Baikal hatimi shine ɗayan dabbobin da ke wakiltar tafki, wannan dabba mai zaman kanta kawai ke rayuwa a cikin ruwanta. A matsayin ichthyophage, Phoca sibirica tana da matsayi na musamman a cikin dala na yanayin halittu. Hatimin Baikal na dangi ne na hatimin gama gari (Phoca) kuma mahaukaci ne.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hoto: hatimin Baikal
Akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da kakannin Baikal da aka fi sani da mafi kusancin jinsin: Caspian, hatimin zobe da hatimin gama gari. Raba jinsin ya faru kimanin shekaru miliyan 2.2 da suka gabata. A lokacin tsananin sanyi, zamanin Pleistocene, p. Lena ta kwarara daga Tafkin Baikal, a wancan lokacin akwai adadi mai yawa na tabkuna masu ruwa.
'Ya'yan mazaunin Baikal na zamani, suna ƙaura daga ci gaban glaciers, sun yi ƙaura daga Tekun Arctic ta hanyar tsarin ruwa mai tsabta. Kakannin wannan nau'in, kamar yadda masana kimiyya ke ba da shawara, sun samo asali da sauri kuma sun sami bambance-bambancen halaye. A karo na farko, ambaton Baikal da aka yanke ya kasance daga cikin masu binciken a farkon karni na 17, kuma masu binciken a ƙarƙashin jagorancin G. Gmelin sun yi bayanin kimiyya. Su mambobi ne na balaguron zuwa Kamchatka kuma Bering ya jagoranta.
Mazaunan Baikal sun rayu kimanin shekaru 50. Nauyin jikinsu ya kai shekaru ashirin da biyar kuma ya kai kilogiram 70 a mata, har zuwa 80 kilogiram a cikin maza. Ya rage a wannan matakin har zuwa shekaru 35, sannan nauyi da girman dabbobi a hankali yana raguwa zuwa 60-70 kg. Nauyin dabbobi masu shayarwa sama da shekaru 10 suma yana canzawa a lokacin kakar. Mata daga bazara zuwa kaka suna samun kilogiram 12 na mai, kuma maza - kilogiram 17, da shekara 25, ƙaruwar babban nauyi na iya zama 20-30 kg. Akwai mutane sama da 100 kilogiram. Girman manya-manyan pinnipeds yakai 133-143 cm a farkon bazara, kuma 140-149 cm zuwa Nuwamba (mace-namiji).
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hoto: Baikal hatimi a cikin hunturu
Jikin Baikal mai shayarwa yana kama da sandar sanda, tunda kanshi yana tafiya cikin nutsuwa a cikin jiki, sannan kuma yana tausawa zuwa jela. Babban gashin gashi na dabbobi launuka daya ne (tsayin gashi - 2 cm). A baya, launi launin toka-azurfa mai launin ruwan kasa, gefen da ciki suna da ɗan haske. Sabbin jariri sabbin haihuwa fari ne masu fararen dusar ƙanƙara mai launin shuɗi. Bayan zoben farko, wata daya daga baya, jariran da suka kai shekara ɗaya (kumutkans) suna da gashin azurfa.
A cikin balagaggun boars, bakin fuska kusan ba gashi. Lebban sama na hatimin Baikal an sanye shi da layuka takwas na fassarar translucent; a cikin mata sun fi tsayi. A saman idanun an sanya vibrissae shida a kewayen dayan a tsakiya. Ofunƙwasawa biyu na tsaye na hancin an rufe shi da bawul na fata. Lokacin da dabba mai shayarwa take cikin ruwa, kada a rufe sosai, haka kuma buɗe kunne. Yayin fitar da numfashi, hancin hancin ya dan bude kadan. Hatimin Baikal yana da kyakkyawar ma'anar ƙamshi da ji.
Bidiyo: Baikal hatimi
Suna gani sosai tare da ɗalibansu na tsaye, wanda zai iya fadada. Idanun suna da fatar ido na uku. Iris launin ruwan kasa ne. Manyan idanun Baikal da ke zagaye ba za su iya tsayawa dogon iska zuwa iska ba kuma su fara ba da ruwa sosai. Launin mai shine 1.5 cm a cikin bazara kuma ya kai 14 cm kafin Nuwamba.
Zasu aiwatar da aikin:
- rufin zafi;
- dakin adana makamashi ne;
- yana kawar da tasirin canjin matsi yayin ruwa da hawa;
- qara buoyancy.
