Asu malam buɗe ido yana da haske sosai, wakilin ban mamaki na kwari na Lepidoptera. Ana iya samun shi sau da yawa ƙarƙashin sunan hummingbird. Wannan sunan saboda yanayin haske da halaye masu gina jiki. Labarin malam sananne ne saboda matsakaiciyar girmansa da kasancewarta proboscis na musamman, godiya ga abin da baya zama akan furen kansa, amma yana jujjuyawa yana shawagi a kusa dashi, yana tara ruwan dare mai daɗi.
A yau malam buɗe ido baƙon kwari ne. Duk da cewa cewa kwari na wadannan malam buɗe ido ba su da kyau, ba a ba da shawarar yin amfani da magungunan ƙwari don sarrafa su.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Photo: M asu malam buɗe ido
Othungiyar shaho ta kasance daga kwari masu tsaka-tsalle, an keɓe ta ga odar Lepidoptera, dangin kwarkwatan. Sunan ɗayan shahararrun nau'ikan raƙuman kudan zuma shi ne mataccen kan. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa ana amfani da hoto mai kama da siffar kwanyar a saman fuskar kai. Wannan shine malam buɗe ido wanda shine gwarzo na yawancin tatsuniyoyi da imani.
Nazarin jinsin da bayaninsa a karni na 20 masanin kimiyya Heinrich Prell ne ya yi shi. Wannan nau'in kwarin koyaushe yana tayar da sha'awa mara kyau. A zamanin da, waɗannan malam buɗe ido ana ɗaukar su manzannin matsala da alamun gazawa da cuta. Mutane sun yi imani da cewa idan wannan kwari kwatsam ya shiga cikin mazaunin mutum, to mutuwa ba da daɗewa ba za ta zo nan. Akwai kuma irin wannan alamar: idan kwayar reshe ta shiga cikin ido, to da sannu mutum zai makance kuma ya rasa gani.
Bidiyo: Butterfly hawk
A cikin zane-zane na dabbobi, ana samun asu na shaho da sunan Acherontia atropos. Fassara daga Latin, sunan wannan malam buɗe ido yana wakiltar sunan ɗayan hanyoyin ruwan masarautar matattu. Da farko dai, masana kimiyyar dabbobi sun yi imani cewa malam buɗe ido ya bayyana a duniya bayan bayyanar shuke-shuke masu furanni. Koyaya, ba a tabbatar da wannan ra'ayin ba daga baya. Yana da matsala a tsayar da ainihin lokacin bayyanar butterflies a duniya. Wannan saboda gaskiyar cewa Lepidoptera yana da jiki mai rauni.
Abubuwan da aka gano na tsoffin magabatan butterflies na zamani suna da wuya. Mafi yawa ana samun su a gutsurar gudumma ko amber. Abubuwan da aka samo daga tsoffin magabatan Lepidoptera na zamani sun fara ne tun shekaru miliyan 140-180 da suka gabata. Koda yake, masana kimiyya sunyi da'awar cewa farkon dadadden kamannin kwaroro ya bayyana a duniya shekaru sama da miliyan 280 da suka gabata. Wannan nau'in malam buɗe ido ya kasu kashi-kashi cikin ƙananan nau'ikan ƙarami, kowannensu yana da nasa fasali na musamman.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hoto: Kwarin farin kwari mai kama da tsuntsu mai birgima
Ana ɗaukan kwari a matsayin manyan kwari kuma suna da halaye masu kyau.
Alamomin wannan nau'in na Lepidoptera:
- m jiki;
- dogon fuka-fukai siriri Haka kuma, fikafikan gaba biyu sun fi na baya baya. A hutawa, mafi yawanci ƙananan fikafikan fuka-fuken suna ɓoye a ƙarƙashin ƙarami, ko kuma suna ninkewa cikin siffar gida;
- eriya ba tare da zagaye beads a ƙarshen;
- jiki yana da kayan ado na sihiri wanda yake kama da bawon bishiyoyi.
Fuka-fukan wadannan butterflies daga santimita 3 zuwa 10. Tsawon jiki yakai santimita 10-11. A cikin wannan nau'in na Lepidoptera, ana bayyana dimorphism na jima'i. Mata sun fi maza girma. Nauyin mace baliga daya gram 3-9 ne, na miji gram 2-7.
Girman, nauyin jiki da launi yawancin ƙananan ƙananan ne ke ƙayyade su. Misali, mafi girman wakilin wannan nau'in shine antaeus. Fikafikan sa mai tsawon santimita 16-17. Mafi ƙanƙanta ita ce asuwar kwarya. Fukafukan sa ba su wuce 2-3 mm ba. Shaho mai ruwan inabi yana da halayyar jan launi mai duhu. Launi kuma yawanci an ƙaddara shi ta yankin mazauni da abinci.
