Jiki kyakkyawa, murmushi, fuska mai ban sha'awa ga mutum da yanayi mai fara'a - i, shi ke nan dabbar dolfin... Dabbar doli, kamar yadda da yawa sun saba kiran wannan dabba mai dabba ta dabba. Tare da mutum, yana haɓaka kyakkyawar dangantakar maƙwabta. A yau, akwai kifayen dolphinarium a kowane gari na bakin teku, inda kowa zai iya yin mafarkinsa na yin iyo da dolphin ya zama gaskiya a farashin da ya dace. Amma shin dolfin ruwan kwalba yana da kyau da lahani?
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Afalina
Taken asalin dabbobi masu shayarwa yana da ban sha'awa sosai. Ta yaya waɗannan dabbobin suka zama mazaunan babban teku? Ba shi da sauƙi a amsa wannan tambayar, amma akwai zato da yawa game da faruwar wannan aukuwa. Dukansu sun tafka gaskiyar cewa kakannin kofato, suna ciyar da kifi, sun daɗa ƙara lokaci a cikin ruwa don neman abinci. A hankali, gabobin jikinsu da tsarin jikinsu sun fara canjawa. Wannan shine yadda tsoffin kifayen ruwa (archeocetes), baleen whales (mystacocetes), da haƙora haƙori (odonocetes) suka bayyana.
Dabbobin dolphins na ruwa na zamani sun samo asali ne daga ƙungiyar tsoffin haƙun haƙuran haƙora masu suna Squalodontidae. Sun rayu a lokacin Oligocene, amma kawai a cikin lokacin Miocene na gaba, kimanin shekaru miliyan 20 da suka gabata, iyalai 4 suka fito daga wannan rukunin, wanda ya wanzu har zuwa yau. Daga cikin su akwai kifin dolphin da na ruwa tare da iyalai uku.
Nau'in dolphins na kwalba ko dolphins na kwalba (Tursiops truncatus) sun fito ne daga jinsi Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops), dangin Dolphin. Waɗannan manyan dabbobi ne, tsawon su ya kai mita 2.3-3, wasu mutane sun kai mita 3.6, amma ba safai ba. Nauyin dolphins na kwalba ya bambanta daga kilogiram 150 zuwa kilogiram 300. Siffar halayyar dolphins “ɓullo” ne mai tsayi a kan dogon, kusan 60 cm, kwanyar.
Launin mai kitse na jikin kifin dolphin yana ba shi rufin zafi, amma waɗannan dabbobi masu shayarwa ba su da ƙwayoyin gumi. Abin da ya sa fincin ke da alhakin aikin musayar zafi tare da ruwa: dorsal, pectoral and caudal. Fitsarin dabbar dolfin da aka jefa a bakin teku yayi saurin zafi sosai kuma, idan baku taimaka ba, shayar dasu, to kawai zasu daina aiki.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Dabbar dolfin kwalba
Launin jiki na dolphins na kwalba yana da launin ruwan kasa mai zurfi a saman, kuma ya fi haske a ƙasan: daga launin toka zuwa kusan fari. Finarshen dorsal yana da girma, a ginshiƙin yana faɗaɗa sosai, kuma a bayanta yana da cuto mai siffar jinjirin wata. Hakanan ƙasan firam ɗin suna da tushe mai faɗi, sa'annan su taɓa cikin kaifi mai kaifi. Yankunan gefuna na gaba sun fi kauri kuma sun fi yawa, kuma gefunan baya, akasin haka, sun fi siriri kuma sun fi kwanciya. Dabbobin ruwa na bakin teku na Black Sea suna da wasu keɓaɓɓun launuka. Har ma sun kasu kashi biyu. Na farko ana nuna shi ne ta hanyar layin da yake sarari tsakanin yankin duhu na dorsum da hasken ciki, kuma a kusa da fin din din suna da alwatika mai haske, koli wanda aka nufi zuwa fin.
