Tuna ana ɗaukarsa kyakkyawan abinci ne tsakanin gourmets na zamani. Ko shekaru 5000 da suka gabata masuntan Jafananci sun kamo wannan kifin mai karfi kuma mai lalacewa, wanda aka fassara sunansa daga tsohuwar Girkanci da "jefa ko jifa." Yanzu tuna ba kifin kasuwanci bane kawai, amma har ma ganima ce ga ƙwararrun masunta, masu haɗari.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Tuna
Tuna tsohuwar kifi ce daga dangin mackerel na jinsi na Thunnus, wanda ya wanzu har zuwa yau kusan canzawa. Thunnus ya hada da nau'ikan halittu guda bakwai; a cikin 1999, nau'ikan Tuna da na Pacific duk sun rabu daga gare su azaman rabe rabe.
Bidiyo: Tuna
Duk tuna sune kifin da aka yiwa rai, mafi yawan aji a cikin tekunan duniya. Sun sami wannan sunan ne saboda tsari na musamman da fika-fikai yake. Yaren ray da yawa sun bayyana a yayin aiwatar da dogon juyin halitta, ƙarƙashin rinjayar jujjuyawar juyi. Mafi dadaddiyar samuwar burbushin kifin mai rai-yayi daidai da ƙarshen zamanin Siluriyan - shekaru miliyan 420. An gano ragowar wannan halittar da ke farauta a Rasha, Estonia, Sweden.
Nau'o'in Tuna daga jinsin Thunnus:
- dogon tuna;
- Ostiraliya;
- tuna mai manyan ido;
- Atlantic;
- yellowfin kuma mai dogon lokaci.
Dukkaninsu suna da tsawon rayuwa, matsakaicin girma da nauyin jiki, haka kuma launi na halayyar jinsin.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Tuna Bluefin na iya kiyaye zafin jikin ta a digiri 27, har ma da zurfin sama da kilomita, inda ruwa baya taɓa ɗumi har zuwa digiri biyar. Suna haɓaka zafin jiki ta jiki tare da taimakon ƙarin mai musayar zafi na yau da kullun wanda yake tsakanin gill da sauran kyallen takarda.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Tuna kifi
Dukkanin nau'ikan tuna suna da tsayayyen jikin fusform wanda ke taɓar da hankali zuwa wutsiya. Babban fin dorsal concave ne kuma elongated, na biyu shine jinjirin wata, sirara. Daga gare ta har zuwa wutsiyar har yanzu akwai ƙananan ƙege 9, kuma wutsiyar tana da siffar jinjirin wata kuma shi ne ya sa ya yiwu a sami saurin gudu a cikin layin ruwa, yayin da jikin Tuna kansa da kansa ya kasance kusan mara motsi yayin motsi. Waɗannan halittu masu ƙarfin gaske ne, masu iya motsi cikin sauri har zuwa kilomita 90 a awa ɗaya.
Kan Tuna yana da girma a cikin siffar mazugi, idanuwa kanana ne, ban da nau'ikan tuna guda guda - masu ido sosai. Bakin kifin yana da fadi, koyaushe yana tashi; muƙamuƙi yana da jere ɗaya na ƙananan hakora. Sikeli a gaban jiki da gefuna sun fi girma da kuma kauri sosai fiye da sauran sassan jiki, saboda wannan, ana samar da wani irin harsashi mai kariya.
Launin tuna yana dogara da nau'ikansa, amma galibi galibi suna da ciki mai haske da baya mai duhu tare da launin toka ko shuɗi. Wasu nau'ikan suna da ratsiyoyi na halaye a gefuna, maiyuwa launuka daban-daban ko tsayin tsaka. Wasu mutane suna da damar samun nauyi har zuwa rabin tan tare da tsawon jiki na mita 3 zuwa 4,5 - wadannan manyan katakai ne, galibi ana kiransu "sarakunan dukkan kifaye". Mafi yawancin lokuta, shuda ko tuna mai farin shuɗi na iya alfahari da irin wannan girman. Mackerel tuna suna da matsakaicin nauyi wanda bai wuce kilogram biyu ba wanda tsawonsa ya kai rabin mita.
