Hippopotamus yana daya daga cikin manyan dabbobi a duniya. Ita ce ta biyu bayan giwayen Afirka. Hakanan Rhinos na iya gasa a girma da nauyi. Duk da girman su da nauyin su, hippos na iya zama da sauri da saurin dabbobi.
Na dogon lokaci, ana ɗaukar aladu a matsayin kakanni da dangin karkanda. Koyaya, ba da daɗewa ba, masana kimiyyar dabbobi - masu bincike suka gabatar da wata ka'ida mai ban mamaki game da alaƙar su da Whales!
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Behemoth
Hippos wakilan wakoki ne, ajin dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsari na artiodactyl, mai nuna rashin kyawun alade, da dangin dangi.
Masana ilmin namun daji suna jayayya cewa juyin halittar wadannan dabbobin bashi da cikakkiyar fahimta. Masana kimiyya sunyi da'awar cewa wakilan dangila, wanda yayi kama da hippos na zamani, ya bayyana a duniya kadan fiye da shekaru miliyan goma da suka shude. Tsoffin kakannin dabbobi sun kasance marasa kulawa, waɗanda ake kira kondilartrams. Sunyi rayuwar kadaici, a dabi'ance sun kasance masu kadaitawa.
Bidiyo: Behemoth
An zabi yawancin gandun daji a matsayin mazauninsu. A waje, sun yi kama da hippos na zamani. An samo tsoffin ragowar wannan dabbar a yankin nahiyar Afirka kuma sun dace da lokacin Miocene. Kakannin dabbar, waɗanda za a iya danganta su da aminci ga jinsin hippos, kuma suna da kamanceceniya da nau'ikan zamani, sun bayyana kusan shekaru miliyan biyu da rabi da suka wuce. Yayin Pliocene da Pleistocene, sun yadu sosai.
Masana kimiyya sun tabbatar da cewa a lokacin Pleistocene, yawan dabbobi sunada yawa kuma sunfi karfin dabbobin da suke cikin yanayin yau. Dangane da ragowar dabbobin da aka samo a Kenya, masana kimiyya sun tabbatar da cewa adadinsu a lokacin Pleistocene ya kasance 15% na dukkanin kashin baya na wancan lokacin, da kuma kashi 28% na dukkan dabbobi masu shayarwa.
Hippos ya rayu ba kawai a cikin nahiyar Afirka ba, har ma da iyakokinta. An cire su gaba ɗaya daga yankin Turai sakamakon Zamanin Pleistocene Ice Age. A wancan lokacin, dabbobi iri hudu ne, a yanzu guda daya ne. An raba hippopotamus daga asalin juyin halitta kusan shekaru miliyan 5 da suka gabata.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hoto: Hippo na dabba
Nauyin hippo na baligi ya kai kilo 1200 - 3200. Tsawon jiki ya kai mita biyar. Tsawon wutsiyar ya kusan 30-40 cm, tsayin a busassun ya ɗan wuce mita ɗaya da rabi. A cikin dabbobi, ana bayyana dimorphism na jima'i. Maza sun fi mata yawa kuma sun fi mata nauyi. Hakanan, maza suna da canines masu tsayi.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa. Maza suna girma cikin rayuwarsu. Mata na daina girma lokacin da suka kai shekaru 25 da haihuwa.
Launin fatar dabbobi launin toka-violet ne, ko launin toka mai launin shuɗi. Grey-pink faci suna nan kewaye da idanu da kunnuwa. Layer ta sama tana da siriri kuma mai laushi, sabili da haka suna iya samun mummunan rauni da rauni yayin faɗa. Sauran fatar dabbar tana da kauri sosai kuma mai dorewa.
Abin mamaki, fatar dabba ba ta da gumi da kuma gland. Akwai gland na mucous wanda ke ɓoye sirri na musamman na ja. Na dogon lokaci an yi imani cewa wannan jini ne tare da haɗuwa da gumi. Koyaya, yayin karatun muhimmin aiki da tsarin jikin dabbobi, an gano cewa asirin cakuda acid ne. Wannan ruwan yana kare jikin dorinar ruwa daga zafin rana ta Afirka ta hanyar shan hasken ultraviolet.