Sauran rukuni ba su da iyakar iyaka tsakanin yankin haske da yankin duhu. Canza launi a wannan sashin jikin yana dusashe, yana da sassauƙa mai sauƙi daga duhu zuwa haske, kuma babu triangle mai haske a gindin ƙarshen fatar. Wani lokaci miƙa mulki yana da zigzag iyaka. Akwai nau'ikan raƙuman ruwa masu yawa kamar na dolphins, an rarrabe su bisa tushen mazauninsu da wasu sifofin tsarin jiki ko launi, kamar yadda yake a Bakin Baƙin Baƙi:
- Dabbar ruwan dusar ruwa ta gama gari (T. truncatus, 1821);
- Bahar Maliya na bakin teku (T.ponticus, 1940);
- Gabashin kwallan bakin ruwa na Gabas ta Tsakiya (Tt gilli, 1873).
Dabbar ruwa ta igiyar ruwa ta Indiya (T.t.aduncus) - Wasu masana kimiyya suna ɗaukar shi a matsayin jinsin daban, saboda yana da ƙarin haƙoran haƙori (28 maimakon 19-24x). Jawasan muƙamulan dolphins na kwalba ya fi na sama tsayi. Akwai hakora da yawa a cikin bakin dabbar dolfin: daga 19 zuwa 28 nau'i-nau'i. A kan ƙananan muƙamuƙin akwai nau'i-nau'i 2-3 ƙasa da su. Kowane hakori ya zama mazugi mai kaifi, mai kauri 6-10 mm. Wurin haƙoran ma abin sha'awa ne, ana sanya su ta yadda za a sami sarari kyauta tsakanin su. Lokacin da muƙamuƙi ya rufe, ƙananan hakora suna cika sararin sama, kuma akasin haka.
Zuciyar dabbar tana bugawa kusan sau 100 a minti daya. Koyaya, tare da ƙarfin motsa jiki, yana ba duka bugun jini 140, musamman tare da haɓaka iyakar gudu. Dabbar dolfin aƙalla tana da aƙalla kilomita 40 / h, kuma su ma suna iya yin tsalle 5 m daga ruwa.
Kayan murya na dolfin dolfin wani lamari ne mai ban mamaki. Jakar iska (akwai nau'i-nau'i 3 gabaɗaya), wanda ke haɗuwa da hanyoyin hanci, ba da damar waɗannan dabbobi masu shayarwa su samar da sautuna daban-daban tare da mita 7 zuwa 20 kHz. Ta wannan hanyar, suna iya sadarwa tare da dangi.
Ina dolphin kwalban kwalba yake rayuwa?
Photo: Bahar Maliya na bakin teku
Ana samun kifayen dolphin a kusan dukkan ruwan dumi na tekunan duniya, da kuma cikin ruwa mai kamala. A cikin ruwan Tekun Atlantika, an rarraba su daga iyakar kudancin Greenland zuwa Uruguay da Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin tekuna na gida: Black, Baltic, Caribbean da Rum, ana samun dolphins da yawa.
Sun rufe Tekun Indiya da ke farawa daga ƙarshen arewa, gami da Bahar Maliya, sannan zangonsu ya faɗaɗa kudu zuwa Ostiraliya ta Kudu. Yawan su ya fito ne daga Japan zuwa Argentina a cikin Tekun Pacific, yayin da suka kame jihar Oregon zuwa Tasmania kanta.
Menene dabbar dolfin kwalba?
Hotuna: Dabbobin ruwa na Bottlenose
Kifi na nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu sune babban abincin dolphins na kwalba. Su kwararrun mafarautan teku ne kuma suna amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban don kama farautar su. Bayan haka, yakamata manya suyi cin kilogiram 8-15 na abinci mai rai kowace rana.
Misali, kifayen dolphin suna farautar garken kifaye gaba daya wadanda ke tafiyar da rayuwar su ta yau da kullun:
- hamsu;
- mullet;
- anchovies;
- ganga;
- tayi, da sauransu.
