Tururuwa zaki Kwari ne da aka sanyawa suna bayan yanayin farautar sa, wanda ke kama tururuwa da sauran ƙananan kwari a cikin ramin da aka haƙa a ƙasa. Ana samun zakunan zaki a duk duniya, galibi a busassun, yankuna masu yashi. Su ne manyan, kwari masu fa'ida daga kagarai daban-daban, tare da matsayi mai kama da tururuwa.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Photo: Ant zaki
Ant zakuna rukuni ne na kwari a cikin tsari Retinoptera. A cikin wannan umarnin, an kara sanya su cikin dangin Ant zaki, wanda asalinsa ne na Girka daga myrmex, ma'ana tururuwa, da leon, ma'ana zaki.
Bidiyo: Ant zaki
Ta fuskar fasaha, kalmar "tururin zaki" na nuni ne ga matakan girma ko girma na membobin wannan dangin. Ant larvae larvae masu cin nama, yayin da matakin manya ke cin abincin nectar da pollen. Tsutsayen suna cin karensu babu babbaka na tururuwa da sauran kananan kwari da suka shiga cikin ramin da aka gina.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Ant zaki larvae kuma ana kiranta da rubutu. Wannan sunan barkwanci ya bayyana yana nufin hanyoyin da matasa ke cin karensu ba babbaka a cikin yashi, suna neman wurin da ya dace don gina gidansu na larva. Sawayen sawun suna kama da wani a cikin rairayi. Gidan tsutsa a cikin yashi kuma sabon tarko ne na kwari wanda aka fi sani da rami.
Tsutsayen tsutsawar zaki suna daga cikin masu ban sha'awa kwari masu cin nama. Ana samun su a cikin yankin Galveston-Houston, amma ba yawa ba. An fi samun zakunan tururuwa a yankunan da ke da ƙasa mai yashi.
Saboda haka, sun fi yawa a cikin irin waɗannan wuraren.:
- Piney Woods (Gabashin Texas);
- Countryasar Hill (tsakiyar Texas);
- a yankin tsakiyar gabar Tekun Tekun Texas.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hoto: Yaya zaki kamar tururuwa
Za a iya rarrabe zakarin balaga tsoho da dogon eriya. Matalauta ne matukin jirgi, yana shawagi cikin iska cikin dare don neman mataimaki. Babban mutum baya ciyar da zuriyar kuma yana da ɗan gajeren rayuwa na kwanaki 20-25 ko mafi tsayi (har zuwa kwanaki 45). Kamar yadda yake tare da dukkan dabbobi, ba tare da mahimmin abu ba, kwayoyin halittar wannan nau'in mai ban mamaki zai ɓace har abada. Bangaren da yafi birgewa a rayuwarsa yana farawa ne bayan mace mai ciki ta sanya ƙwai a cikin yashi, kuma bayan ƙyanƙyasar ƙarancin ƙwayar ƙwai daga ƙwai.
Tsutsa mai tsuttsauran zaki wata halitta ce mai ban tsoro, kuma kan ta yana da matukar ban sha'awa da girma da yawa na haƙar kama da sikila (da aka sani da jaws) waɗanda ke ɗauke da muggan makamai masu kaifi da yawa. Mandibles suna da hujin huji da tsotsa. Bayan kama ganima, tsutsa ta shanye ta da gubar da aka gabatar a farkon cizon.
Jectedarin enzymes masu narkewa ana allurarsu don lalata kayan ciki na wanda aka cutar, sannan tsutsa ta tsotse ruwan 'ya'yan itace masu mahimmanci. Bayan ya shanye kayan jikin wanda aka yiwa fyaden, tsutsa mai tarin tsutsa ba tare da bata lokaci ba tana jan gawar da ba ta da rai, wadda aka malalo daga cikin ramin. Sannan ta sake sake gina ramin don wanda ba a san shi ba.
Abilityarfin ikon mallakar abin farauta, wanda ya fi shi girma, wani ɓangare ne saboda gaskiyar cewa dukkan jikin tsutsa yana lulluɓe da dusar ƙanƙara, wanda ke taimaka wajen haɗa shi a cikin yashi, yayin da ake tsayayya lokaci guda da ƙoƙarin abin farautar. A hakikanin gaskiya, bakin fuska yana nuna gaba, wanda ke ba da ƙarin gudummawa don tabbatar da jikinsu da ƙarfi game da gwagwarmayar gwagwarmaya ta ganima. Cikakken ci gaba, ƙwayoyin lar na zaki da aka ciyar da abinci mai kyau na iya girma har zuwa 1.2 cm a tsayi. Babban mutum yana da tsayin 4 cm.