Malam buɗe ido yana da eriya, wanda zai iya zama tsayi iri-iri, fusiform ko mai kama da sanda. Ana nuna su kuma suna lanƙwasa zuwa sama. A cikin maza, sun fi mata fadi da yawa. Kayan aiki na baka na shaho yana da wakilci ta hanyar elongated, thin proboscis. Tsawonsa na iya zama sau da yawa girman jiki, kuma ya kai santimita 15-17. Mafi dadewa proboscis yana da asu na Madagascar, tsawon sa ya wuce santimita 30. A wasu ƙananan ƙananan, gajere ne ko rashin ci gaba. A lokacin da malam buɗe ido ba ya cin abinci, ana mirgine shi kawai a cikin bututu.
A kan leben malam buɗe ido akwai ƙwaƙƙwaran dabbobin da suka ci gaba, waɗanda aka tanƙwara sama kuma an rufe su da sikeli. Kwaron yana da rikitarwa, manyan idanu zagaye. An dan rufe su da gashin gira. An gina keɓaɓɓun ƙwayoyin infrared na musamman a cikin gabobin gani. Tare da taimakonsu, kwari ba wai kawai rarrabe launuka ba, amma kuma suna iya kama hasken infrared marar ganuwa. Jikin kwarin an lullube shi da kauri mai kauri. A ƙarshen jiki, ana tattara villi a cikin burushi ko alade. Kwari suna da madaidaiciyar haɓakar tsokoki, saboda abin da zasu iya haɓaka saurin gudu.
A ina kwarin shaho yake zama?
Photo: Auduga malam a yanayi
Wannan nau'in Lepidoptera kwari ne na thermophilic. Duk da yawancin nau'ikan raƙuman ruwa, yawancinsu suna mai da hankali ne a ƙasashe masu zafi. Ana iya samun wasu subsan rashi a yankin mai yanayin yanayi na duniya.
Yankin Butterfly:
- Amirka ta Arewa;
- Kudancin Amurka;
- Afirka;
- Ostiraliya;
- Rasha;
- Eurasia.
Kungiyoyi fiye da hamsin suna rayuwa a yankin ƙasar Rasha. Yawancin jinsin malam buɗe ido suna zaɓar yankuna masu ciyayi masu yawa a matsayin mazauninsu. Koyaya, akwai ƙananan rabe-raben da ke zaune a yankunan hamada na Eurasia. Yawancin jinsunan kwari suna dauke da asu. Sabili da haka, da rana, galibi ana samun su akan bawon bishiyoyi, a kan bishiyoyi.
Kwarin Hawk kwari ne masu jini a jiki, don haka kafin su tashi, suna kada fikafikansu na dogon lokaci kuma cikin sauri, suna dumama jiki da yanayin da ake bukata. A cikin wurare masu zafi, kwari na shaho suna tashi duk shekara. A cikin yanayin sararin samaniya, suna jure hunturu a matakin ɗalibi. Don rayuwa a cikin yanayin sanyi mai zuwa, jaririn yana ɓoye a cikin ƙasa ko gansakuka.
Wasu nau'in suna yin ƙaura tare da farkon yanayin sanyi zuwa ƙasashe masu ɗumi. Akwai jinsunan da, akasin haka, suke yin ƙaura tare da farkon lokacin bazara zuwa wasu yankuna na arewacin. Hijira ba ta da alaƙa da sauyin yanayi kawai, har ma da yawan mazauni. A cikin sababbin yankuna, suna ƙirƙirar yankuna na ɗan lokaci da kiwo.
Yanzu kun san inda kwarin ungulu yake zaune, bari mu bincika abin da yake ci.
Menene kwarin shaho yake ci?
Hotuna: Butterfly hawk
Babban tushen abinci mai gina jiki ga manya shine tsiron fure, wanda yake da wadataccen carbohydrates. Saboda kasancewar rayuwar malam buɗe ido ba ta daɗe sosai, yana tara babban tushen sunadarai a lokacin kasancewarsa a cikin kwatankwacin. Lepidoptera ya dogara da nau'in da matakin ci gaba, ya fi son ciyarwa akan tsirrai na nau'ikan tsire-tsire.
Abin da zai iya zama tushen abinci:
- poplar;
- teku buckthorn;
- lilac;
- rasberi;
- dope;
- belladonna;
- 'ya'yan itace' ya'yan itace - plum, ceri, apple;
- Jasmin;
- tumatir;
- coniferous nectar;
- inabi;
- ɓarna;
- itacen oak
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: An dauki tsutsa na kwarin baƙar fata mai guba, saboda tana cin ganyen taba kuma tana tara abubuwa masu guba a cikin tsiron. Yana da takamaiman launi wanda yake tsoratar da tsuntsayen ganima, sannan kuma yana iya tofawa, fitar da takamaiman sautuna.