Idan akwai wadataccen kifi, dabbobin dolphins na kwalba suna farauta ne kawai da rana. Da zarar adadin abinci mai yuwuwa ya ragu, dabbobi sukan fara neman abinci kusa da gabar teku .. Da dare, sai su canza dabara.
Dabbobin ruwa na Bottlenose suna taruwa a ƙananan ƙungiyoyi don farautar sauran mazauna cikin zurfin teku:
- jatan lande;
- kwalliyar teku;
- hasken lantarki;
- fama;
- wasu nau'ikan kifaye;
- dorinar ruwa;
- kuraje;
- kifin kifi
Suna jagorantar salon rayuwa daidai da daddare, kuma dolphins na kwalba dole ne su daidaita da yanayinsu domin samun wadatuwa. Dolphins suna farin cikin taimakon juna. Suna sadarwa da bushe saƙo na musamman, ba da damar farauta ta ɓoye, suna kewaye da ita daga kowane ɓangare. Hakanan wadannan masu ilimin suna amfani da amo domin rudar da wadanda abin ya shafa.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Dabbar Dolfin ruwan Bahar Maliya
Dabbobin dolphin na Bottlenose suna bin tsarin rayuwa, amma wani lokacin zaka iya samun garken makiyaya na waɗannan dabbobi. Mafi yawanci sukan zabi yankunan bakin teku. Abun fahimta ne inda kuma zasu sami ƙarin abinci! Tunda yanayin abincinsu a ƙasa yake, sun kware a ruwa. A cikin Bahar Maliya, dole ne su sami abinci daga zurfin zuwa 90 m, kuma a cikin Bahar Rum, waɗannan sigogin sun ƙaru zuwa 150 m.
A cewar wasu rahotanni, kifayen dolphin na igiyar ruwa na iya nitsewa zuwa zurfin zurfin a Tekun Guinea: har zuwa mita 400-500. Amma wannan ya zama ban da doka. Amma a Amurka, an gudanar da wani gwaji, a yayin da kifayen sun fara nutsewa har zuwa mita 300. An gudanar da wannan gwajin a matsayin wani bangare na daya daga cikin shirye-shiryen Sojojin Ruwa, ya dauki lokaci mai yawa kafin a cimma sakamako.
Yayin farautar, kifayen dabbar dolfin suna motsawa cikin jaka, galibi suna yin kaifi-akai. A lokaci guda, yana riƙe numfashinsa na aƙalla minutesan mintoci kaɗan, kuma mafi yawan dakatarwar numfashi na iya zama kimanin rubu'in awa. A cikin bauta, dabbar dolphin tana numfasawa daban, yana buƙatar shaƙa daga 1 zuwa 4 sau a minti, yayin da yake fara fitar da numfashi, sannan kuma nan take ya numfasa. Yayin tseren farauta, suna busawa kuma har ma suna fitar da wani abu makamancin haushi. Lokacin da abinci ya ƙoshi, suna yiwa wasu sigina alama don ciyarwa ta hanyar meowing da ƙarfi. Idan suna son tsoratar da wani nasu, zaka ji ana tafawa. Don kewaya ƙasa ko neman abinci, dolphins na kwalba suna amfani da maɓallin maɓallin amsa kuwwa, wanda da azaba yana kama da murfin ƙofofin da ba a saka ba.