A ina zaki kwana?
Hotuna: Ant zaki a Rasha
Ana samun zakunan zaki a cikin iyakoki a cikin yankin Galveston-Houston. Mafi yawanci ana samunsu a yankunan Texas tare da ƙasa mai yashi. Zakin tururuwa yana ɗaya daga cikin halittu da yawa da ke ɓoye a kudu maso yammacin Amurka. Wannan karamin kwaro ne mai ban mamaki wanda za'a iya gani a cikin daji.
Kodayake suna rayuwa ne a cikin duniya mai matukar gwagwarmaya, galibi a rikice, yankunan birane, sun mallaki rayuwa cikin mummunan yanayi. Idan ƙananan tarkon su kamar rami a cikin yashi iska, ruwan sama, dabbobi, ko mashahuran motoci masu taya biyu, uku, ko huɗu sun lalata su, kawai suna gyara su kuma suna jiran nutsuwarsu ta gaba. A hakikanin gaskiya, wannan wayayyen ne da jajircewa wanda babu shakka yayi bayanin tsirawar zakunan tururuwa na ƙarnuka marasa adadi.
Tsuntsayen zaki na tururuwa suna amfani da wannan hanyar don farautar ganima tsawon miliyoyin shekaru tare da ɗan canji ko kaɗan. Kamar sauran halittu masu ban mamaki, dabi'unsu na dabi'a an tsara su ne ta hanyar dabi'ar halitta, kowane sabon zamani ya san ainihin yadda ake gudanar da ayyuka kamar ba zai yiwu ba tare da daidaito da kyawun fasaha.
Yanzu kun san inda zaki yake. Bari muga me zai ci.
Menene zakarin tururuwa?
Photo: Ant zaki a cikin yashi
Ramin ramin tururuwa suna da kama da mazugi. Ana samun su a wuraren bushe, an kiyaye su daga iska mai ƙarfi da hasken rana. Galibi ana gina ramuka a ƙarƙashin mafakar gini, ƙarƙashin ƙasan gidaje, da sauransu, kuma galibi suna da diamita daga 2.5 zuwa 5 cm kuma kusan zurfin ɗaya ne. Hakanan wasu nau'in zaki na tururuwa suna ɓoyewa a ƙarƙashin tarkace ko bishiyoyi suna afkawa kwari masu wucewa.
Tsutsa mai tsutsawar zaki tana jira a ƙasan raminta don wata tururuwa ko wata kwaro ta zame akan yashi mara nauyi ta faɗi. Wanda ba a tsammani ba ya faɗi cikin tsakiyar ramin kuma lokacin cin abincin zaki ya fara.
Ganima zai yi ƙoƙari sau da yawa hawa hawa ganuwar rami mai tsayi. Irin wannan ƙoƙarin na guje wa yanayi yawanci ba ya nasara. Tsutsa mai tsutsaron zaki da sauri tana hana irin wannan yunƙurin tserewa ta hanyar girgiza rafin rairayin yashi, wanda ke ƙara dagula katangar ramin kuma ta haka ne yake jan ganima.
Siffofin gine-ginen rami kamar diamita, gangara, da zurfin tasiri tasirin nasara a cikin kame ganima. Kamawa cikin nasara da cin ganima ya dogara da tasirin kama ganima (karo) da rage yiwuwar wanda aka yiwa fyaden zai iya tserewa (ɗaukar hoto). Waɗannan abubuwan haɗin biyu dole ne su sami abubuwan da za a iya amfani dasu don ƙirar tarkon. Misali, kara diamita daga tarkon yana kara yiwuwar haduwa, yayin da gangaren gangarowa da zurfin zurfafawa da yiwuwar kiyaye ganima.