Yawancin masanan ilimin kimiya sun yarda cewa waɗannan kifin kusan kusan cikakke ne ga duk mazaunan tekuna:
- suna da fin ƙarfin wutsiya mai ƙarfin gaske;
- godiya ga gill mai fadi, tuna suna iya karɓar kashi 50 na oxygen a cikin ruwa, wanda ya fi sauran kifi kashi ɗaya cikin uku;
- wani tsari na musamman na ƙayyade zafi, lokacin da aka sauya zafi da farko zuwa kwakwalwa, tsokoki da yankin ciki;
- babban matakin haemoglobin da saurin musayar gas;
- cikakke tsarin jijiyoyin jini da zuciya, ilimin lissafi.
Ina tuna ke rayuwa?
Photo: Tuna a cikin ruwa
Tuna ya zauna kusan a duk cikin Tekun Duniya, kawai banda shine ruwan polar. Tunani ko tuna na Bluefin a baya ana samunsu a cikin Tekun Atlantika daga Tsibirin Canary zuwa Tekun Arewa, wani lokacin yakan yi iyo zuwa Norway, Baƙin Baƙin, a cikin ruwan Ostiraliya, Afirka, yana jin kamar maigida ne a cikin Bahar Rum. A yau mazaunin ta ya ragu sosai. Masu zuriyarsa suna zaɓar ruwa mai zafi da na Tekun Atlantika, Pacific da Tekun Indiya. Tuna yana iya rayuwa cikin ruwan sanyi, amma lokaci-lokaci yakan shiga can, ya fi son masu dumi.
Duk nau'ikan Tuna, banda Tunawa ta Australiya, da wuya su kusanci bakin tekun kuma kawai a lokacin ƙaura na yanayi; galibi suna zama daga bakin tekun a nesa mai nisa. Ostireliya, akasin haka, koyaushe yana kusa da ƙasar, ba ya taɓa shiga cikin buɗewar ruwa.
Kifin tuna yana yin ƙaura koyaushe bayan makarantun kifi da suke ci. A lokacin bazara, sun zo bakin tekun Caucasus, Crimea, sun shiga Tekun Japan, inda suke zama har zuwa Oktoba, sannan su koma Bahar Rum ko Marmara. A lokacin hunturu, tuna yakan zama mafi yawa a cikin zurfin kuma ya sake tashi tare da zuwan bazara. Yayin da ake yin ƙaura zuwa ƙaura, yana iya kusantowa kusa da bakin teku masu bin makarantun kifayen da suka dace da abincin su.
Menene tuna ke ci?
Photo: Tuna a cikin teku
Duk tuna sune masu farauta, suna ciyar da kusan duk abin da yazo a cikin ruwan teku ko a ƙasansa, musamman ga manyan nau'in. Tuna koyaushe suna farauta a cikin rukuni, yana iya bin makarantar kifi na dogon lokaci, yana rufe manyan hanyoyi, wani lokacin harma shiga ruwan sanyi. Tuna Bluefin sun fi son ciyarwa a matsakaiciyar zurfin don mafi girman ganima, gami da ƙananan sharks, yayin da ƙananan jinsuna ke kusa da farfajiya, suna cike da abin da ya zo musu.
Babban abincin wannan mai cin abincin:
- yawancin nau'ikan kifin makaranta, gami da herring, hake, pollock;
- squid;
- dorinar ruwa;
- fama;
- kifin kifi;
- daban-daban sponges da crustaceans.
Tuna ya fi dukkan sauran mazaunan ruwa karfi a cikin naman, amma babban dalilin wannan lamarin ba shine abincinsa ba, amma aikin mutane ne, sakamakon wannan mummunan hadari ya shiga cikin ruwa. Wasu daga cikin Mercury suna ƙarewa a cikin teku yayin fashewar dutsen, yayin aiwatar da duwatsu masu yanayi.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Ofaya daga cikin matafiya a cikin teku ya kama lokacin da wani babban mutum na tuna ya kama daga saman ruwa ya haɗiye ramin teku, amma bayan ɗan lokaci sai ya tofa albarkacin bakinsa, ya fahimci kuskurensa.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Tuna kifi
Tuna wani kifi ne na makaranta wanda ke buƙatar motsi koyaushe, saboda a lokacin motsi ne yake karɓar kwararar iskar oxygen mai ƙarfi ta cikin kwazazzabonsa. Ba su da ƙima kuma suna saurin ninkaya, suna da damar haɓaka gagarumin gudu a ƙarƙashin ruwa, jujjuyawa, motsawa ta nesa mai nisa. Duk da yawan ƙaura da ake yi, tuna tuna koyaushe tana komawa cikin ruwa ɗaya a maimaitawa.