Hakanan akwai nau'ikan kwari na shaho wadanda ke iya ciyar da zuma ta hanyar hawa cikin amya. Abin mamaki, kwari na gudanar da liyafa a kan kayan zaki kuma suna cikin cikakkiyar lafiya da lafiya. Suna da ikon yin sautuka wanda yayi kama da kurar kudan zuma. Proarfin proboscis yana taimakawa huda shanfan cikin sauƙi.
Masu sayar da kaya suna da wata hanyar musamman ta cin abinci. Suna shawagi a kan shukar kuma suna tsotse cikin ruwan sanyi tare da taimakon dogon akwati. Abin lura ne cewa babu wani kwaro da yake da wannan ikon. Ta wannan hanyar ciyarwar, kwari basa yin shuke-shuke.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Auduga malam a cikin jirgi
A cikin yanayi, akwai adadi mai yawa na rarar hawthorn. Kowane ɗayan ƙananan ƙananan ana haɓaka su da aiki a cikin wani zamani daban na yini. Akwai kwarkwata wadanda suka fi son tafiyar da rayuwar dare, ta rana, ko ta dare. Wadannan nau'ikan malam buɗe ido suna haɓaka saurin saurin jirgin sama. A lokacin tashin, suna fitar da wani sauti mai kama da jirgin mara matuki.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Ana ba da saurin gudu ta hanyan fikafikan sauri. Malam buɗe baki yana yin fiye da bugun jini sau 50 a cikin dakika ɗaya!
Wasu malam buɗe ido suna kama da ƙananan tsuntsaye. Suna iya yin nesa mai nisa, suna tashi daga wannan ƙarshen ƙasar zuwa wancan, ko ma daga nahiya zuwa nahiya.
Wadannan nau'ikan malam buɗe ido suna da alaƙa da takamaiman hanyar ciyarwa. Saboda tsananin nauyinsa, ba kowane fure ke iya jure wa malam buɗe ido ba. Saboda wannan, suna shawagi a kan shukar kuma suna tsotse ruwan zakin da taimakon dogon proboscis. Tana tashi daga wannan shuka zuwa wata har sai da ta gamsu sosai. Bayan malam buɗe ido ya ƙoshi da yunwarta, sai ya tashi, yana kaɗawa kaɗan daga gefe zuwa gefe.
Wasu nau'ikan kwari na shaho, gami da "mataccen kai", a daidai lokacin da ake gabatowa da hadari, suna fitar da wani sauti mai kama da amo mai kara. Suna iya yin irin waɗannan sautukan saboda iska da aka saki daga hanjin gaba, wanda ke taimakawa ga rawar jijiyoyin kayan aikin bakin.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: othwarar malam buɗe ido daga Littafin Ja
A cikin mazauninsu na gargajiya, butterflies sun haɗu a cikin shekara. 'Ya'yan sun ƙyanƙyashe biyu, wani lokacin sau uku a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai kyau. Yin jima'i yawanci yakan faru da daddare. Yana ɗaukar daga minti 20-30 zuwa awowi da yawa. A wannan tsawon lokacin, kwari basu da motsi.
A wani lokaci, mace daya tana iya yin kwai har zuwa 150-170. Kwan kwan yana zagaye, fari tare da shuɗi ko shuɗi mai launi. Ana yin ƙwai galibi akan ciyawar ciyayi. Bayan haka, bayan kwanaki 2-4, haske, farin tsutsa mai hade da kafafu marasa launi ya bayyana daga ƙwai.
Caterpillar yana da matakai daban-daban na ci gaba:
- caterpillar kore ne mai haske, diamita na kwari bai wuce milimita 12-13 ba;
- an kafa babban ƙaho mai ruwan kasa a jiki, wanda girmansa ya wuce girman jiki;
- kumburi yana ƙaruwa sosai a cikin girma, sabbin alamu sun bayyana;
- kahon da aka kafa ya zama yana da sauki, yana da tsauri. Ragu da duhu suna bayyana a sassan ɓangaren akwati;
- girman jiki ya ƙaru zuwa santimita 5-6, nauyin ya kai gram 4-5;
- tsutsa na karuwa sosai a girma. Nauyin ya kai gram 20, tsawonsa - har zuwa santimita 15.
Caterpillars an daidaita su daidai don rayuwa a yanayi daban-daban. Dogaro da jinsin, suna da launi iri iri wanda zai basu damar hadewa da ciyayi. Caterpillars na wasu nau'ikan suna da tsayayyen fasali, tsayayyen bristles, ko kuma na iya fitar da wani wari mara daɗi, wanda ke firgita tsuntsaye da sauran wakilan duniyar dabbobi masu cin kwari.
