Kharza - wata babbar dabba ce daga jinsin mustelids, na dangin suna daya. Hakanan ana kiransa marten-rayayyen-marten, saboda yana da haske mai launin lemun tsami-rawaya na sama na rabin jiki. Bayanin ilimin kimiyya ya fito ne daga bakin dan asalin kasar Holland Peter Boddert a shekarar 1785.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Kharza
Bayanin tarihin farko game da harzuwar ya samu ne daga masanin Ingilishi Thomas Pennath a cikin aikin "Tarihin Quadrupeds" a cikin 1781. A can an yi maganarsa azaman barnacle weasel. Shekaru da yawa bayan fitowar aikin Boddert, inda ya bai wa mai farautar ma'anarta ta zamani da sunan - Martes flavigula, kasancewar an yi shakkar wanzuwar marten tare da kirji mai launin rawaya mai haske har sai masanin Ingilishi mai suna Thomas Hardwig ya kawo fatar dabbar daga Indiya don gidan kayan tarihin Kamfanin Indiya na Gabas.
Yana ɗayan tsoffin siffofin marten kuma mai yiwuwa ya bayyana a lokacin Pliocene. An tabbatar da wannan sigar ta yanayin wurin da yanayin launi mara kyau. An sami burbushin burbushin halittu a Rasha a kudancin Primorye a cikin kogon Geographical Society (Upper Quaternary) da kuma Kogon Bat (Holocene). An samo farkon abubuwan da aka samo a cikin Late Pliocene a arewacin Indiya da farkon Pleistocene a kudancin China.
Jinsi na Kharza yana da nau'i biyu (an bayyana jimillar rabe-rabe shida), ana samun jinsin Amur a Rasha, kuma a Indiya akwai nau'ikan da ba safai ake samu ba - Nilgirian (yana rayuwa a tsaunin tsaunin Nilgiri massif). Can mafi nisa yankin wurin zama, ya fi girma da dabba, suna da fifili da doguwar fata da launin jiki mai haske mai banbanci. Dangane da hasken launi, yana kama da dabba mai zafi, wacce ita ce, amma a cikin dazuzzukan Primorye, mai farautar ya zama baƙon abu kuma da ɗan ba zata.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hoto: Dabba Kharza
Wannan wakilin na dabbobi masu shayarwa yana da ƙarfi, yana da tsoka, da tsawan jiki, da doguwar wuya da ƙaramin kai. Wutsiyar ba ta da taushi sosai, amma ta fi ta sauran gashin baki tsayi, an inganta ra'ayin kuma saboda gaskiyar cewa ba ta da laushi kamar ta dangi na kusa. Mulos ɗin da aka nuna yana da ƙananan kunnuwa masu tasowa kuma yana da siffar almara. Kharza na da girma a girma.
A cikin mata:
- tsawon jiki - 50-65 cm;
- girman wutsiya - 35-42 cm;
- nauyi - 1.2-3.8 kg.
A cikin maza:
- tsawon jiki - 50-72 cm;
- tsawon wutsiya - 35-44 cm;
- nauyi - 1.8-5.8 kg.
Jawo na dabba gajere ne, mai haske, mai kauri, a kan wutsiya murfin tsayin daidai. Sashin babba na kai, kunnuwa, muzzam, wutsiya da ƙananan ƙafafu baƙi ne. Raunuka masu kamannin zoji suna gangarowa daga kunnuwa a gefen wuyan. Lipananan leɓe da ƙugu suna da fari. Wani fasali mai ban sha'awa shine launi mai haske na gawa. Sashin gaban baya yana da launin rawaya-rawaya, wucewa zuwa cikin launin ruwan kasa mai duhu.
Wannan launi ya faɗi zuwa bayan baya. Kirji, gefe-gefe, gaban goshi zuwa tsakiyar jiki rawaya ne mai haske. Maƙogwaro da nono suna da launin rawaya mai haske ko orange-yellow. Wsushin ƙusa baƙi ne, farare a ƙarshen. A lokacin bazara, launi ba shi da haske sosai, ya ɗan yi duhu kuma launukan rawaya sun fi rauni. Matasan mutane sun fi manya girma.