Tsutsayen suna cin abinci musamman a kan tururuwa da sauran ƙananan kwari waɗanda ke shiga ramin ban da ƙananan gizo-gizo. Manyan antlions suna cin abincin nectar da pollen.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Antwarin Antyan kwari
Antlions sananne ne musamman saboda tarkon su na wayo da kuma wayon su na fitar da ganima ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ƙaramar ƙasa. Dole ne tarkonsu su kasance masu tasiri saboda cin abincin tururuwa kwari ne da yawa kuma ya kasance yana miliyoyin shekaru.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cikin shekarar rayuwa, tsutsa tana tara ɗaruruwan tarko kuma tana kama ɗaruruwan kwari. Amma duk da haka, lokacin da lokaci ya yi, a hankali ta san yadda za a gina kwarkwata mai kariya a karkashin yashi, inda a hankali za ta rikide ta zama chrysalis kuma daga karshe ta zama babba mai fuka fuka. Gwanin yashi, tare da lu'ulu'u na lu'ulu'u na ma'adinai, mica da feldspar, aikin fasaha ne na gaske.
Lokacin da tsutsa ta fara haƙa sabon rami, tana tafiya a hankali a cikin da'irar, tana girgiza yashi daga cikin ramin ta hanyar amfani da hanunta da manyan ƙafafun tsakiya, yayin da take amfani da ƙafafun bayanta masu ƙarfi don yin rairayi a cikin yashi.
Ramin a hankali yana zurfafawa da zurfafawa, har zuwa lokacin da kusurwa ta karkata zuwa ga mawuyacin hali na hutawa (ma'ana, kusurwa mafi tsayi da yashi zai iya jurewa, inda yake gab da durkushewa daga ɗan taɓawa). Lokacin da ramin ya cika, tsutsa ta sauka a ƙasa, an binne ta a cikin ƙasa, kuma haƙoƙai ne kawai ke fitowa sama da farfajiyar.
Lokacin da tururuwa mara sa'a cikin rashin sani suka ɓuya cikin rami kuma suke ƙoƙarin tserewa, zakin tururuwa yana fitar da abincin da yashi. Ta hanyar watsar da yashi daga ƙasan ramin, tsutsa kuma na lalata gefunan ramin, yana haifar musu da faɗuwa da kuma kawo ganima tare dasu. Don haka, babu damuwa ko tsutsa ta shafi ganimar da ruwan yashi. A takaice dai, komai irin abin da tururuwa ta yi, an hukunta ta sake komawa cikin muƙamuƙin mutuwa.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Ant zaki
Wadannan kwari suna shan cikakkiyar metamorphosis tare da wadannan matakan:
- kwai;
- tsutsa;
- 'yar tsana;
- babba mai fuka-fukai.
Tsutsa ta kasance galibi mahaukaci ne, maras fuka-fukai mai dogaye, kamar muƙamuƙai masu sikila. Pupation yawanci yana faruwa ne a cikin raƙuman silky, amma, ba a samar da siliki daga gyararren gland na gishiri, kamar yadda yake a yawancin kwari, amma tubules na malpighian suna samar dashi kuma yana juyawa daga dubura.
Ant zaki larvae pupate a cikin ƙasa. Manya suna kama da mazari da kyawawa, sai dai kawai cewa ɗan tururuwa yana ninke fikafikansa baya kamar tanti yayin da yake hutawa. Daga baya, tsutsar tsutsar ta kai girman girmanta kuma ta shiga cikin wani yanayi mai narkewa, yayin da ta zama babba mai fuka fuka.
Duk tsawon lokacin daga kwai zuwa babba na iya ɗaukar shekaru biyu ko uku. Wannan dogon rayuwar ba zato ba tsammani ana iya danganta shi ga rashin tabbas da yanayin rashin kayan abinci. Lokacin da ta fara kyankyasar, karamar tsutsa ta kware a kananan kwari, amma yayin da ta kara girma, sai ta samar da manyan ramuka kuma ta kama ganima.
Lokacin da ya girma sosai, tsutsa tana gina dunƙulen dunƙulen hatsi na yashi da siliki. Cocoons da aka saba dasu a kudu maso yammacin Amurka suna da girma da fasali kamar manyan zomo, kuma ana iya binne shi da 'yan santimita kaɗan a cikin yashi. Yadda tsutsa ke yin wannan a karkashin yashi ba tare da samun yashi a cikin kwakwa ba abin birgewa ne.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Ba safai ake ganin manya a cikin daji ba saboda galibi suna aiki da yamma. Tudun zakoki suna hutawa da rana, yawanci basa motsi kuma suna da kyau sosai tare da fuka-fukai masu haske da jikin launin ruwan kasa. Kari akan wannan, ba kamar mazari ba, eriya na babban zakarin an santa sosai kuma a karshen suna da siffar kwallon.