Fuka-fukan dabba mai shayarwa suna da membranes kuma an rufe su da gashi. Suna da filar da suka fi karfi a gaba. Arkashin ruwa, motsi yana faruwa ne saboda aikin ƙashin baya, kuma a kan kankara - na gaba. A kan ƙasa, dabbar ba ta da hankali, amma tana gudu, tana motsawa cikin tsalle da iyaka, ta amfani da wutsiya da flippers.
Underarkashin ruwa, ƙuƙullun ya motsa da sauri na 8 km / h, lokacin da aka yi barazanar, sai su hanzarta zuwa 25 km / h. Hatimin abinci yana ciyarwa inda haske ya ratsa, a zurfin kusan mita 30 kuma ya zauna a ƙarƙashin ruwa na awa ɗaya. Bayan sun nutse zuwa 200-300 m, zasu iya tsayayya da matsi har zuwa yanayi 21. Lokacin da dabbar ke karkashin ruwa, cikon huhu yakai kimanin mita dubu 2. duba Idan yana da tsayi a cikin zurfin, to wadatar oxygen yana zuwa ne daga haemoglobin na jini.
Babban fasali na jinsin:
- manyan idanu;
- m hakora tare da apices biyu;
- claafafu masu ƙarfi a ƙofar fika.
A ina ne hatimin Baikal yake zaune?
Hoto: hatimin hatimi na Baikal
Ana samun dabbar kusan a duk yankin ruwa na Tafkin Baikal, ban da ƙarshen kudu. A cikin watanni na rani - a tsakiyar yanki da kuma gabashin gabar arewa. Waɗannan 'yan kasuwa ne a Cape North Kedrovy, Cape Pongonye da Khoboy, a tsibirin Ushkany, a yankin kogin. Kankara Yawancin manya suna ƙaura zuwa arewacin tafkin Baikal a cikin hunturu, kuma zuwa kudu, matasa, har yanzu waɗanda basu balaga ba.
Wannan hatimin yakan share tsawon rayuwarsa a cikin ruwa, ma'ana, yana da nektobiont (nektos yana nufin iyo). Ana iya danganta wannan nau'in ga pagophiles, saboda babban lokacin da aka ɓatar akan kankara, ya bambanta da danginsa na kusa: hatimai masu toka da kunnuwa. A lokacin hunturu, a cikin ruwa, dabbar tana amfani da ramuka na iska ta inda take numfashi, tana tashi zuwa saman. Ana yin iska a farkon daskarewa (Disamba-Janairu) tare da manyan kaushin goshin gaban flippers. A watannin Mayu-Yuni, lokacin da kankara ta narke a Tafkin Baikal, dabbar tana motsawa zuwa arewa, inda take kitsuwa a yankunan rookeries.
A lokacin kaka, suna yin ƙaura zuwa cikin ruwa mai zurfi, inda tabkin ke daskarewa a baya. Waɗannan su ne yankuna na Chivyrkuisky Bay da Proval, kafin watan Disamba dabba ta zauna a duk yankin ruwa. Yawancin mata suna tattarawa kusa da gabar gabashin, inda daskarewa ke farawa a baya, don neman wuri mafi dacewa don kogon nan gaba. Maza, suna ci gaba da ƙiba, suna wucewa ta cikin ruwan buɗewa zuwa yammacin Tafkin Baikal.
A lokacin bazara, yaduwar hatimai akan tafkin yana da alaƙa da ciyarwa mai ƙarfi. Dabbobi bayan lokacin hunturu, kiwo, molting muhimmanci rasa nauyi. Alamu na shekaru daban-daban da jinsi maza suna hawa kan tsaunukan bakin teku masu tsaka daga tsakiyar bazara zuwa Oktoba. Zuwa karshen watan Satumba, mita da yawan gadon kwance suna ƙaruwa, wannan saboda narkewar narkewa ne. A lokacin sanyi, dabbobin suna narkar da kankara, idan ya bari kafin lokaci, to dabbobin zasu tafi bakin teku, suna yin rookeries na mutane da dama dari.
Menene hatimin Baikal yake ci?
