Caracal - kyanwa mai kyan gani tare da madaidaiciyar jiki, mai santsi, gajere, gashi mai ruwan zinare da alamun asali a fuska. Waɗannan sune kyawawan kyawawan nau'ikan kyanwa a duniya, wanda ake kira hamada lynx. Karaccin bashi da tabo ko ratsi kuma yana da doguwar ƙafa da siririn jiki fiye da lynx na gaskiya.
Su ne mafiya nauyi kamar kuma yadda suka fi sauri a kananan Afirka. Saukewar halittar jikin wanda ya baiwa caracal kyakyawar kyawunsa da wasannin motsa jiki sakamakon shekaru miliyan 35 ne na cigaban halittar.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Caracal
Wuri a cikin bishiyar dangi a cikin caracal yana da ɗan rikicewa, amma an yi imanin cewa yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da mai aiki da kyan zinare. Wurin zama na caracal ya bambanta da yan uwanta. Servals da caracals sun yi kama da girma, amma, masu farauta suna farauta a cikin ƙauyuka masu laima, yayin da caracals sukan manne wa wuraren bushewa.
Bidiyo: Caracal
Saukewa da bambancin ganima a cikin mazauna daban-daban da kuma yankuna masu girma daban-daban suna nuna cewa caracal baya cikin hadari a matsayin jinsi. Sakamakon nazarin ilimin halittu ya nuna cewa caracal da kyanwar zinaren Afirka (C. aurata) sun karkata ga ci gaban su tsakanin shekaru miliyan 2.93 zuwa 1.19 da suka gabata. Wadannan nau'ikan guda biyu, tare da sinadarin, sune suka samar da layin kwayar halitta ta Caracal, wanda kuma, ya bazu tsakanin miliyan 11.56 da 6.66. Kakannin wannan layin ya iso Africa ne kimanin shekaru miliyan 8.5-5.6 da suka shude.
Felis caracal shine sunan kimiya wanda Johann Daniel von Schreber yayi amfani dashi a shekara ta 1776 don bayyana fatar cheetah daga Cape of Good Hope. A cikin 1843, masanin kimiyyar dabbobi na Burtaniya John Gray ya sanya shi a cikin jinsin Caracal. Ana sanya shi a cikin dangin Felidae da dangin Felinae. A cikin karni na 19 da na 20, an bayyana mutane da yawa na caracal kuma an gabatar dasu azaman kananun kaya.
Tun daga shekarar 2017, masana kimiyya sun amince da rabe-raben guda uku a matsayin masu inganci:
- kudancin caracal (C. Caracal) - an samo shi a kudu da gabashin Afirka;
- arewacin caracal (C. nubicus) - an samo shi a Arewa da Yammacin Afirka;
- Asian caracal (C. Schmitzi) - an samo a Asiya.
Sunan "karakal" ya kunshi kalmomin turkiyya biyu: kara, ma'ana baqi, da dunkulallen hannu, ma'ana kunne. Amfani na farko da aka yi amfani da shi na wannan sunan ya fara zuwa 1760. Sunan madadin shine lynx na Persia. Daga cikin Helenawa da Romawa, ana iya amfani da sunan "lynx" ga can iska. Wannan sunan wani lokacin har yanzu ana amfani dashi ga caraccal, amma lynx na zamani jinsin daban ne.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Dabba caracal
Caracal wata siririyar kyanwa ce mai k'arfin gini, da gajerar fuska, da dogayen hakora, da kunnuwa masu tsuro, da dogayen kafafu. Yana da launin ruwan kasa ko ja, launin launinsa ya bambanta daga mutum zuwa mutum. Mata sun fi maza haske. Gashinsu fari ne kuma, kamar kifin zinare na Afirka, an kawata shi da ƙananan ɗumbin wurare da yawa. Jawo kanta, mai laushi, gajere kuma mai yawa, ya zama mai rauni a lokacin rani.
Gashin ƙasa (babban layin gashi wanda ke rufe sutura) ya fi yawa a lokacin sanyi fiye da bazara. Tsawon gashin kare zai iya kaiwa santimita 3 a lokacin sanyi, amma ya ragu zuwa cm 2 a lokacin rani. Akwai alamomin baki a fuska: a kan gashin baki, a kusa da idanuwa, sama da idanuwa kuma a ɗan ƙasa zuwa tsakiyar kai da hanci.