Dabbobin ruwa suna aiki galibi a rana. Da daddare, suna barci kusa da saman ruwa, galibi suna buɗe idanunsu na wasu sakan biyu kuma suna sake rufe su tsawon sakan 30-40. Da gangan suna barin wutsiyoyinsu suna rataye. Raunin rauni, rashin sani a kan ruwa ya tura jiki daga cikin ruwa don numfashi. Mazaunin ruwa ba zai iya samun damar yin bacci mai ɗumi ba. Kuma yanayi ya tabbatar da cewa kwakwalwar kwakwalwar dabbar dolphin tayi bacci bi da bi! An san dolphins don son nishaɗi. A cikin bauta, sun fara wasa: ɗayan yana tsokanar ɗayan da abin wasa, kuma ya riske shi. Kuma a cikin daji, suna son hawa raƙuman ruwa da aka ƙirƙira da bakan jirgin.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Afalina
Dolphins sun haɓaka haɗin zamantakewar jama'a sosai. Suna zaune ne a cikin manyan garken, inda kowa yake dangi. A sauƙaƙe suna taimakon juna, kuma ba kawai don neman ganima ba, har ma a cikin yanayi mai haɗari. Ba bakon abu bane - lokuta idan dabbobin kifayen dolphins suka kashe wani damk shark, wanda ya kuskura ya afkawa jaririn dabbar dolfin kwalba. Hakanan yana faruwa cewa dabbobin dolphin suna ceton mutanen da ke nutsar. Amma suna yin wannan ba don kyawawan manufofi ba, amma wataƙila bisa kuskure, ɓata mutum ga dangi.
Abilityarfin dolphins na kwalba don sadarwa ya daɗe da masana kimiyya, don haka bincike mai yawa ya bayyana a wannan hanyar. Sakamakon daga gare su ya kasance mai ban mamaki. Dabbobin ruwa na Bottlenose, kamar yadda mutane ke da hali, kuma yana iya zama “mai kyau” da “mara kyau”!
Misali, wasa mai ban dariya na jefa dolphin jariri daga ruwa ba masu fassara suka fassara shi daga mafi kyawun bangaren ba. Don haka manyan kifayen dolphins sun kashe jariri daga baƙon garken. Binciken ɗan kwabo wanda ya tsira daga irin waɗannan "wasannin" ya nuna ɓarkewa da yawa da ƙuna masu tsanani. Bin mace yayin “wasannin mating” wani lokacin yakan zama mai sanya ta rai. Abin kallo tare da sa hannun maza masu kama da yaƙi ya fi kama da tashin hankali. Baya ga “shaƙawa” da kuma ɗaukar alfahari, suna cizon mata da ƙuruciya. Mata da kansu suna ƙoƙari su sadu da maza da yawa lokaci guda, amma ba don son zuciya ba, amma don haka daga baya duk suna ɗaukar ɗan da aka haifa a matsayin nasu kuma ba sa ƙoƙarin hallaka shi.
Lokacin kiwo na dolphins na kwalba yana cikin bazara da bazara. Mace takan balaga a lokacin da ta kai girman fiye da cm 220. Bayan makonni da yawa na rutting, a matsayinka na doka, juna biyu na faruwa a watanni 12. A cikin mata masu juna biyu, motsin jiki na raguwa, a ƙarshen lokacin sai su zama masu rauni kuma ba su da ma'amala sosai. Haihuwa tana ɗaukar aan mintoci kaɗan zuwa 'yan awanni. 'Ya'yan itacen suna fitowa da wutsiya da farko, igiyar cibiya ta karya sauƙi. Jariri, wanda mahaifiyarsa da wasu mata 1-2 suka tura zuwa saman, yana daukar numfashin sa na farko a rayuwarsa. A wannan lokacin, wani tashin hankali a zahiri yana rufe duka garken. Nan da nan kube na neman kan nono kuma yana shayar da madarar uwa duk rabin awa.
Jariri baya barin uwa don thean makonnin farko. Daga baya zai yi shi ba tare da wani cikas ba. Koyaya, ciyar da madara zai ci gaba har kimanin watanni 20. Kodayake dabbobin ruwa na iya cin abinci mai ƙarfi tun farkon watanni 3-6, kamar yadda suke yi a cikin zaman talala. Balaga na jima’i yana faruwa tun yana da shekaru 5-7.