Hoto: Baikal hatimi cikin ruwa
Babban abincin mazaunin babban tafkin ruwa a duniya shine kifi, yana cin kusan tan a shekara. Kifi ba kasuwanci bane: babba da ƙarami golomyanka, gobies, nau'in 15 na manyan wurare. Suna kuma cin abinci: Dace, launin toka, ƙarami, raƙumi da wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan kifaye masu mahimmanci: omul, farin kifi, launin toka. Ya kamata a lura cewa ba sune babban ɓangaren menu ba. Dabba mai shayarwa tana farautar wannan kifin idan babu wadataccen abinci, yana mai da hankali ga marasa lafiya da raunana. Alamun lafiya suna da wahalar ci gaba, saboda suna da sauri da sauri. Tare da kifi, hatimai suna da amphipods akan menu. Dabbar tana cin matsakaicin nauyin kifi 3-5 a rana, 70% daga cikinsu golomyanka ne.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: An lura cewa hatimin da aka ɗora a cikin fursunoni ba su mai da hankali ga furfura da omul ba, waɗanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin tafkin, suna cin gobies da golomyanka da suka fi so.
Rarraba dabbobi a kan yankin yana da alaƙa da halaye masu gina jiki masu alaƙa da shekaru. Matasan da suka kai shekaru uku suna kusa da bakin teku. Har yanzu basu iya nutsuwa na dogon lokaci ba, suna kashe numfashinsu. Abincin su ya kunshi gobies na yankin gabar ruwa. Manya, nutsuwa zuwa zurfin ruwa, suna cinye kayan kwalliyar kwalliya da kifi a cikin yankuna masu nisa. A cikin ruwa mara ƙanƙani a lokacin bazara ba za ku sami hatimi ba, tunda a wannan lokacin na shekara babu abincin da aka fi so a cikin ruwan dumi - golomyanka. Kuma tare da samuwar kankara da dusar kankara, hatimin yana kusantar da gabar. Dabbar tana ciyarwa da yamma. A lokacin narkar da abinci, cin abinci ba shi da ƙarfi, tun da dabbobi suna yin yawancin lokacinsu a kan kankara ko a bakin teku.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hoto: hatimin Baikal
Wadannan dabbobi masu shayarwa na Baikal suna kwana cikin ruwa kuma suna jin lafiyarsu gabadaya, tunda basu da abokan gaba a wurin. Lokacin bacci yana dadewa har sai iskar oxygen ta kare. Akwai lokuta lokacin da masu ba da ruwa suka yi iyo har zuwa hatimin bacci suka taɓa shi, amma ko da sun juye, toshewar ba ta katse bacci ba.
Kubiyoyi sun kwashe kimanin watanni 1.5 a cikin kogon. A wannan lokacin, daga lokacin bazara da kuma daga dumin dabbobi kansu, rufin gidan ya rushe. A wannan lokacin, jariran suna da lokacin yin raɗa.
Lair ɗin yana kare thean hatimin daga masu cin abincinsu da maƙarƙashiya. An gina shi daga dusar ƙanƙara kuma an rufe shi gaba ɗaya daga duniyar waje. A wannan lokacin, iska mai ƙarfi tana busawa a waje, yanayin iska ya kai -20 °, kuma a cikin kogon yana kusa da sifili, wani lokacin yakan tashi zuwa + 5 °.
A cikin kogon akwai ramin kankara, wanda uwa ke shiga karkashin ruwa don ciyarwa ko kuma, idan akwai hatsari, sai su jefar da jaririn a wurin. Wani yawon shakatawa koyaushe 3-4 m daga kogon. Uwa, guje ma neman, na iya sanya kwikwiyo a cikin haƙoranta ko a gabanta cikin ruwa. Hakanan ana amfani da turare don koyar da farauta. Don canzawar yara zuwa samar da abinci mai zaman kanta, mahaifiya tana kawo kifi zuwa kogon.
Hatimin suna da phototaxis mara kyau, suna gujewa motsi zuwa ga haske, ma'ana, basa yunƙurin haƙa rami kuma su fita daga ciki. Bayan rufin rufin, yaran da ke ciki sun shiga cikin ruwan ta wata mashiga da ke cikin kogon. A kusan shekara ɗaya da wata, squir squ shed, canza farin fur dinsu zuwa launin toka-azurfa.
Lokacin da tabkin ya daskare gaba daya, dabbobi na amfani da ramuka - hanyoyin iska don numfashi. Maiyuwa akwai dozin da yawa daga nesa na ɗaruruwan mita kusa da layin. Budewar hanyoyin iska ba su wuce 1.5 dm a saman ba, kuma suna fadada cikin zurfin. An yi su ne kawai don dabbar ta iya shan iska kaɗan. Mafi yawancin lokuta, hatimin yana sanya su kusa da dutsen hummocks a cikin santsi mai kankara ƙarƙashin ƙasan. Wannan sunan dusar ƙanƙara mai kama da mazugi.