Wani fasali na caracals mai tsayi ne, baƙaƙen baƙi a sama da kunnuwa a cikin yanayin tassels. Akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa game da manufar su. Tututtukan na iya kori kwari daga fuskar cat ko taimakawa sake kamanni a cikin ciyawa mai tsayi don karya kwane-kwane na kai. Amma, mafi yawan sigar ita ce, kyanwar tana motsa kunnenta na kunnuwa don sadarwa tare da sauran karamomi.
Kafafuwan sun isa. Feetananan ƙafafun ƙafafu ƙafafu iri-iri masu ƙarfi da muscular. Wutsiya gajera ce. Launin ido ya canza daga zinare ko tagulla zuwa launin toka ko kore. An ba da rahoton mutane masu ƙyamar ido amma ba su da yawa.
Orsananan yara suna da gajerun tufafin da idanu masu shuɗi. Caraananan kamfanonin C. caracal bazai bambanta a cikin samfurin ba. Mata sun fi ƙanƙanta kuma sun kai nauyin kilogiram 13, yayin da maza za su iya yin nauyin kilo 20. Wutsiyar ta taqaitaccen, amma har yanzu tana da mahimmin sashi na tsawon jiki. Tsawon wutsiyar ya banbanta daga cm 18 zuwa cm 34. Tsayin kai da jiki daga hanci zuwa gindin wutsiyar daga 62 zuwa 91 cm Ko da ƙaramar karama mafi girma ta fi yawancin kuliyoyin gida girma.
Ina caracal yake zaune?
Hotuna: Caracal cat
Mahalli na karacal ya faɗaɗa Afirka zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya har zuwa Indiya. An daidaita shi daidai da mummunan rayuwar yau da kullun na savannah, busassun gandun daji, raƙuman ruwa-hamada, tsaunuka masu tudu da busassun tsaunuka. A Afirka, ana rarraba karacal sosai a yankin Saharar Afirka, amma ana ɗaukarsa ba safai a Arewacin Afirka. A cikin Asiya, zangonsa ya faro daga yankin Larabawa, tare da Gabas ta Tsakiya, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan zuwa yammacin Indiya.
A Arewacin Afirka, yawan jama'a yana bacewa, amma a wasu yankuna na Afirka, har yanzu akwai karakoki da yawa. Theirayyadaddun wuraren zama su ne Hamadar Sahara da igiyar daji ta yamma da Afirka ta Tsakiya. A Afirka ta Kudu da Namibia, C. caracal yana da yawa da yawa wanda har aka hallaka shi azaman dabba mara daɗi. Yawan jama'ar Asiya ba su da yawa kamar na Afirka.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: An taba horar da karacals don farautar tsuntsaye a Iran da Indiya. An sanya su a cikin wani fage mai ɗauke da garken tattabarai, kuma an yi caca akan tsuntsaye nawa da kyanwa zata buge a tsalle ɗaya.
Jinsunan suna zaune a cikin dazuzzuka, savannas, filayen fadama, dajin hamada da kuma gandun daji, amma sun fi son yankuna masu bushe da ƙarancin ruwan sama da tsari. A cikin wuraren tsaunuka, yana faruwa a tsaunuka har zuwa mita 3000. Yanayi mai bushe tare da iyakoki na ganye ya fi dacewa ga dabba. Idan aka kwatanta da sabis, karacals na iya jure yanayin bushe da yawa. Koyaya, ba safai suke zaune cikin hamada ko yankuna masu zafi ba. A cikin Asiya, wasu lokuta ana samun caracals a cikin dazuzzuka, wanda ba irin na mutanen Afirka bane.
A Benin “Penjari National Park, an adana motsi na caracals ta tarkon kamara. A cikin masarautar Abu Dhabi, an sami wani caracal namiji da ke amfani da kyamarorin tarko a Jebel Hafit National Park a watan Fabrairun 2019, wanda shi ne lamari na farko tun daga 1984. A Uzbekistan, ana rubuta caracal ne kawai a yankunan hamada na Ustyurt plateau da kuma cikin hamadar Kyzylkum. Tsakanin 2000 zuwa 2017, an ga mutane 15 da rai kuma aƙalla makiyaya sun kashe 11.
