Mikiya ta zinare ita ce mafi girman wakiltar jinsunan gaggafa (Aquila). An rarraba wannan tsuntsu mai cin nama kusan a duk Hasashen Arewa. Tana iya zama a kowane yanki, a duwatsu da kuma kwaruruka. Koyaya, kodayake ikon iya dacewa da yanayin waje, gaggafa zinariya suna sannu a hankali suna zama ɗayan nau'ikan nau'ikan.
Bayanin gaggafa ta zinariya
Abubuwan halayyar gaggafa ta zinariya wadanda suka banbance ta da sauran dangin gaggafa sune girman, launi da fasalin yanayin bayan fuka-fukan.
Bayyanar
Mikiya itace babbar tsuntsu mai girman gaske... Matsakaicin tsayin jikin babban tsuntsu shine cm 85, fukafukan fikafikan 180-240 cm, nauyi ya banbanta daga 2.8 zuwa 4.6 kilogiram a cikin maza kuma daga 3.8 zuwa 6.7 kilogiram a mata. Bakin baka misali ne na yawancin mikiya - mai tsayi, mai lankwasa, ya daidaita daga bangarorin. Fuka-fukan suna da tsayi da fadi, kadan-kadan zuwa ga tushe, wanda ya baiwa bayansu baya lankwasa mai kama da S - fasalin sifa ne wanda zai sanya a gane gaggafa zinariya a cikin tashi. Wutsiya tana da tsayi, zagaye, tana tashi cikin tashi. Paafafun gaggafa na zinariya suna da girma kuma kusan an rufe su da fuka-fukai.
Lilin tsuntsun baligi baligi ne mai launin ruwan kasa, galibi tare da zirin zinariya a bayan kai da wuya. Mata da maza suna da launi iri ɗaya. A cikin yara, laman ya yi duhu, kusan baƙi, tare da fararen alamun “sigina” a saman da ƙananan ɓangarorin fikafikan. Hakanan, ana rarrabe samari tsuntsaye da wutsiya mai haske tare da raƙuman duhu tare da gefen. Wannan launi ya bambanta su da mikiya na zinariya kuma ya kare su daga ta'addancin su - waɗannan tsuntsayen ba sa haƙuri da kasancewar baƙi a yankin su.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Halin sifar gaggafa na zinare shine hangen nesan su. Suna iya ganin kurege mai gudu daga tsayin kilomita biyu. A lokaci guda, tsokoki na musamman na ido suna sanya ruwan tabarau a kan abu, suna hana tsuntsu rasa ganinsa, adadi mai yawa na ƙwayoyin ido masu haske (cones da sanduna) suna ba da hoto cikakke.
Mikiya ta zinariya ta bambanta da sauran tsuntsayen kuma ta yadda suke da ikon rarrabe launuka, da kuma hangen nesa na hangen nesa - ikon hada hotuna daga idanun biyu wuri daya, samar da sakamako mai girma uku. Wannan yana taimaka musu su kimanta nisan don ganima daidai gwargwado.
Salon rayuwa da ɗabi'a
Mikiya ta manya manya tsuntsaye ne masu son zama daya... Pairaya daga cikin gaggafa ta gaggafa ta zinariya na iya zama a wani yanki na yankin na tsawon shekaru. Wadannan tsuntsayen ba sa kyale wasu masu farauta a yankin su. Babu haɗin kai tsakanin su. A lokaci guda, waɗannan tsuntsayen suna da ƙarfi nau'i-nau'i waɗanda suke ci gaba har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsu.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Duk da cewa gaggafa ta zinariya ba ta da saurin mu'amala ta zamantakewa, a wasu yankuna (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia) akwai al'adar farauta tare da wadannan tsuntsayen.
Kuma mafarautan sun sami nasarar shawo kansu - duk da cewa, saboda girma da ƙarfi, gaggafa ta zinariya na iya zama da haɗari har ma ga mutane. Koyaya, tsuntsayen da ba su da kirki ba sa taɓa ƙoƙarin kai wa mafarauta hari har ma suna nuna musu wani ƙauna.
Har yaushe mikiya na zinariya suke rayuwa
A karkashin yanayin yanayi, matsakaiciyar rayuwar gaggafa ta zinariya shekaru 23 ne. Tsuntsu ya zama cikakken mutum lokacin da ya cika shekara shida, amma galibi gaggafa zinare sun fara kiwo a shekara hudu ko biyar.
A cikin gidan zoo, waɗannan tsuntsayen na iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 50.
Nau'in gaggafa ta zinariya
Agungiyoyin gaggafa na zinariya sun bambanta dangane da girman su da launi. A yau, an san rabe-raben guda shida, amma galibinsu ba su karatu sosai saboda rashi tsuntsayen da kansu da kuma wahalar lura da su.
