  • tushe da tsaba a lokacin hunturu, lokacin da ake da karancin abinci - dawakai sun tono abinci daga ƙarƙashin rufin dusar ƙanƙara;
  • Hakanan Tarpans wani lokacin suna kiwo a ƙasar noma, suna cin kayan lambu da kuma diban fruitsa fruitsan itatuwa marasa ƙarancin ƙarfi. Saboda wannan, ana harbe-harbe ko tura su zuwa wasu yankuna.

Tarpans dawakai ne masu tsananin wahala. Zasu iya yin rashin abinci na dogon lokaci, kuma su sami ruwa daga abincin tsirrai ko dusar ƙanƙara. Saboda wannan, sun kasance kyawawa kamar dawakan gida, amma suna da wahalar horo.

Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa

Hotuna: Tarpan

Tarpans sun rayu cikin garken mutane 6-12. A koyaushe akwai namiji mai rinjaye a cikin garken, wanda ke da 'yancin yin aure tare da duk mares, da mares da yawa na shekaru daban-daban. Dawakai suna da matsayi mai kyau wanda suke bi don kiyaye tsari.

Don haka tsakanin mares akwai tsararren tsari: tsohuwar alfa mare, ƙaramar mares da foals. Matsayi yana ƙayyade wanene farkon wanda zai je wurin shayarwa, wanda ke ciyarwa akan sabon yankin; suma mares suna zabar inda garken zasu tafi. Rawar takawar tarpan tana da iyaka - yana rufe mata ne kawai a lokacin kiwo kuma yana kiyaye garken daga hatsari.

Tarpans dawakai ne masu kunya waɗanda suka gwammace su gudu. A yayin da maharan suka kawo hari, dawakai na iya zuwa saurin kilomita 50 / h. Dawakai suma suna tsoron mutane, kodayake suna iya saba da kamanninsu kuma an basu damar kallon su daga nesa.

Dawakai suna iya zama masu rikici. Akwai hujja da ke nuna cewa yunƙurin tarban gida bai yi nasara daidai ba saboda zafin nama na dawakai. Mares sun kasance masu saurin yankewa, musamman idan sunyi ƙoƙarin ƙaddamar da ƙananan mares.

Kuna iya sani idan tarpan yana cikin fushi ta wurin matsayin kunnuwan sa. Dokin yana danne kunnuwansa baya, runtse kansa, yana shimfida shi a gaban kansa - a wannan matsayin, tarpan din na iya ciji ko sake tashi. Amma, a ƙa'ida, tarpans sun gudu har ma da ganin mutum ɗaya kusa.

Duk ranar wadannan dawakai suna cikin neman abinci. A wasu lokuta yakan yiwu a ga yadda garken tarpan yake gudu a ƙetaren matakala - wannan shine yadda dawakai ke dumama, suna fidda tarin ƙarfi. Yawancin lokuta, dawakan suna kiwo cikin natsuwa, lokaci-lokaci suna ɗaga kai.

Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa

Hotuna: Tarpan Cub

Lokacin kiwo na doki ya fara ne a farkon bazara. Yawancin lokaci mares a shirye suke su haihu suna ɗan shekara uku, dawakai a shekara huɗu ko biyar, amma 'yan dawakai kaɗan ne ke samun damar ci gaba da tseren. Kusan komai game da tsayayyen tsari ne na dawakai.

A cikin garken tarpan, akwai doguwar matashiya babba da da yawa da ba su balaga ba. A lokacin kakar kiwo, da maƙogwaron yana da fikafikan mares da suke shirye su haɗu. A ƙa'ida, babu sauran dawakai masu balagagge a cikin garken.

An kori Thean akuya daga cikin garken garken garken garkensu. A matsayinka na ƙa'ida, wani korar da aka kora daga garken na iya ƙalubalantar "shawarar" shugaban kuma ya yi faɗa tare da shi. Ba a goge matattun matasai a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe ba, sabili da haka, a ƙa'ida, shugaban cikin sauƙi ya kori samarin da dawakai.

Dawakai matasa, suna tafiya, galibi suna ɗauke da mares da yawa, waɗanda suke "sadarwa" dasu yayin girma. Hakanan, dawakai na iya cin nasara daga sauran dawakai, ƙirƙirar manyan garkunan dabbobi.

Har ila yau, akwai dawakai guda ɗaya. Mafi yawanci, sukan fita zuwa garken shanu a lokacin kiwo don samun maraƙi. Sannan shugaban hawa-dugin ya yi zanga-zangar nuna adawa, wanda ya kasance mai zub da jini da mugunta. Allyan karuwan sun ciji wuyan juna, suna doke juna da gabansu da kofato. A lokacin irin wannan yaƙe-yaƙe, raunin tarpan ya sami rauni, wani lokacin bai dace da rayuwa ba.

Dawakai suna da ciki har tsawon watanni 11. A sakamakon haka, marainiyar ta haifi ɗa, ba sau da yawa - ƙwallaye biyu, waɗanda a cikin 'yan sa'o'i kaɗan sun riga sun kasance shirye don tsayawa kan ƙafafunsu. Foals suna wasa kuma ana fara ajiye su tare da mahaifiyarsu, daga baya kuma tare da wasu yaran.