Abokan gaba na dabbar dolfin kwalba
Photo: Dabbar dolfin kwalba
Koda dabbobi masu hankali da manyan dabbobi kamar su dolphin ba zasu iya zama cikin aminci ba. Haɗari da yawa suna jiransu a cikin teku. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan 'haɗarurruka' ba koyaushe ba ne masu cin nama! Orarami ko raunin dolphins na katako masu kifin shark suna farautar su, waɗanda kansu ƙananan ƙananan ne. Tsananin magana, manyan masu farauta sun fi hatsari. Tiger sharks da manyan fararen kifayen sharks na iya kai hari kan dolphin ɗin kwalba ba tare da lamirin lamiri ba, kuma da babban darajar yiwuwar za su fito nasara daga yaƙin. Kodayake dabbar dolfin tana da karfi da sauri fiye da kifin shark, wani lokacin taro yana taka rawa.
Kifin kifin kifin 'shark' ba zai taɓa kai hari ga garken dabbobi masu shayarwa ba, saboda wannan kusan yana tabbatar da mutuwar mai farauta. Dolphins, kamar babu sauran rayuwar ruwa, na iya haɗuwa cikin gaggawa. A can ƙasan can, dabbobin dolphin na kwalba na iya yin kwanto da haɗari. Bugun ɓoye tare da ƙayarsa yana iya huda huda mahaifa, huda ciki, huhu don haka yana ba da gudummawa ga mutuwarsa. Yawan kifayen dolphin suna fama da lahani mai yawa daga bala'o'i: sanyi na kwatsam ko guguwa mai ƙarfi. Amma sun fi shan wahala daga mutum. Kai tsaye - daga mafarauta, da kuma kai tsaye - daga gurɓata tekun duniya tare da sharar gida da kayayyakin mai.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Bahar Maliya na bakin teku
Ba a san takamaiman adadin mutane ba, amma ana samun bayanai kan yawan wasu mutane:
- A yankin arewa maso yammacin Tekun Fasifik, da kuma cikin ruwan Japan - yawansu ya kai kimanin 67,000;
- Yankin Tekun Meziko ya kai dolphins na kwalbar ruwa 35,000;
- Bahar Rum tana alfahari da adadin 10,000;
- Kashe gefen arewacin Atlantic - mutane 11,700;
- Akwai kusan dolphins 7,000 a cikin Bahar Maliya.
Kowace shekara dubban dabbobin dolphin ana kashe su ta hanyar ayyukan ɗan adam: raga, harbi, farauta yayin ɓarkewar nama. Abubuwa masu cutarwa waɗanda ke gurɓata ruwan tekuna suna shiga cikin ƙwayoyin dabbobi, suna tarawa a can suna haifar da cututtuka da yawa kuma, mafi mahimmanci, ɓarnatarwar cikin mata. Fim ɗin da aka zubda mai na iya toshe numfashin dolphins na kwalba, wanda daga gare shi suke mutuwa mai zafi.
Wata matsalar kuma da mutum yayi shine yawan surutu. Daga tashin jirgin, irin wannan labulen na hayaniya ya bazu a kan nesa mai yawa kuma yana rikitar da sadarwa na dolphins na kwalba da kuma yanayin su a sararin samaniya. Wannan yana tsoma baki tare da samar da abinci na yau da kullun kuma yana haifar da cuta.
Koyaya, matsayin kiyaye kifin dabbar ruwan kwalba shine LC, yana nuna cewa babu damuwa ga yawan kwalabar. Subsananan raƙuman da ke haifar da irin waɗannan damuwa sune Dolphins na bakin teku. An lissafa su a cikin Red Book of Russia kuma suna da rukuni na uku. An dakatar da kama kifayen dolphin tun shekara ta 1966. Waɗannan dabbobin masu kaifin baki tare da murmushi mai kaifin hankali (sirrin yana cikin kitsen kitse a kunci) abubuwa ne masu ban al'ajabi. Kwarewarsu da ban mamaki da halayensu na ban mamaki don rayuwar ruwa suna da ban sha'awa. Maunar sha'awar dolphins a cikin tekuarium, zaku iya samun jin daɗin rayuwa daga tunanin su. Amma har yanzu dabbar dolfin dole ne ya kasance cikin bahar, dumi da tsafta, don a kiyaye lambar kuma ta yawaita.
Ranar bugawa: 31.01.2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 09/16/2019 da karfe 21:20