Bayan kwari ya tara isasshen abinci mai gina jiki kuma ya sami nauyin jiki sosai, sai ya nitse cikin ƙasa. Can sai tayi pupates. A matakin dalibi, malam buɗe ido yana nan tsawon makonni 2.5-3. A wannan lokacin, manyan canje-canje suna faruwa a jikin kwari. Caterpillar ya rikide ya zama malam buɗe ido. Kyakkyawan malam buɗe ido yana 'yantar da kansa daga kokonta, ya bushe fikafikansa, kuma ya tafi neman abokin tarayya don ci gaba da rayuwarsa.
Halittan abokan gaba na kwari
Photo: asu asu
Kwarin shaho yana da 'yan maƙiya kaɗan a cikin mazauninsu. A kowane mataki na ci gabansu, a koyaushe suna cikin haɗari da haɗari mai tsanani. Babban abokan gaba sune masu cutar. Wadannan sun hada da wasps, wasps, da sauran nau'in parasites. Suna kwan kwan su a saman jikin butterflies, caterpillars ko pupae. Bayan haka, larvae na parasites ya bayyana daga ƙwai, wanda ke ciyar da gabobin ciki na butterflies, wanda ke haifar da mutuwarsu. Da zarar an gama su, tsutsa daga cikin parasites din suna barin jikin butterflies.
Tsuntsaye suna da haɗari ga malam buɗe ido. Ga nau'in tsuntsaye da yawa, kwari, ko ma butterflies da kansu, sune tushen tushen abinci. Koyaya, ba duk nau'in tsuntsaye bane yake iya kamuwa da irin wannan kwari mai saurin lalacewa da sauri. Ba rawar karshe ba a cikin hallaka yawan kwari mallakar mutane ne. Sakamakon ayyukanta, tana amfani da magungunan kwari, yana lalata mazaunin Lepidoptera.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: M asu malam buɗe ido
Duk da nau'ikan nau'ikan, an yi amfani da kwari a cikin Red Book, kuma yawancin nau'ikan wannan malam buɗe ido suma ana samun su a cikin Littattafan Red Data Books na yankin. Har zuwa yau, yawan adadin kwarin ba shi da barazanar. Har ma an cire shi daga littafin Red Book na Tarayyar Rasha. A yankin Ukraine, lambar ta kasance mai barazanar. A wannan haɗin, an sanya shi rukuni na uku, kuma an lasafta shi a cikin Littafin Ja na ƙasar.
Dalilai daban-daban na taimakawa ga raguwar yawan kwarin kwari a yankuna daban-daban:
- karuwar adadin tsuntsaye;
- lura da amfanin gona tare da magungunan kwari;
- yankan bishiyoyi da ciyawa mai ci;
- cigaban mutum na yankuna na yau da kullun na mazaunin kwari
Yanayi mafi dacewa tare da yawan kwari akan yankin Caucasus. Sauyin yanayi a nan ya fi sauki, ƙwararan puppy da yawa suna iya tsira da hunturu.
A wasu yankuna, akwai mummunan mutuwar pupae da larvae saboda maganin ciyayi tare da magungunan kwari don baiting kwaroron dankalin turawa na Colorado. Hakanan, adadi mai yawa na tsuntsaye, wanda kifayen kwata-kwata sune tushen abinci, suna taimakawa wajen raguwar adadi.
Kariya na kwarin shaho
Hotuna: othwarar malam buɗe ido daga Littafin Ja
An jera kwari a cikin Red Book na USSR a cikin 1984. A waɗancan yankuna inda yawan kwarin kwari yake barazanar hallakawa, ana ci gaba da aiki tsakanin yara 'yan makaranta da matasa don hana kashe kwari da malam buɗe ido.
Ana kuma ci gaba da aiki don takaita amfani da magungunan kwari don magance kwari. Domin kara yawan kwari, ana bada shawarar shuka gonaki da yankuna masu 'yanci tare da shuke-shuke masu furanni, wanda kwayar halittar tasu itace tushen abincin su. Hakanan, a cikin yankuna da ƙananan ƙwayoyin kwari, ana ba da shawarar ƙayyade adadin ciyayin da aka ƙone.
Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa puppy suna gyarawa a kan wasu nau'in shuka. A yankunan da ke da ƙananan kwari na shaho, ana ba da shawarar yanka ciyayi a cikin tsarin mosaic. Aiwatar da irin waɗannan matakai masu sauƙi ba zai taimaka ba kawai a ci gaba ba, har ma a ƙara yawan pr.
Babu wasu shirye-shirye na musamman da ayyukan da aka tsara don ƙara yawan adadin malam buɗe ido. Asu malam buɗe ido wani kyakkyawan malam buɗe ido, wanda aka tsara don magance ciyawa, tsire-tsire masu cutarwa. Tabbas, irin wadannan halittu masu haske da ban mamaki ado ne na flora da fauna.
Ranar bugawa: 07.06.2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 22.09.2019 a 23:22