Menene caracal yake ci?
Hotuna: Caracal desert lynx
Caracals suna da tsananin cin nama. Babban abubuwan abincin sun bambanta dangane da inda kuke zama. Kuliyoyin Afirka na iya cinye manyan dabbobi kamar su dabbobin gida, yayin da kuliyoyin Asiya ke cin ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyi kamar rodents. Ba safai ake kai wa shanu hari ba. Kodayake an san caracals saboda tsalle-tsalle masu ban mamaki yayin kama tsuntsaye, fiye da rabin abincin su ya kunshi dabbobi masu shayarwa a kowane fanni.
Babban ɓangare na menu na caracal shine:
- beraye;
- daman;
- kurege;
- tsuntsaye;
- kananan birai;
- dabbobin daji
Pigeons da partrides suna da mahimmancin yanayi ga nau'in.
Bugu da kari, a wasu lokuta suna iya farautar:
- tsaunukan dutse (dabbobin Afirka);
- gazelle-dorkas;
- gazarin dutse;
- gerenuk;
- bangarorin bango;
- Dan Afirka.
Wasu dabbobi masu rarrafe suna cinyewa da caracals, kodayake wannan ba aba ce ta abinci ba. Suna da banbanci tsakanin kuliyoyi don girmansu kuma suna iya kashe abincin ganima sau biyu zuwa uku. Thearamin ganima ana kashe shi ta cizon occiput, yayin da babban yunwa ya lalace ta wurin cizon makogwaro. Yawanci ana kama ganima lokacin da caracal ya yi tsalle ta amfani da ƙafafun doguwar hanzarta da na tsoka.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Caracal na iya tsalle sama kuma ya saukar da tsuntsaye 10-12 a lokaci guda!
Kafin cin abincin sa, carak galibi “yana wasa” na mintuna 5-25, yana motsa shi tare da ƙafafuwa. Karaccin na iya ma jefa ƙaramin wanda aka azabtar a cikin iska, sa'annan ya kama shi da gudu. Dalilan wannan halayyar basu bayyana ba. Kamar damisa, carak na iya hawa bishiyoyi wani lokaci yakan sanya ganima akan rassan don komawa zuwa daga baya. Wannan yana hana kuraye da zakuna cinye abin farautar, wanda hakan zai baiwa caracal damar cin nasarar nasarar farautarta. Manyan yatsun hanunta da ƙafafu masu ƙarfi suna ba shi wannan ikon hawan dutse.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Lynx caracal
Caracal ba dare bane, kodayake ana iya kiyaye wasu ayyuka yayin rana. Koyaya, wannan kyanwar tana da rufin asiri kuma yana da wahalar kiyayewa, saboda haka ayyukanta da rana na iya zama cikin rashin kulawa. Wani bincike a Afirka ta Kudu ya gano cewa karafa suna aiki sosai lokacin da yanayin zafin iska ya sauka ƙasa da 20 ° C. Ayyuka galibi suna raguwa a yanayin zafi mafi girma. Ana yawan samun Caracal shi kadai. Rukunin da aka rubuta kawai uwaye ne tare da zuriyarsu.
Caracal dabba ce kyakkyawa mara kyau, wanda aka kirkira ta zaɓin yanayi. An daidaita shi sosai zuwa wurare da yanayi daban-daban. Ba kamar nau'ikan da yawa ba, yana iya rayuwa na dogon lokaci ba tare da shan ruwa ba, kuma ƙwarewar tsalle-tsalle mai ban mamaki tana ba shi kusan yanayin ɗan adam.