Ina harza take?
Hotuna: Kharza marten
Mai farautar yana zaune a Primorye, a yankin Koriya, gabashin China, Taiwan da Hainan, a ƙasan Himalayas, yamma zuwa Kashmir. A kudu, zangon ya fadada zuwa Indochina, ya bazu zuwa Bangladesh, Thailand, yankin Malay, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam. An samo dabba a Tsibirin Greater Sunda (Kalimantan, Java, Sumatra). Hakanan akwai wani rukunin daban a kudancin Indiya.
Marten mai launin rawaya yana son gandun daji, amma ana samunsa a wuraren hamada na tsaunukan Pakistan. A Burma, dabba mai shayarwa ta zauna a fadama. A cikin yankin Nepalese ajiyar Kanchenjunga yana zaune ne a yankin makiyaya masu tsayi a tsawan mita dubu 4.5. A Rasha, a arewacin, yankin rarraba martabar Ussuri yana gudana ne daga Kogin Amur, tare da tsaunin Bureinsky zuwa tushen Kogin Urmi.
Bidiyo na # 1: Kharza
Bugu da ari, yankin ya bazu a cikin kwarin kogin. Gorin, yana kaiwa Amur, sai ya sauka ƙasan bakin kogin. Gorin. A kudu, daga bangaren yamma ya shiga tsaunukan Sikhote-Alin, ya ratsa kogin Bikin kusa da asalin, ya juya zuwa arewa, ya tafi Tekun Japan kusa da kogin Koppi.
Inda yankuna suka haɓaka ko kuma kan yankuna marasa bishiyoyi a kwarin Amur, Ussuri, Khanka lowland, mai farautar baya faruwa. A gefen hagu na Amur, ana samun sa a yammacin babban yankin, a cikin yankin Skovorodino. A Nepal, Pakistan, Laos, dabbar tana rayuwa ne a cikin dazuzzuka da sauran wuraren da ke kusa da su a cikin tsaunuka da dama. Ana samunsa a cikin dazuzzuka na biyu da kuma bishiyoyin dabino a cikin Malesiya, a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, ana yin rikodin bayyanar dabba a gonaki inda ake tara kayan ɗanyen dabino.
Me harza ci?
Hotuna: Ussuriyskaya kharza
Babban ɓangare na abincin shine ƙananan ƙananan dabbobi. Mai farautar ya ba da fifiko ga barewar miski: mafi yawan wannan masanin mara tsoro a yankin, mafi girman wannan wakilin na mustelids.
Ya kuma farautar yara:
- maral;
- barewa;
- muz;
- ciyawar daji;
- barewa;
- goral;
- barewa
Nauyin ganima yawanci bai wuce kilogiram 12 ba. Dabbar tana kaiwa kananan pandas hari. Hares, squirrels, beice, voles da sauran beraye suna cikin menu. Daga tsuntsaye, kayan kwalliya ko pheasants, ƙwai daga gida gida na iya zama waɗanda abin ya shafa. Dabbar na iya kama salmonids bayan ta yayata haihuwa. Ba ya guje wa amphibians da macizai. Wasu lokuta babban mutum yana farautar wasu wakilan mustelids, misali, sable ko shafi. Wani ɓangare mai mahimmanci na abincin, a matsayin ƙarin, ya ƙunshi ƙananan dabbobi da tsire-tsire iri iri, 'ya'yan itacen pine,' ya'yan itace, 'ya'yan itatuwa, kwari.
Lambar bidiyo 2: Kharza
Kharza shine mai cin abinci na gaske. Zata iya cin abinci a tsefe ko zuma, ta tsoma doguwar jelarta a cikin amsar kudan zuma, sannan ta lasar. A Manchuria, mazauna karkara wani lokacin suna kiranta da zumar marten. 'Ya'yan Khazrs sun sami nasarar bin Musk barewa ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin farauta daban-daban. Da farko sun tilasta wa ungulu sauka daga gangaren tsaunuka zuwa kwarin kogi, sa'annan su kore ta a kan kankara mai santsi ko dusar ƙanƙara mai zurfi.