Makiyan makiya na zakunan zaki
Hoto: Yaya zaki kamar tururuwa
Tsutsa tsutsa mai tsutsa ba ta da kariya daga masu cin nama, ko kuma aƙalla daga ƙwayoyin cuta. Akwai parapitic wasp, Lasiochalcida pubescens, wanda ke amfani da ƙafafunsa masu ƙarfi don riƙe muƙamuƙin tsutsa na zaki kuma ya sa ƙwai a kan tsutsa. Ba shine kawai parapitoid wasp don magance para tururuwa ba. Tsutsa na dokin Australiya, Scaptia muscula, na iya satar ganima daga ramin zaki, abin da ake kira kleptoparasitism.
Naman gwari kuma na iya yin girma a jikin zakunan zaki. Wannan naman kaza, wanda ake kira Cordyceps japonensis Hara, yana samar da spores wanda ke makale a jikin raunanan antlions kuma yayi girma, yana daukar dukkan abinci daga rundunonin antlion din zuwa cikin namomin kaza. Zakiran tururuwa mai gida mai daukar hankali a hankali yakan raunana, kuma a lokacin da fungi masu parasitic suka rikide zuwa namomin kaza, zakunan gidan mai masaukin sun mutu.
Ga sauran, zakunan zakaran da kansu kansu maharan ne masu wuce gona da iri, suna iya buga ganima ba tare da barin wata dama kaɗan ta rayuwa ba. Akwai nau'o'in zaki da yawa waɗanda ba sa ƙirƙirar waɗannan ramuka, kamar su Dendroleon pantherinus. Suna zaune ne a cikin sassan bishiyoyi da bishiyoyin don shuka abincinsu.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Ant zaki tsutsa
Ant zakuna sun haɗa da nau'in 600 da aka bayyana. Biyu daga cikin jinsi mafi yawan gaske a kudu maso yammacin Amurka sune tsohuwar zaki da birchynemurus. Kamar sauran membobin ƙungiyar, yawanci ana ganin zakunan tururuwa kusa da wuta da wuta, musamman a ƙarshen bazara da faɗuwa. Suna da nau'i biyu masu tsawo, kunkuntun fikafukai tare da jijiyoyi da yawa da ciki, siriri. Kodayake suna kama da kanana kuma wadanda basu da alaqa da ake kira kyawawa, suna cikin tsarin kwari daban-daban. Ant zakuna suna cikin halin kariya.
Rarrabawa, yanayin yanayi da yanayin halittar zakuna sun yi karatu a Sandlings a 1997. Ana gudanar da sa ido a shafuka da dama don tantance yanayin jinsin da kuma lura da sauye-sauye a wuraren da suke yanzu sakamakon ciyayi ko lalata dabbobi ko mutane. An buga adadin ramuka a cikin rahoton shekara-shekara na aikin Sandlings Walks, kuma bayan rahoton na 1997, an gano sababbin shafuka. Monitoringarin saka idanu mai kyau zai kasance da amfani a nan gaba. An kara wayar da kan jinsuna ta hanyar wallafe-wallafe kamar Walk of the Sandlings, Proceedings of Suffolk Naturalists Society da sabon shafin yanar gizon Sandlings.
Rikodi na farko da aka tabbatar game da zakuna ya kasance a cikin 1931, kuma akwai rahotanni na lokaci-lokaci na manya marasa aure tun daga lokacin. A cikin 1997, 1998, da 2000, nazarin ya ba da rahoton mahimman mutane a cikin Suffolk Sandlings. Ana iya fassara wannan bayanan don nuna cewa kwaron ya kasance a yankin tsawon shekaru 70 ko fiye, amma saboda yana buƙatar ƙwarewa don nemowa da gano fossae da kuma ɓoye ɓoye waɗanda ba a san su ba. A madadin haka, zai iya kasancewa an mallaki yankin ta hanyar matan da ke kusa da tekun Arewacin daga yawancin ƙasashen Turai.
Tururuwa zaki, kamar gizo-gizo, addu'oi da ƙwaro, suna samar wa mutane da sauran duniya nutsuwa ta hanyar sarrafa ƙwaro mai guba. Sauyinsu cikin manya babban canjin dabi'a ne a garesu - daga zama masu saurin wuce gona da iri, sai suka rikide zuwa ƙazamar ƙawa wacce ke cin naman daɗi da ƙura. Suna da ban sha'awa don kallo, kuma tabbas marubutan almara na kimiyya sun sami ilham daga irin wadannan halittun.
Ranar bugawa: 08/07/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 28.09.2019 a 22:59