Wannan dabbar yanki ce, suna yin alama a sararin fitsari kuma, mai yiwuwa, feces wanda ƙasa bata rufe shi ba. Sananne ne cewa karakoki daya na iya korar masu farauta ninki biyu fiye da na kanta. Yawancin lokacin farauta yawanci ana ƙaddara shi ta hanyar aikin ganima, amma C. caracal galibi ana lura da farauta da dare. A Isra’ila, maza suna da matsakaicin kilomita 220 mata kuma suna da kilomita 57. Yankunan maza sun kasance daga 270-1116 km² a Saudi Arabia. A cikin Dajin Zebra na Kasa (Afirka ta Kudu), yankuna mata daga 4.0 zuwa 6.5 km².
Waɗannan yankuna sun haɗu da ƙarfi. Sau da yawa ana amfani da tufts da zanen fuska azaman hanyar sadarwa ta gani. Ana lura da hulɗar caracals da juna ta hanyar matsar da kai daga gefe zuwa gefe. Kamar sauran kuliyoyi, kayan karas, gurnani, tusa da purrs.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: calan kittens ɗin
Kafin farawar mata, mata suna rarraba fitsari, wanda warinsa yake jan hankali kuma yake sanar da namiji shirye shiryen saduwa. Kira mai rarrabe mai kira da ma'ana ita ma hanya ce ta jan hankali. Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan tsarin tsarin jima'i da yawa da aka lura da su ga karafa. Lokacin da mace ta sami maza da yawa, ƙungiyar na iya yin gwagwarmaya don saduwa da ita, ko kuma za ta iya zaɓar abokansu don fifita mazan da manyan maza.
Yin jima'i yana faruwa tare da abokan tarayya da yawa a cikin makon. Lokacin da mace ta zabi abokin aurenta. Ma'aurata na iya kasancewa tare har tsawon kwanaki huɗu, yayin yaduwar cutar sau da yawa. Mata kusan koyaushe suna yin kwazo tare da maza fiye da ɗaya. Kodayake duka jinsi biyu sun balaga tsakanin jima'i tsakanin watanni 7 zuwa 10, saduwa mai nasara zata faru tsakanin watanni 14 zuwa 15.
Mace na iya shiga estrus a kowane lokaci a shekara. Wannan yana da alaƙa da kula da abincin mace. Lokacin da wadataccen abinci ya bayyana (wanda ya bambanta gwargwadon zangon), mace za ta shiga estrus. Wannan yana bayanin ranakun haihuwa mafi girma tsakanin Oktoba zuwa Fabrairu a wasu yankuna. Mace ba za ta iya samun ɗari fiye da ɗaya a shekara ba. Tsarin ciki shine kwanaki 69 zuwa 81 kuma mace tana haihuwar kittuna 1 zuwa 6. A cikin daji, ba a haifi kittens sama da 3 ba.
Mata suna sanya lokaci mai yawa da kuzari a cikin yaransu. Kogon bishiya, burkin da aka watsar, ko kogo galibi ana zaɓa don haihuwa da makonni huɗu na farko na ci gaban haihuwa. A lokaci guda, jarirai sun fara wasa da cin nama. Kulawa tana ci gaba har sai kittens sunkai kimanin makonni 15, amma zasu sami independenceancin realancin gaske ne kawai cikin watanni 5-6.
Abokan gaba na caracals
Hotuna: Littafin Caracal Red Book
Sake kamanni na waje shine babban kariya daga masu farauta. Caracals sun fi son buɗaɗɗun wurare don sasantawa, don haka lokacin da aka yi musu barazana, sai su yi kwance a ƙasa, kuma gashinsu mai ruwan kasa yana yin kamanni ne kai tsaye. Kari akan haka, suna motsawa sosai a cikin kasa mai duwatsu, wanda kuma yana taimakawa kaucewa manyan masu cin nama:
- zakuna;
- kuraye;
- damisa.
Koyaya, jerin dabbobin da aka ambata ba safai suke shirya farautar caracal ba, babban makiyinta shine mutum. Mutane suna kashe su don afkawa dabbobi, kodayake wannan yana faruwa ne kawai a wasu yankuna na dabba, amma yana haifar da adadi mai yawa (dabbobi 2219 a wani yanki). Wannan abin haka yake musamman a Afirka ta Kudu da Namibia, inda aka bullo da shirye-shiryen shawo kan masu farauta. Ko da tare da shirye-shirye iri iri, karafal da sauri ya mamaye ƙasar noma.