A lokacin rani suna bin mai bautar har sai sun sanya shi a wurare masu duwatsu da ake kira sludge. Dukansu suka far masa tare kuma nan da nan suka fara cin abinci. A cikin gawar irin wannan babbar dabba, idan aka kwatanta su, mutane biyu ko uku na iya ci gaba da idin har tsawon kwanaki uku.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hoto: Dabba dabba
Dabbar ta fi son bishiyoyi masu yawa, dazuzzuka da kuma gandun daji da ke hade a kwarin kogi da gefen gangaren dutse, wani lokacin ana iya samun sa a cikin daskararrun duwatsu. Mafi yawanci yakan sauka ne a inda aka sami barewar miski - babban dalilin farautarta, amma kuma yana iya zama inda artiodactyl da ta fi so ba. A wurare masu tsaunuka, yana hawa zuwa saman iyakar filayen daji, yankuna marasa bishiyoyi da wuraren zama na mutane.
Karamin mafarauci yakan hau bishiyoyi da kyau, amma ya fi son kasancewa a saman ƙasa a mafi yawan lokuta. Ya san yadda ake tsalle nesa da reshe zuwa reshe, amma ya fi so ya gangara gangar jikin gangar jikinsa. Iya yin iyo sosai. Harz ya bambanta da sauran wakilan mustelids ta yadda suke farauta cikin rukuni. A yayin neman wanda aka zalunta, daidaikun mutane suna tafiya a wani dan nesa, suna tsefe daji. Wani lokacin dabara takan canza sai su yi layi. Kharza baya bin sahunsa, koyaushe yana haskaka sabuwar hanya.
Dabbar tana da motsi sosai kuma tana aiki ba tare da la'akari da rana ko dare ba kuma yana iya tafiyar kilomita 20 kowace rana. Lokacin da daskarewa take a waje, yakan buya a wani tsari na wasu kwanaki. Dabbobin dabba sau biyu a shekara: a cikin bazara - a cikin Maris-Agusta, a cikin kaka - a watan Oktoba. Mutum ɗaya na iya farauta a yankin 2 zuwa 12 m2. Yana fuskantar kan ƙasa albarkacin ji, ƙanshi, hangen nesa. Don sadarwa, yana sa sauti, kuma jarirai suna yin sautuka masu kama da raɗaɗi.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Kharza
Wannan marten ɗin, ba kamar danginsa na kusa ba, yana rayuwa cikin rukunin mutane da yawa da farauta, yana taro cikin garken kwandunan kwantena na 2-4. A lokacin bazara, irin wadannan kungiyoyin sukan wargaje kuma dabbobin su kadai suke farauta. Dabbar ba ta rayuwa cikin nutsuwa kuma ba a ɗaure ta da wani shafin ba, amma matan na yin sheƙu don lokacin da za su yi wa yaran zawarci, su jera su a ramuka ko a wasu keɓaɓɓun wurare. Wadannan wakilan mustelids sun kai ga balagar jima'i a shekara ta biyu. Mai yiwuwa ne mai cutar ya zama mai auren mace daya, saboda yana samar da daidaitattun nau'i-nau'i. Mating yana faruwa a ɗayan lokuta: Fabrairu-Maris ko Yuni-Agusta. Wani lokaci rutuwa tana tsayawa har zuwa Oktoba.
Lokacin haihuwa shine kwanaki 200 ko fiye, gami da lokacin laten lokacin da amfrayo bai ci gaba ba. Wannan bambance-bambancen lokacin yana taimakawa ga bayyanar jarirai cikin yanayi mai kyau. Ana haihuwar jarirai a watan Afrilu, sau da yawa akan sami kwiyakwiyi 3-4 a kowane ɗari, ba sau da yawa 5. Da farko sun kasance makafi ne da kurame, kuma da ƙyar nauyin ya kai 60 g. Uwa tana kula da zuriya, tana koya musu dabarun farauta. Bayan yaran sun girma sun bar gida gida, suna ci gaba da kasancewa kusa da mahaifiyarsu kuma suna farauta da ita har zuwa bazara, amma su da kansu suna iya rayuwa, suna cin ƙwayoyin kwari da invertebrates a matakan farko.