Aiki a kan iska yana cikin matakai da yawa. Daga ƙasa, hatimin ya karya kankara tare da farcensa. A wannan lokacin, kumfar iskar gas tana taruwa a cikin iyakokin duniya. Carbon dioxide da ke ciki yana narkewa saboda ƙarancin zafin jiki. Oxygen yana yaduwa daga ruwa, wanda tsinin zai iya amfani dashi don shakar iska. Irin wannan tarin iska yana hana kankara daga daskarewa, yana da sauki karyewa. Hatimin na iya yin irin waɗannan ramuka da yawa a kowane lokaci, koda cikin kankara har zuwa kaurin mita ɗaya. Don ruwa, ramuka a cikin vlogs suna da babban diamita. Iko da sha'awar yin irin waɗannan ramuka a cikin kankara ƙira ce ta asali.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: An gudanar da gwaji a kan kananan hatimi ƙasa da wata biyu. Wani kumfa, mai kauri 5 cm, an saukar dashi cikin tafkin tare da dabbobin. Sauran sashin ruwan ya kasance kyauta. Yaran sun fara yin iska ta iska a kumfa, sannan suka yi iyo a kansu, suka toshe hancinsu suna numfashi. Waɗannan hatimin an kama su a cikin daji kafin su fara iyo.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hoto: Baikal hatimin kumburi
Balaga tsakanin mace da daddare a tafkin Baikal yana faruwa ne da shekara huɗu, amma wasu mutane ba sa haihuwar 'ya'ya har sai shekara bakwai, maza sun girma da shekaru shida. A cikin goman karshe na Maris da rabin farkon Afrilu, ana jin hum of pinnipeds daga ƙarƙashin murfin kankara. Waɗannan suna kiran sautuka waɗanda suke bi da juna. Wannan shine yadda farkon farantin hatimin ya bayyana. Ana samun mahaifa a ƙarƙashin ruwa.
Jinkirin yana tsawan watanni 11. A farkon watan Fabrairu, mata za su fara gina kogon dutse, wanda ke da ɗaruruwan mita daga juna kuma nesa da bakin teku. A ƙarshen hunturu da kuma dukkan watan farko na bazara, ana fitar da pinnipeds daga nauyin. Sun haifi ɗiya ɗaya, a cikin 2% na shari'ar - tagwaye. Nauyin jariri kusan 4 kilogiram ne.
Jarirai suna cin madara. Lokacin shayarwa a cikin Baikal pinnipeds ya fi na dangin ta na kusa kuma ya dogara da lalata murfin kankara na tafkin. Yana da watanni 2 - 3.5. A cikin wasu yankuna na kudanci zai iya zama ya fi ƙasa da na arewa kwana 20. Ko bayan da kankara ta fara tsinkewa, uwaye mata na ci gaba da ba yaransu nono. A cikin shekaru 2 - 2.5 watanni, hatimai sun riga sun auna kimanin kilo 20. Wannan babban riba yana da alaƙa da dogon lokacin ciyar da madara.
A tsawon rayuwarta, mace na haihuwa fiye da sau 20, har zuwa kimanin shekaru arba'in. Gaskiyar cewa samun cikin ba ya faruwa a wasu shekaru ya dogara da lafiyar jiki da yanayin abinci na mace.
Kwarewar shekaru ashirin a cikin lura da dabbobi ta nuna dogaro da kwazo kai tsaye kan yanayin hydroclimatic akan tafkin Baikal a lokacin bazara da kuma yadda narkakkiyar ke gudana. Maza suna auren mace fiye da daya, bayan lokacin rutting suna zaune kusa da wuraren ayyukansu. Basu shiga cikin kiwon jarirai. Bugu da ƙari, lokacin ruɗar hatimin ya yi daidai da ciyar da jarirai. Maza na iya yi musu rauni, suna kore jariran da suka fi dacewa da iyayensu mata.
Abokan gaba na hatimin Baikal
Hoto: Baikal hatimi a kan kankara
Qura da gaggafa gaggafa suna da haɗari ga hatimin hatimi. Idan aka lalata rufin rufin da wuri, waɗannan tsuntsaye masu farauta na iya kai wa jariran hari. Gaskiyar cewa irin wadannan matsugunan suna nesa da bakin teku ya keɓe harin maharan ƙasa: kerkeci, diloli. Mutuwar hatimi da shekarun farko suna da wuya. Dabbobi masu shayarwa kusan basa fita kan kankara, kawai a lokacin lokacin molt. Amma koda a wannan lokacin, idan akwai haɗari, nan take suke nitsewa cikin ruwa. A kan rookeries, bears na iya yawo, farautar hatimai.