An kama yawancin dawakai guda ɗaya da ƙwaralai don gida. A lokaci guda, iyayensu mata na iya zuwa wuraren shakatawa don dabbar da aka kama, don haka mutane sun karɓi dawakai biyu a lokaci ɗaya. Mares da yardan rai sun haɗu da garkunan dawakan gida, inda suka ɗauki matsayin manyan mutane da sauri, tunda suna da ɗabi'a mai kyau.

Abokan gaba na Tarpan

Hotuna: Yaya faspan yake?

Saboda kwalta suna zaune a yankuna da yawa, sun haɗu da nau'ikan mafarauta da yawa. Rayuwa a cikin tsaunukan sun ba su saukin ganima a lokaci guda, amma a lokaci guda masu safarar sun dogara ne da saurin su da kuma ji mai daɗi, wanda da wuya ya sa su ƙasa. A ƙa'ida, dawakai sun lura da haɗari daga nesa kuma sun ba da alama ga dukan garken.

Mafi yawanci, tarpans suna cin karo da masu cin abincin masu zuwa:

  • kerkeci Sungiyoyin kyarketai sun kasance manyan maƙiyan dawakai. Wolves, kamar dawakai, suna da kyakkyawan tsarin zamantakewar da zai basu damar haɓaka dabarun kai hari. Wani rukuni na kyarketai sun far wa garken, suka doke samari ko dawakai tsofaffi daga gare ta, sannan suka kora su zuwa wasu kerkukun;
  • da Bears. Waɗannan masu farautar suna iya haɓaka saurin gudu, amma ba safai suke kama tarpans. Dawakan suna da karfin motsawa kuma suna da sauri, kuma suma ana iya jinsu da kuma jin warin beyar wanda bai san yadda ake nutsuwa ba har zuwa garken;
  • cougars, lynxes da sauran manyan kuliyoyi sun fi kama farauta. Kuliyoyin sun natsu cikin nutsuwa zuwa wurin wadanda abin ya shafa, suna damke manyan dabbobin da sauri suka tafi da su.

Tasan gandun daji sun kasance masu matukar hadari ga masu farauta. Gandun daji ba wurin zama ba ne na dawakan nan, saboda haka daidaitawarsu zuwa mawuyacin yanayi ya bar abin da ake so. Sun zama wadanda ke fama da kerkeci da beyar, ba su da lokacin tserewa daga maharan.

Amma tarpans sun san yadda zasu kare kansu. Tattakin ya kan lura da satar masu farauta, kuma, idan aka tashi daga makararrawa a makare, za a iya kai harin don rudar da maharan da siyan lokaci don garken. Wannan dabarar ta tabbatar da yawan rayuwar kwalta tsakanin makiya na halitta.

Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin

Hotuna: Doki Tarpan

Tarpans sun mutu kwata-kwata sakamakon ayyukan mutane.

Akwai dalilai da yawa na halakarwa:

  • ci gaban ƙasashe inda tarpans suke zaune a cikin mahalli na asali;
  • Tarpans sun lalata albarkatun gona a kan sabbin ƙasashe masu tasowa, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa aka farautar su sosai - suka harbe dawakai, ba sa iya gida;
  • saboda abubuwan da mutane suke yi, an rage wuraren abinci na tarpan - a cikin hunturu dawakai ba sa samun abinci, shi ya sa suka mutu saboda yunwa ko kuma suka je yankunan noma, inda aka harbe su;
  • ƙiyayyar mutane game da tarpan a cikin gaskiyar ita ce cewa yawanci mayaƙa sukan kwashe kuɗin gida daga garken shanu;
  • Naman tarpan an dauke shi a matsayin abinci mai dadi, wanda kuma ya taimaka wajen harbi dawakai. Tarpans suna da wahalar kamawa tare da lasso saboda saurinsu, don haka bindiga ita ce hanya mafi kyau don samun tarpan.

An yi ƙoƙari don rayar da nau'in tarpan a ƙarshen karni na 20 a Poland. Don haɗuwa, an yi amfani da Konik na Poland - nau'in dawakai da ke kusa da Tarpan. Ba shi yiwuwa a rayar da Tarpan, amma dawakan Poland sun sami juriya da ƙarfi, sun zama sanannun dawakai masu jan hankali.

An saki zuriyar dawakan tarpan zuwa Belovezhskaya Pushcha a cikin 1962. Waɗannan dawakai ne waɗanda suke kusa kamar yadda ya yiwu a waje da damar tarpan. Abin takaici, saboda canjin shugabanci a kasar, sai aka fara aikin rayar da tarpan, kuma an sayar da wasu dawakai, wasu kuma kawai sun mutu.

Tarpan mamaye wani muhimmin wuri a cikin yanayin halittu, saboda haka, har wa yau, shirin dawo da jinsin ma ana ci gaba. Masana ilimin halittu sun yi amannar cewa maido da kwalta a cikin daji zai taimaka wajen daidaita tsarin halittu. Ana fatan cewa ba da daɗewa ba waɗannan dawakai za su sake mallakar yankuna da yawa na duniya.

Ranar bugawa: 08/14/2019

Ranar da aka sabunta: 14.08.2019 a 21:38

Pin
Send
Share
Send

Kalli bidiyon: Tarpan: Repainting An Ancient Picture (Nuwamba 2024).