- Aquila chrysaetos chrysaetos yana rayuwa a ko'ina cikin Eurasia, ban da Yankin Iberian, Gabas da Yammacin Siberia. Subsananan ƙananan raƙuman kuɗi ne.
- An rarraba Aquila chrysaetus daphanea a duk yankin Asiya ta Tsakiya, gami da Pakistan da Indiya; an bambanta shi da launin duhu da aka ambata a cikin baƙar fata "kape", kuma gashin hanji da wuyansa ba zinari bane, amma launin ruwan kasa ne.
- Aquila chrysaetus homeyeri na zaune a cikin tsaunuka kusan a cikin Eurasia, daga Scotland har zuwa Pamirs. A matsakaita, ya ɗan fi gaggafa zinariya haske, tare da bayyane "hular" a saman.
- Aquila chrysaetus japonica tana zaune ne a Kudancin Kuril Islands kuma ba a yi karatun da kyau ba.
- Aquila chrysaetus kamtschatica sananne ne a Gabashin Siberia ..
- Aquila chrysaetus canadensis an rarraba kusan ko'ina cikin Arewacin Amurka.
Wurin zama da mazauni
Yankin gida na gaggafa na zinariya yana da fadi sosai... Ana samun wannan tsuntsu kusan a duk yankin Arewacin duniya. A Arewacin Amurka, yana zaune kusan ko'ina cikin nahiya (yana fifita ɓangaren yamma). A Afirka - a arewacin nahiyar daga Morocco zuwa Tunisia, haka kuma a yankin Bahar Maliya. A Turai, ana samunsa galibi a yankuna masu tsaunuka - a Scotland, Alps, Carpathians, Rhodope, Caucasus, a arewacin Scandinavia, haka kuma a cikin yankuna masu laushi na jihohin Baltic da Rasha. A cikin Asiya, gaggafa ta zinariya ta bazu a cikin Turkiyya, a cikin Altai, a cikin tsaunukan Sayan, ita ma tana zaune ne a kan gangaren kudu na Himalayas da tsibirin Honshu.
Zaɓin mazaunin yana ƙayyade ta haɗuwa da dalilai da yawa: kasancewar duwatsu ko dogayen bishiyoyi don tsara gida, wurin buɗewa don farauta, da kasancewar tushen abinci (galibi manyan beraye). Tare da sake tsugunar da mutum da ƙaruwar yawan yankin da yake amfani da shi, rashi abubuwan kusa na ayyukan ɗan adam kuma mutane da kansu sun zama masu mahimmanci. A cikin daji, gaggafa na zinariya suna da matukar damuwa game da rikicewar mutum.
Wurin da ya dace da gaggafa ta zinariya shi ne kwarin dutse, amma waɗannan tsuntsayen na iya rayuwa a cikin tundra da gandun daji-tundra, a cikin tarko da ma cikin dazuzzuka inda akwai ƙananan wuraren buɗe ido. Yankin filin da bai dace da gaggafa zinariya ba shine babban gandun daji. Saboda babban fukafukan fukafukai, gaggafa ta zinare ba ta iya motsawa tsakanin bishiyoyi da farauta cikin nasara.
Abincin gaggafa na zinariya
Mikiya na zinariya sune masu farauta wadanda babban abincin su ya kunshi manyan beraye: squirrels ƙasa, hares, marmots. A lokaci guda, sun san yadda za a sauƙaƙe don dacewa da yanayin takamaiman yanki: misali, a Rasha, gaggafa zinariya suna farautar ƙananan beraye da sauran tsuntsaye, kuma a Bulgaria - kan kunkuru.
Mikiya ta zinariya an banbanta da gaskiyar cewa suna iya afkawa manyan abokan gaba masu karfi: akwai lokuta da yawa na kai hare-hare kan kerkeci, barewa, ungulu; a cikin yankuna masu tarko, ana amfani da gaggafa zinariya don farautar barewa. Mikiya da ke zaune kusa da mazaunin ɗan adam na iya kai wa dabbobin hari, musamman a lokacin hunturu, lokacin da beraye suke bacci. Hakanan, a lokacin sanyi, yawancin tsuntsaye (musamman matasa) suna cin mushe.
Tsuntsu babba yana buƙatar kilogiram 1.5 na nama kowace rana, duk da haka, idan ya cancanta, gaggafa ta zinariya na iya tafiya ba tare da abinci na dogon lokaci ba - har zuwa makonni biyar.