Cutar da ke kusa da Tafkin Baikal na iya kamuwa da cututtukan cikin gida, wanda ke haifar da rashin lafiya, rauni, da wani lokacin mutuwar dabbar. A ƙarshen shekarun tamanin, an rubuta babbar mutuwa (dubu 1.5) saboda annobar masu cin nama. Ana ɗauke da masu ɗauke da kwayar a cikin dabbobi, amma mutuwa da annoba ba su faru ba tun daga lokacin.
Daya daga cikin makiyan mahaifa mai cutarwa shine mutum. Abubuwan archaeological sun tabbatar da gaskiyar farautar hatimin Baikal. Tungus da Buryats sun daɗe suna zuwa hatimin, daga baya ma baƙi na Rasha suma sun bi su. Centuriesarnoni biyu ko uku da suka gabata, an farautar mutane dubu 1.6-2 a kowace shekara, a ƙarshen karni na 19, an yi amfani da nama har dubu 4 (nauyinsu ya kai kilogiram 35 da watanni 2), tsofaffin mutane saboda takamaiman dandano na kifi, ya toshe saboda kitsen da fatu masu tamani.
A karnin da ya gabata, an farautar kusan dabbobi dubu 10 a kowace shekara. A farkon wannan karnin, tare da izini na izini na kai har zuwa kawuna dubu 3.5, har zuwa kawuna dubu 15 a kowace shekara sun lalace. Babban haɗari, musamman ga yara, shine motar mota da mota. Yana tsoratar dasu da hayaniyarsa. Hatunan na iya ɓacewa tsakanin hummocks kuma su mutu.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hoto: Baikal hatimi a cikin hunturu
Makarantar Limbelogical Siberian Institute of the Academy of Sciences na Tarayyar Rasha tana amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na ƙididdigar yawan jama'a, misali, ta hanyar bincika yankunan Tafkin Baikal daga jigilar sama ko ɗaukar hoto ta sama. Zuwa farkon shekarun 2000, akwai kusan yankuna dubu 60 a tafkin Baikal.Kamar yadda aka kiyasta, yanzu adadin tambarin ya kai dubu 115. Karuwar adadin dabbobin ya yiwu ne bayan takaita farauta da kuma sakamakon yaki da masu farauta. Amma har yanzu akwai farauta ba bisa doka ba don hatimin da suka shuɗe na farko.
Ba a sanya hatimin Baikal a cikin babban ɓangaren Littafin Baƙataccen Bayanai, amma gwargwadon halinsa, yana buƙatar kulawa zuwa lambar su da rayuwa a cikin yanayi. Tun shekara ta 2007, an hana farautar su. Iyakar abin da ya keɓance shi ne ƙananan mutanen da ke cikin ƙananan wakilan Far North. A shekara ta 2018, an tsawaita dokar hana buga tambarin.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Don lura da rayuwar hatimin Baikal, zaku iya ziyartar hatimin a cikin Irkutsk, Listvyanka da ƙauyen. MRS kusa da Seaananan Teku. Yanayin karko na yawan hatimin yana da alaƙa da fasali da yawa na yanayin rayuwar sa, waɗanda ke da alhakin rayuwa a cikin yanayin sanyi da yanayin zurfin teku.
Wadannan dalilai sun hada da:
- tsari na ɓoye;
- gina iska;
- dogon shayarwa;
- saurin girma na like;
- kyakkyawan ruwa da ikon riƙe numfashi.
Wannan finafinan ya zama filastik kuma zai iya daidaitawa da canje-canje a cikin gwamnatocin daskarewa, daidaita rabon abinci, da kuma jurewa ɓarkewar cuta cikin sauƙi.
Baikal hatimi - babbar hanyar haɗi ce a cikin jerin halittun Baikal fauna. Yana daidaita tasirin kwazon halittar nau'ikan kifaye daban-daban. Abincin pinniped ya hada da adadi mai yawa na kifi, wadanda ba kasuwanci bane, amma suna gasa don samar da abinci a cikin nau'ikan halittu masu mahimmanci: omul, farin kifi, launin toka, lenok. Tsaftace ruwan tafkin Baikal ya dogara da gashin baki, epishura, wanda ke ratsa ruwa ta kansa. Golomyanka da gobies ne ke cinye shi - babban abincin hatimin Baikal. Don haka, adadin Epishura, don haka tsabtace ruwan tafkin, ana kiyaye shi cikin daidaitaccen yanayi.
Ranar bugawa: 03.02.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 16.09.2019 a 17:14