Dabbobin suna da gajerun gaɓoɓi amma da ƙarfi da ƙafafunsu. Wannan tsari na gabar jiki yana ba ku damar motsawa cikin sauri da sauri a cikin ruwa da ƙasa. Hippos na da kai da girma ƙwarai da gaske. Yawansa a cikin wasu mutane na iya kaiwa tan. Idanu, kunnuwa da hancin dabbobi suna da girman da zai basu damar daukar lokaci mai yawa a cikin ruwa. Lokacin da nutsar da ruwa gaba daya, hancin hancinsa da idanunsa suka rufe, suna hana ruwa shiga.
Hippos na da ƙarfi, jaws mai ƙarfi wanda ya buɗe kusan digiri 160. Jaws an sanye ta da manyan canines da ciki. Tsawon su ya kai rabin mita. Hakora suna da kaifi sosai kamar yadda a koyaushe suke kaifafa yayin da suke taunawa.
A ina dodo yake zaune?
Hoto: Babban dutsen dabo
A matsayin mazauninsu, dabbobi suna zaɓar yankin da akwai ruwa mai zurfi a ciki. Waɗannan na iya zama fadama, koguna, tabkuna. Zurfin su ya kamata ya zama aƙalla mita biyu, saboda dabbobi suna son nutsar da su gaba ɗaya cikin ruwa. Da rana, dabbobi sun fi son yin bacci ko kwantawa a cikin rana, a cikin ruwa mara zurfi, ko yin iyo a cikin manyan kududduka na laka. Da farkon duhu, dabbobi sun fi son kasancewa a kan ƙasa. Dabbobi suna ba da fifiko ga tafkunan ruwa mai gishiri.
Yankin yanki na mazaunin dabbobi:
- Kenya;
- Mozambique;
- Tanzania;
- Laberiya;
- Cote DeIvoire;
- Malawi;
- Uganda;
- Zambiya.
A halin yanzu, dabbobi suna rayuwa ne kawai a yankin nahiyar Afirka, kudu da Sahara, ban da tsibirin Madagascar. Tun daga shekarun sittin na wannan karnin, mazaunin dabbobi bai canza ba. Hippos ya ɓace gaba ɗaya kawai daga yankin Afirka ta Kudu. Jama'a suna da karko kawai a wuraren kariya a cikin wuraren shakatawa da wuraren kariya.
Hippos yi ƙoƙari don guje wa tekuna. Ba al'ada ba ne a gare su su zauna a cikin irin waɗannan ruwayen. Dabbobi suna buƙatar tafki mai cikakken isa don ɗaukar garken garken tumaki, kuma kada ya bushe a cikin shekara. Hippos na buƙatar kwari masu ciyawa kusa da ruwa don ciyar da dabbobi. Idan tafkin ya kafe a lokacin tsananin fari, dabbobi sukan yi yawo don neman wani wurin yin iyo.
Me dodo yake ci?
Photo: Hippo a cikin yanayi
Wannan babbar dabba mai girman gaske itace herbivore. Da dare ya fara, dabbobi sukan sauka a kan ƙasa su ci abinci. Ganin nauyin su da girman jikin su, suna buƙatar adadin abinci mai yawa. A wani lokaci suna iya cin abinci har zuwa kilogiram 50 na abincin tsirrai. Gabaɗaya, abincin dabbobi na iya haɗawa har zuwa nau'in dozin uku na tsirrai daban-daban. Koyaya, tsire-tsire na cikin ruwa ba su dace da abincin hippos ba.
Idan babu abinci, dabbobi na iya yin nisa. Koyaya, ba sa iya yin tafiya mai nisa da nisa sosai. Abincin dabbobi ya haɗa da kusan kowane abinci na asalin tsire-tsire - tsire-tsire, shukoki, ciyawa, da dai sauransu. Ba sa cin tushen da 'ya'yan itacen tsire-tsire, tun da ba su da ƙwarewar samo su da haƙa su.
A matsakaici, cin abinci ɗaya na dabba yana ɗaukar aƙalla awa huɗu da rabi. Manyan lebe, na jiki masu kyau don kama abinci. Faɗin lebe ɗaya ya kai rabin mita. Wannan yana bawa hippos damar yaga koda ciyayi masu kauri ba tare da wahala ba. Dabbobi masu girma sun yi amfani da ita azaman wuƙa don yanke abinci.
Abincin yana karewa da asuba. Bayan an gama cin abincin, hippos sun dawo cikin tafki. Hippos ba su wuce kilomita biyu daga tafkin ba. Adadin abinci na yau da kullun ya zama aƙalla 1-1.5% na nauyin jikin duka. Idan membobin dangin dangi ba su ci isasshen abinci ba, za su yi rauni kuma cikin sauri su rasa ƙarfi.