Tuna ba safai yake ɗaukar abinci daga ƙasa ko saman ruwa ba, yana fifita neman abinci a cikin kaurinsa. Da rana, suna farauta a cikin zurfin ruwa, kuma da dare suna farawa. Wadannan kifin suna iya motsawa ba kawai a kwance ba, amma kuma a tsaye. Zafin jiki na ruwa yana ƙayyade yanayin motsi. Tuna koyaushe tana ƙoƙari don ɗakunan ruwa mai ɗumi zuwa digiri 20-25 - wannan shine alamar da ta fi dacewa akan sa.
Yayin farautar makaranta, tuna tuna yana ratsa makarantar kifi a cikin rabin zagaye sannan kuma ya afka cikin hanzari. A cikin kankanin lokaci, babban garken kifi ya lalace kuma saboda wannan dalili ne a cikin karnin da ya gabata masunta suka dauki tuna a matsayin mai gasarsu kuma da gangan suka lalata ta don kar a bar su gaba daya ba tare da kamawa ba.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20, an fi amfani da nama a matsayin albarkatun kasa don samar da abincin dabbobi.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Tuna kifin a ƙarƙashin ruwa
Tuna ya kai ga balagar jima'i kawai da shekara uku, amma ba sa fara haihuwa da wuri fiye da shekaru 10-12, a cikin ruwan dumi kadan a baya. Matsakaicin ransu shine shekaru 35, kuma zai iya kaiwa rabin karni. Don hayayyafa, kifi yayi ƙaura zuwa ruwan dumi na Tekun Meziko da Bahar Rum, yayin da kowane yanki yana da lokacin haihuwarsa, lokacin da zafin ruwan ya kai digiri 23-27.
Duk tuna suna da 'ya'ya - a wani lokacin mace tana samar da kwai miliyan 10 kimanin milimita 1 a girma kuma duk namiji yana haduwa da su lokaci daya. A cikin 'yan kwanaki, soya ya bayyana daga gare su, wanda ke tara adadi da yawa kusa da saman ruwan. Wasu daga kananan kifi zasu cinye su, sauran kuma zasuyi girma cikin sauri, suna ciyar da plankton da kananan crustaceans. Matasa suna canzawa zuwa tsarin abincin da suka saba yayin da suke girma, a hankali suna haɗuwa da manya yayin farautar makarantarsu.
Tuna koyaushe yana cikin garken waɗanda suka haɗu, mutane da yawa ba su da yawa, idan kawai ya kasance ɗan leƙen asiri ne don neman farautar da ta dace. Duk membobin ƙungiyar daidai suke, babu matsayi, amma koyaushe akwai ma'amala a tsakanin su, ayyukansu yayin farauta haɗin gwiwa bayyananne ne kuma daidai yake.
Abokan gaba na tuna
Hotuna: Tuna
Tuna yana da 'yan kaɗan daga abokan gaba saboda tsananin yaudararsa da ikon hanzarta hanzarta shi zuwa gagarumar gudu. Akwai lokuta na hare-hare na wasu nau'ikan manyan kifayen kifayen, kifin takobi, wanda sakamakonsa tuna ya mutu, amma wannan yana faruwa ne sau da yawa tare da ƙananan ƙananan girma.
Babban lahani ga yawan mutane mutane ne ke haifar da shi, tunda tuna kifi ne na kasuwanci, mai naman jan nama wanda yake da daraja ƙwarai saboda yawan abun ciki na furotin da baƙin ƙarfe, dandano mai kyau, da rashin saurin kamuwa da cutar kwari. Tun daga shekarun tamanin na karni na 20, an sake kammala dawo da kayan aikin kamun kifi, kuma kamun masana'antar wannan kifin ya kai matuka.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Jafananci suna yaba naman Tuna musamman; ana saita bayanan farashi a gwanjo abinci a Japan - farashin kilogram guda na sabo tuna zai iya kai dala 1000.