Makiya na halitta
Mikiya ta zinare ta kasance daga cikin masu neman tsari mafi girma, wanda ke nufin cewa tana da matsayi mafi girma a jerin kayan abinci kuma kusan ba ta da abokan gaba na zahiri. Babban barazanar kawai a gare shi mutum ne - ba wai saboda wargazawa ba, amma saboda a cikin mazaunin mutane, gaggafa na zinariya ba sa yin gida kuma ba sa yin kiwo, amma lokacin da suka damu, har ma suna iya jefa gida tare da kajin.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Wasannin wasan dabba don gaggafa na zinariya suna farawa da ƙarshen lokacin sanyi - daga Fabrairu zuwa Afrilu, ya dogara da latit. Halin nunawa a wannan lokacin halayyar maza da mata ne. Tsuntsaye suna yin siffofi na iska iri-iri, mafi halayyar kuma mafi ban sha'awa a cikinsu shine abin da ake kira tashi "budewa" - tun da ya haura zuwa wani babban tsayi, tsuntsun ya tsinke zuwa wani tsayi, sannan kuma a mafi kankancin lokaci sai ya sauya yanayin motsi ya sake tashi. Jirgin "kifin kifi" na iya aiwatarwa ta ɗayan ɗayan biyu ko duka biyun.
A kan iyakarta, mikiya guda biyu na zinariya ta ƙunshi gurbi da yawa, waɗanda ake amfani da su a madadinsu. Adadin irin waɗannan gidajen na iya kaiwa goma sha biyu, amma galibi ana amfani da biyu ko uku. Ana amfani da kowannensu tsawon shekaru kuma ana sabunta shi kuma ana kammala shi kowace shekara.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Mikiya na zinare tsuntsaye ne masu kama da juna. Matsakaicin shekaru a farkon haifuwa shekaru 5 ne; a daidai wannan lokacin tsuntsayen sukan samar da nau'i-nau'i dindindin.
Kama zai iya ɗauka daga ƙwai ɗaya zuwa uku (yawanci biyu). Mace tana cikin shiryawa, amma wani lokacin namiji na iya maye gurbin ta. Kaji suna kyankyasar kwanki na wasu kwanaki - galibi a tsari iri daya wanda aka sa kwan. Tsohuwar kajin, a matsayinka na doka, ita ce mafi tsananin tashin hankali - tana cizon yara, baya barin su ci abinci, ana yawan lura da al'amuran kainism - yadda babba ke kashe ƙaramin kajin, wani lokacin ma cin naman mutane ne. A lokaci guda, mace ba ta tsoma baki tare da abin da ke faruwa.
Kaji suna tashi a kan reshe suna da shekaru 65-80, gwargwadon rashi da yanki, duk da haka, suna ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin yankin rukunin gidajen na wasu watanni.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
A yau, ungulu ta zinare ana ɗauke da ita tsuntsu ne wanda ba a cika samun sa ba kuma an lasafta shi a cikin Littafin Ja, duk da haka, yana cikin harajin da ba shi da haɗari sosai, tun da yake lambarta ta tsaya daram, kuma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan yana ta ƙaruwa a hankali. Babban barazanar wannan jinsin ya fito ne daga mutane.... A cikin ƙarni na 18 da 19, waɗannan tsuntsayen an harbe su da gangan, yayin da suke lalata dabbobi (wannan shine yadda aka kawar da gaggafa zinare a cikin Jamus).
A karni na 20, sun mutu saboda yawan amfani da magungunan kashe kwari - kasancewa a saman sarkar abinci, gaggafa zinariya da sauri sun tara abubuwa masu cutarwa a cikin jiki, wanda ya haifar da lahani a ci gaban amfrayo da mutuwar ba a riga an kyankyashe kajin ba. A halin yanzu, babban abin da ke barazana ga yawan tsuntsayen shi ne mamayar yankuna da suka dace da yin buda-bakin mutane da bacewar tsuntsaye da manyan beraye, wadanda ke ba da abinci ga mikiya zinariya, sakamakon ayyukansu.
A yau, a cikin ƙasashe da yawa waɗanda ke da mazaunin gaggafa ta zinariya, ana ɗaukar matakan kiyayewa da dawo da yawan wannan nau'in. Don haka, a cikin Rasha da Kazakhstan, an haɗa gaggafa ta zinare a cikin Littattafan Bayanai na Yankin Yanki. Shafukan yanar gizo na gaggafa na zinariya an kiyaye su ta ajiyayyun yanayi. Sai kawai a yankin ƙasar Rasha, wannan tsuntsu yana zaune a cikin ajiyar ashirin. Mikiya na zinariya na iya rayuwa a cikin gidan namun daji, amma da kyar ake yin irinsu a cikin bauta.
An hana farauta don gaggafa na zinariya ko'ina.