A cikin keɓaɓɓun banda, akwai yanayin cin nama ta dabbobi. Koyaya, masanan dabbobi sun yi iƙirarin cewa wannan lamarin ya samo asali ne sakamakon matsalolin lafiya ko wasu abubuwan da suka faru. Ba a tsara tsarin narkar da abinci na hippos don narkar da nama ba.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Hippo a cikin ruwa
Hippos dabbobi ne na garke kuma suna rayuwa cikin rukuni. Adadin rukuni na iya zama daban - daga biyu zuwa uku dozin zuwa biyu zuwa ɗari uku. Alwaysungiyar ta namiji ne ke jagoranta koyaushe. Babban namiji koyaushe yana kare hakkinsa na jagoranci. Maza sau da yawa kuma suna fada sosai a cikin gwagwarmayar neman haƙƙin mallaka, da kuma haƙƙin shiga aure da mace.
Guguwar da ta sha kaye yakan mutu daga adadi mai yawa na raunin da canines mai kaifi da kaifi suka yi masa. Gwagwarmayar shugabanci tsakanin maza tana farawa ne lokacin da suka kai shekaru bakwai. Wannan yana nuna kansa a cikin hamma, kara, yada taki da kama jaw. Mata suna da alhakin kwanciyar hankali da nutsuwa a cikin garken.
Abune na yau da kullun ga ƙungiyoyi su mallaki wani yanki wanda suke cinye kusan rayuwarsu duka. A lokutan hasken rana galibi suna bacci ko wanka cikin laka. Da fara duhu, sai su fito daga ruwa su ci abinci. Dabbobi sukan yiwa alama yanki ta hanyar yada taki. Don haka, suna yin alama a yankin bakin teku da yankin kiwo.
A tsakanin garken, dabbobi suna sadarwa da juna ta hanyar amfani da sautuna daban-daban. Suna yin sautuka kama da gurnani, smacking, ko ruri. Waɗannan sautunan suna watsa sigina daban-daban ba kawai a ƙasa ba har ma a cikin ruwa. Hannun da ke ƙasa yana nuna sha'awar tsofaffi da ƙwararrun membobin ƙungiyar.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa. Hippos sukan yi sauti koda kuwa sun nitse cikin ruwa.
Sau da yawa, yayin cikin ruwa, yawancin dabbobin suna amfani da jikin dabbar a matsayin wurin kamun kifi. Wannan haɗin kai ne mai fa'ida ga juna, tunda tsuntsayen sun kawar da hippos na ƙwallaye masu yawa waɗanda ke cin gajiyar jikin ƙaton.
Hippos kawai da farko kallo ze zama maras ma'ana da rashin hankali. Suna iya saurin gudu zuwa 35 km / h. Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa ana ɗaukar su a matsayin dabbobin da ba za a iya hango su ba kuma masu haɗari a duniya. Strengtharfin rediwarara da ƙaton fuka-fuka suna ba ku damar jimre wa har ma da babban kada a ƙiftawar ido. Babban abin da ke tattare da hadari shi ne balaga maza da mata, wanda kusa da yaransu. Hippopotamus na iya tattake wanda aka azabtar da shi, ya ci shi, ya gina shi da manya-manyan hakora, ko kuma kawai ya ja shi a ƙarƙashin ruwa.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Baby Hippo
Hippos ba su saba da samar da ma'aurata masu daɗewa ba. Koyaya, basu buƙatar wannan, tunda koyaushe akwai mace a cikin garken da yake cikin bincike. Mutane na jima'in maza na dogon lokaci kuma a hankali su zaɓi abokin tarayya. Suna kallon ta sosai, suna lumshe ido. Zaɓin abokin tarayya da neman aure ba gaggawa, nutsuwa da kwanciyar hankali. Maza suna ƙoƙari su guje wa rikici tare da mutane masu ƙarfi. Da zaran mace ta amsa gaisuwa ta shiru, sai namiji ya dauke ta gefe. Baya ga kungiyar, neman aure ya zama mai yawan kutsawa da turawa. Tsarin jima'i yana faruwa a cikin ruwa.
Bayan kwanaki 320, ana haihuwar ɗa. Kafin haihuwa, mace tana nuna halin ɗabi'a mara kyau. Ba ta yarda kowa ya matso ba. Don kar ta cutar da kanta ko jaririyar da za ta zo a cikin wannan jihar, tana neman ruwa mara zurfi. Tana dawowa tuni da jaririn makonni biyu da haihuwa. Yaran da aka haifa suna da ƙanana da ƙarfi. Yawan su kusan kilo 20 ne.