Abokan gaba na harza
Hoto: Dabba Kharza
Marten mai launin rawaya bashi da kusan abokan gaba a mazaunin sa. Suna da girma sosai ga sauran mazaunan gandun daji kuma masu lalata. Ikonsu na hawa bishiyoyi da jujjuyawa daga wannan zuwa wancan yana taimaka wajan gujewa hare-haren dabbobi masu shayarwa kamar lynx ko wolverine. Matsakaicin shekarun wata dabba a cikin daji shine shekaru 7.5, amma idan aka tsare su cikin bauta, zasu rayu shekaru 15-16.
Marten ba safai yake ba, amma zai iya zama ganima ga mujiya na gaggafa, da Ussuri tiger, Himalayan da sauran nau'ikan beyar. Amma masu farauta suna guje wa farautar marten mai-rawaya, tunda naman yana da wani wari na musamman wanda gland yake buya. Kodayake damisa za ta iya kai wa wannan dabbar ta shayarwa, amma harza galibi tana kusa da wannan mazaunin gandun dajin Ussuri, don shiga cikin cin abincin da aka bari bayan cin abincin da mai raɗaɗin tsintsiya.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Kharza
Dangane da ƙididdigar da ba daidai ba, lambar a Rasha ta kusan kawuna dubu 3.5. Ba a gudanar da kamun kifi da shi, tunda gashin dabbar yana da rauni kuma bashi da ƙima. An rarraba Harza azaman Least damuwa ta ƙa'idodin IUCN. Dabbar tana da mazauni mai fadi kuma tana zaune a wurare da yawa a cikin wuraren kariya. Babu wani abu da yake tsoratar da wannan nau'in, tunda a yanayi ba shi da abokan gaba. Mai farauta ba batun batun kamun kifi bane. Kawai a wasu yankuna ne kawai ake iya fuskantar barazanar bacewa.
A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, sare dazuka ya haifar da raguwar yawan jama'a. Amma ga jinsunan da ke kowa a cikin dazuzzuka masu tsaunuka, har yanzu akwai sauran yankuna masu girman gaske don sauka. Saboda haka, raguwar kaɗan a cikin jama'a ba ta da wata barazana ga nau'in.
Dabbar tana rayuwa da kyau a cikin sauran gandun daji da tsire-tsire na wucin gadi saboda dalilai da yawa:
- yawancin masu farauta suna amfani da ƙaramar harza a matsayin abinci;
- kusan ba a farautarsa;
- halayensa da halayensa na rage damar fadawa tarko;
- yana saurin gudu daga karnuka na gida da na daji.
Kodayake babu wata barazana ga yawan mutanen kudu maso gabashin Asiya, ana farautar kyawawan launuka masu launin rawaya a Laos, Vietnam, Korea, Pakistan da Afghanistan. Nuristan shine babban mai samar da fur zuwa kasuwannin Kabul. Dabbar tana karkashin kariyar doka a wasu wuraren kewayon ta, wadannan su ne: Manyama, Thailand, Malesiya na Peninsular. An jera shi a cikin Indiya a cikin Shafi na III na CITES, a cikin rukuni na II na Doka kan Kariyar theabi'ar Sin, a cikin wannan ƙasar an saka ta cikin Littafin Ja.
Babban burin kula da yanayi shine sanya ido na zamani akan yawan mutanen Harz domin daukar matakai akan lokaci idan har wani yanki daga cikin kananan tsibirai da aka kebe ya fara raguwa a adadi. Kharza - kyakkyawa, mai farauta mai haske ba shi da darajar kasuwanci a Rasha, amma ba safai ba ne. Babu buƙatar yin ƙari game da cutarwar dabbar lokacin farautar barewar miski ko sable. Ya cancanci kulawa da kariya.
Ranar bugawa: 09.02.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 16.09.2019 a 15:46