Halin da ake ciki game da tuna kamar kifin kasuwanci ya canza sosai. Idan har tsawon shekaru dubu da yawa masunta sun girmama wannan kifin mai karfi, hotonsa har ma an zana shi akan kudin Girka da na Celtic, to a karni na 20 an daina jin dadin naman tuna - sun fara kama shi saboda sha'awar wasanni don samun kofi mai inganci, wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman albarkatun ƙasa a cikin samar da kayan haɗin abinci.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Babban Tuna
Duk da kusan rashin makiya na halitta, yawan haihuwa, yawan tunawan yana raguwa a hankali saboda yawan kamun kifi. Tuni gama gari ko shuɗaɗɗen tuna na Tuni an riga an bayyana cewa yana cikin haɗari. Nau'in Ostireliya yana gab da halaka. Onlyananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ne kawai ba sa haifar da damuwa tsakanin masana kimiyya kuma matsayinsu ya tabbata.
Tunda tuna yakan dauki lokaci mai tsayi kafin ya balaga, akwai haramcin kamuwa da yara. Game da haɗari akan jirgin ruwa na kamun kifi, ba a yarda da su a ƙarƙashin wuƙar ba, amma ana sake su ko kai su zuwa gonaki na musamman don girma. Tun shekaru tamanin na karnin da ya gabata, ana tunatar da tuna da ma'ana a cikin yanayi na wucin gadi ta amfani da alkalami na musamman. Japan ta sami nasara musamman a wannan. Yawancin gonakin kifi suna cikin Girka, Croatia, Cyprus, Italiya.
A cikin Turkiyya, daga tsakiyar watan Mayu zuwa Yuni, jiragen ruwa na musamman suna bin garken tuna, kuma, suna kewaye da su da raga, suna kai su gonar kifi a Karaburun Bay. Duk ayyukan da suka danganci kamawa, girma da sarrafa wannan kifin yana ƙarƙashin ikon jihar. Hankalin tuna ya kasance mai lura da abubuwa daban-daban, kitsen kifin ya yi shekaru 1-2 sannan aka sanya masa guba don sarrafawa ko kuma daskarewa don ƙarin fitarwa.
Kariyar Tuna
Hotuna: Tuna daga littafin Red
Tuna gama gari, wanda aka banbanta shi da girman sa, yana gab da hallaka gabaɗaya kuma an haɗa shi cikin Littafin Ja a cikin jinsunan nau'ikan haɗari. Babban dalili shine babban sanannen naman wannan kifin a cikin gastronomy da kuma kamun da ba shi da iko tsawon shekaru da yawa. Bisa kididdigar da aka yi, a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata, yawan wasu nau'ikan tuna sun ragu da kashi 40-60, kuma yawan mutanen da suka saba da tuna a yanayin yanayi bai isa ya kiyaye yawan jama'ar ba.
Tun daga shekara ta 2015, wata yarjejeniya ta fara aiki tsakanin ƙasashe 26 don rage ragowar kamun Tuna na Pacific. Additionari ga haka, ana ci gaba da aiki kan horar da mutane. A lokaci guda, jihohi da dama da ba sa cikin jerin kasashen da suka goyi bayan yarjejeniyar rage kamun kifi na kara yawan kamun kifi sosai.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Naman Tuna ba koyaushe yake da daraja kamar yadda yake a yanzu ba, a wani lokaci ma ba a ma san shi kamar kifi ba, kuma masu amfani da shi sun firgita da wani launi mai launi ja mai laushi, wanda ya samu saboda yawan abun da ke cikin myoglobin. Ana samar da wannan sinadarin ne a cikin tsokoki na tuna domin ya iya jure manyan kaya. Tunda wannan kifin yana motsawa sosai, ana samar da myoglobin a adadi mai yawa.
Tuna - cikakken mazaunin tekuna da tekuna, wanda kusan ba shi da abokan gaba na halitta, wanda aka kiyaye shi ta dabi'a daga halaka ta babban haihuwa da kuma tsawon rai, har yanzu ya tsinci kansa a kan halaka saboda yawan sha'awar mutum. Shin zai yiwu a kare nau'ikan nau'ikan tuna da yawa daga halaka gabaɗaya - lokaci zai nuna.
Ranar bugawa: 20.07.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 09/26/2019 a 9:13