Mahaifiyar tana ƙoƙari ta kowace hanya don kare ɗiyar, tunda ana ɗaukarsu cikin sauƙin ganima tsakanin masu farautar waɗanda ba su da ƙarfin halin kai hari ga manya, hippos masu ƙarfi. Bayan sun dawo cikin garke, manya da maza masu karfi suna kula da jariran. Kubawa suna shayar da nonon uwa har zuwa shekara guda. Bayan wannan lokacin, suna haɗuwa da abincin da aka saba. Koyaya, hippos yana jagorantar keɓantaccen salon rayuwa ne kawai bayan ya balaga tsakanin jima'i - a kusan shekaru 3-3.5.
Matsakaicin rayuwar dabbobi a cikin yanayin yanayi shine shekaru 35-40. A karkashin yanayin wucin gadi, yana ƙaruwa da shekaru 15-20. Akwai dangantaka kai tsaye tsakanin tsinkayen rayuwa da tsarin sanya hakori. Idan hakorin Hippo ya tsufa, tsawon rai na raguwa sosai.
Halittan makiya hippos
Hoto: Hippo a Afirka
Saboda tsananin girman su, karfin su da karfin su, hippos bashi da wani makiyi a yanayin yanayi. Masu farauta za su iya haifar da haɗari ga ƙananan dabbobi, da dabbobi ko marasa ƙarfi. Haɗarin hippos ya sami wakilcin kada, wanda a wasu lokuta ba safai ba zasu iya kai farmaki ga wakilan dangin hippopotamus, zakuna, kuraye, da damisa. Dangane da ƙididdiga, daga 15 zuwa 30% na yara waɗanda ke ƙasa da shekara ɗaya sun mutu saboda kuskuren waɗannan maƙarƙan. Sau da yawa a cikin yanayin samuwar garke, ana iya taka samari.
Babban tushen hatsari da kuma dalilin raguwar yawan hippos shine mutane da ayyukansu. Mutane da yawa sun hallaka dabbobi da yawa don nama. A cikin kasashen Afirka da yawa, ana daukar jita-jita daga naman alade a matsayin abinci mai dadi. Yayi kama da naman alade da ɗanɗano kamar naman sa. Fata da kashin dabbar suna da matukar daraja. Ana yin na'urori na musamman don nika da yankan duwatsu masu daraja daga ɓoye, kuma ƙasusuwa sune ganima mai ƙima kuma suna da daraja har ma fiye da hauren giwa.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hoto: Hippo gama gari
A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, yawan dorinar ruwa ya ragu sosai, da kusan 15-20%. A yankin kusan kasashe dozin uku, akwai mutane 125,000 zuwa 150,000.
Babban dalilan raguwar yawan dabbobi:
- Mafarauta Duk da haramcin wannan haramtacciyar dabba ta dabbobi, dabbobi da yawa suna mutuwa daga mutane kowace shekara. Dabbobin da ke zaune a yankin da doka ba ta kariya sun fi saukin kamuwa da farautar dabbobi.
- Rushewar mahimman wuraren zama. Bushewa daga tafkunan ruwa mai kyau, gulbi, canza alkiblar koguna na haifar da mutuwar dabbobi, tunda basa iya tafiya mai nisa. Addamar da ƙarin yankuna da mutum, sakamakon haka yankin da wadatar wuraren kiwo suna raguwa.
Damisa mai gadi
Hotuna: Behemoth Red Book
A cikin yankuna inda hippos ke zaune da yawa, an hana farautar waɗannan dabbobi a hukumance. Keta wannan buƙatun ya haifar da abin dogaro da aikata laifi. Hakanan, don ƙara yawansu, ana ƙirƙirar wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa da wuraren kariya, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin kariya. Hakanan ana ɗaukar duk matakan da zasu yiwu don hana bushewa daga cikin ruwan sabo.
Hippopotamus ne kawai aka lissafa a cikin Red Book na duniya. An ba shi matsayin mai haɗari sosai. Bayyanar, girmansa, tsayin jikinsa da girman canins of hippopotamus yana ba da mamaki kuma yana sanya tsoro. A cewar kididdiga, 'yan hippos suna kai wa mutane hari fiye da duk wasu mahautan da ke nahiyar Afirka. A cikin fushi da fushi, dabba ta kasance mai kisan gilla da tsananin tashin hankali.
Ranar bugawa: 02/26/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 09/15/2019 a 19:36