Ana kuma kai masa hari don fatarsa da namansa, wanda wasu kabilun ke ɗaukar kayan marmari. Kodayake asarar daga wannan nau'in aikin ba shi da mahimmanci, tun da yake fatar karak ba ta da buƙata tsakanin sauran mutane. Caracal na iya rayuwa a cikin daji har tsawon shekaru 12, kuma wasu manya masu balaga suna rayuwa a cikin fursuna har zuwa shekaru 17.
Kodayake caracals duka masu farauta ne da ganima, zakoki da kuraye ba sa farautar su a kai a kai. Gawarwakin suna da tasiri mafi girma akan tsarin halittu a matsayin kula da yawan wasu jinsunan. Suna cinye duk abin da ke akwai kuma suna shafar mafi ƙarancin ƙarfi don kamawa da kashewa. A wasu yankuna, caracals suna daya daga cikin 'yan jinsunan da ke kashe wasu nau'ikan wadanda abin ya shafa.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Caracal cat
Ba a san ainihin adadin caracal a cikin daji ba, don haka cikakken kimantawa game da matsayin yawan su ba zai yiwu ba. Ana ɗaukar su ba safai ba ko kuma suna cikin haɗari a Asiya da Arewacin Afirka. A tsakiya da kudancin Afirka, ana ɗaukar su ko'ina kuma ana farautar su a duk inda suke. Gawarwakin dafin, wanda ke kashe dabbobi masu yawa, wasu masu kiwo ne suke sakinsa don kashe masu farauta.
Tsakanin 1931 da 1952, kimanin caracals 2,219 a kowace shekara ana kashe su a Afirka ta Kudu yayin ayyukan yaƙi da masu farautar dabbobi. Manoman Namibia da ke amsa tambayoyin gwamnati sun ba da rahoton cewa har zuwa shekara ta 1981 an kashe caracals 2,800.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: threatarin barazanar shine asarar asarar mahalli. Yayin da mutane ke kara matsawa ta cikin yankin, ana korar dabbobin kuma tsanantawa tana ƙaruwa.
Mutanen karkara suna kashe caracal don kare dabbobi. Bugu da kari, ana yi masa barazanar kamun kifi don fataucin dabbobi a yankin Larabawa. A kasashen Turkiya da Iran, galibi ana kashe carac a cikin hatsarin hanya. A Uzbekistan, babbar barazanar da caracals ke yi shi ne kisan da makiyaya ke yi don daukar fansar asarar dabbobi.
Caracal kariya
Hotuna: Caracal daga littafin Red
An jera yawan caracals na Afirka a CITES Shafi II, yayin da yawan mutanen Asiya suna cikin CITES Rataye na 1. An haramta farautar Caracal a Afghanistan, Algeria, Egypt, India, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Morocco, Pakistan, Syria, Tajikistan, Tunisia da Turkey. Ana ɗaukarta a matsayin "dabba mai matsala" a Namibia da Afirka ta Kudu kuma an yarda a farautar ta don kare dabbobi.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Karakal an lasafta shi a cikin haɗari a cikin Uzbekistan tun daga 2009, kuma a Kazakhstan tun 2010.
An yi imanin cewa ya kusan ƙarewa a Arewacin Afirka, yana cikin haɗari a Pakistan, yana cikin haɗari a Jordan, amma yana daidaita a tsakiya da kudancin Afirka. Kasuwancin duniya a cikin karacals kamar dabbobi yana da mahimmanci a Amurka, Rasha, Kanada da Netherlands.Kodayake ana ɗaukan adadin kyanwa da ake fitarwa ƙananan, akwai alamun cewa wannan kasuwancin na iya ƙaruwa.
Karaccin ya kasance a cikin jerin IUCN na dabbobin da basu damu ba tun 2002 saboda yana yaduwa a cikin kasashe sama da 50 inda dabbar ba ta fuskantar barazana. Rashin muhalli saboda fadada aikin gona, gina hanyoyi da daidaitawa babbar barazana ce a duk ƙasashe masu kewayon.
Ranar bugawa: 05/29/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 20.09.2019 a 21:25
