Muskrat, ko berayen miski (yana da musk gland). Arewacin Amurka ana ɗauke da asalin ƙasar wannan dabba, daga inda mutane suka kawo ta zuwa ƙasarmu a cikin shekaru 30 na ƙarni na ashirin. Muskrat ta sami tushe sosai kuma ta mamaye manyan yankuna. Ainihin, dabbobi suna son ruwa mai kyau, amma kuma suna iya zama a cikin yankuna masu dausayi da tabkuna.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Muskrat wata dabba ce mai shayarwa wacce ke ɗaukar tsawon lokacin rayuwarsa a cikin ruwa. Ita ce kawai wakiliyar jinsinta da jinsin muskrat rodents. Yawan su ya samo asali ne daga Arewacin Amurka, inda dabbobi ke rayuwa a duk faɗin nahiyar, kuma mutane sun kawo muskrat ɗin zuwa Rasha, Arewacin Asiya da Turai, inda suka zauna sosai.
Masana kimiyya sunyi tunanin cewa kakannin muskrat sun kasance marasa ƙarfi. Sun kasance mafi ƙanƙanta, kuma haƙoransu ba su da ƙarfi da ƙarfi kamar na berayen miski. Daga nan sai dabbobin suka yiwo kusanci da kusa da yankin Arewacin Amurka, jinsin ya fara motsawa zuwa rabin-ruwa, sannan yanayin yanayin-rabin-ruwa. An yi imanin cewa to dabbobin sun haɓaka duk siffofin masu ban sha'awa waɗanda ke ba su damar zama a cikin ruwa na dogon lokaci, wato:
- babban wutsiya mai lebur, wanda kusan babu gashi;
- webbing a kan kafafu na baya;
- ulu mai hana ruwa;
- tsari mai ban sha'awa na leben sama, yana barin abubuwan da ke gaban ciki su cinye ta cikin algae karkashin ruwa ba tare da buɗe bakin ba.
An ɗauka cewa dabbobi sun karu sosai cikin girma saboda gaskiyar cewa sun fi dacewa da gina gidajensu: minks, bukkoki. Babban girman yana ba muskrats damar adana kuzarinsu kuma sun fi ƙarfi ƙarfi.
Duk abin da mutum zai iya cewa, duk wasu rikice-rikicen da suka faru a yayin bayyanar halittar wannan nau'in dabbobin suna da alaƙa da sake komawa zuwa rayuwar rayuwar rabin-ruwa.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Dabbar da kanta tana da girman kusan rabin mita ko kuma ƙari kaɗan, kuma nauyinta ya bambanta daga gram ɗari bakwai zuwa kilo biyu. Wani fasali mai ban sha'awa na bayyanar bera shine wutsiyarsa, wanda ke ɗaukar rabin tsawon ilahirin jikinsa. A waje, wutsiya tana kamanceceniya da oar, yana taimaka wa dabbar ta ci gaba da tafiya daidai. Muskrat masu iya iyo ne. A cikin wannan lamarin, ba wai wutsiya kawai ke zuwa taimakonsu ba, har ma da membran da ke kan ƙafafun baya, wanda ke sanya su zama kamar silifa. Dabbobin ma ruwa ne mai kyau kuma suna iya zuwa ƙarƙashin ruwa na tsawon mintuna 17.
Har ila yau, ya kamata mu mayar da hankali kan gashin wannan dabba mai ban sha'awa. Ba shi da tasiri kwata-kwata da ruwa, watau ba ya jika. Jawo mai kauri ne kuma kyakkyawa, ya haɗa da yadudduka da yawa na ulu, har ma da suttura. Kusa da ɗan maraƙin akwai furci mai kauri da taushi, kuma a saman akwai waɗansu gashin gashi masu tsayi waɗanda suke da haske da sheƙi. Ruwa ba zai iya ratsawa ta waɗannan matakan ba. Muskrats koyaushe suna kula da yanayin "gashin gashinsu", koyaushe suna tsabtace shi kuma shafa shi da kitse na musamman.
Jawo na Muskrat na da darajar gaske kuma yana iya zama na launuka masu zuwa:
- launin ruwan kasa (na kowa);
- cakulan duhu;
- baƙi (launi mai wuya).
Lebban sama na muskrat abu ne mai ban mamaki, kamar an raba shi zuwa rabi biyu. Abubuwan haɓaka suna dubawa ta hanyar su. Wannan yana taimaka wa dabba ta cizon da kuma cin tsire-tsire na ruwa kai tsaye tare da rufe bakin, yayin da yake cikin zurfin. Ba kamar ba idanu masu kaifi ba da ƙarancin ƙanshi, za a iya yin hassadar ji na muskrat kawai. Yana taimaka mata saurin amsawa ga haɗari kuma ta kasance cikin shiri koyaushe.
Dabbar tana da karamin kai tare da toshe bakinsa. Kunnuwan muskrat suma kanana ne, kusan basa fitowa, wanda ke haifar da jin dadi yayin ruwa. Jikin dabba yana zagaye, yana dunkulewa. A kan manyan goshin muskrat akwai dogayen yatsun kafa huɗu tare da manyan yatsu da ƙarami ɗaya. Wannan ya sauƙaƙa tono ƙasa. Yatsun yatsu - biyar, ba su da doguwar farce kawai, amma har da membran. Yana taimaka wa yin iyo ba daɗi ba. Dangane da girma, launi da kamanni, muskrat itace gicciye tsakanin ɗan bera da ɗan kwalliya.
A ina ne muskrat take rayuwa?
Saboda yanayin kasancewarsa na ruwa-kwata-kwata, muskrat din yakan sauka gefen bankunan tafkuna, koguna, kogunan ruwa, da fadama. Bera ya fi son ruwa mai kyau, amma kuma yana rayuwa a jikin ruwa mai ɗan kaɗan. Muskrat ba zai taɓa zama a cikin tafki ba inda kusan babu tsire-tsire na ruwa da bakin teku. Dabbar ba zata zauna inda ruwa ke daskarewa gaba daya ba a lokacin hunturu. Ya danganta da yankin da dabbar take zaune, mazauninsa kuma ya bambanta kuma yana da halaye daban-daban.
Zai iya zama:
- ramuka-rami tare da manyan farfajiyoyi masu ado;
- bukkoki da aka yi su da ciyayi da ciyayi;
- gidajen da suka hada gidaje biyu na farko;
- gidajen da suka zama mafaka na ɗan lokaci.
Idan gabar tafkin tana da tsayi, dansandan yana ratsawa ta ƙananan ramuka a ciki, ƙofar wacce take ƙarƙashin ruwa. A yayin da tafki ya yawaita a cikin ciyayi, muskrat yana gina bukkoki a cikin haɓakar ciyawa, ciyawa, cattails, da ciyayi. Wani daki na mussaman (ɗakin) a cikin ramuka koyaushe bushe yake kuma baya shiga cikin ruwa.
Dabba mai hankali tana gina ƙarin ɗakin ajiya sama da babban, idan har matakin ruwa ya hauhawa sosai. Ya zama cewa mazaunin muskrat bene ne mai hawa biyu. A ciki akwai kwandon moss da ciyawa, wanda ba kawai yana ba da laushi, amma kuma yana kiyaye dukkan dangi daga sanyi.
Entranceofar zuwa mink bai taɓa yin sanyi ba, saboda yana da zurfin zurfin zurfin ruwa. Ko da a cikin mafi tsananin sanyi da ke ƙasa da sifili, yawan zafin jiki a gidan ba ya sauka. Dukan dangin muskrat suna jiran tsananin sanyi mai tsanani a cikin gida mai ɗumi, mai taushi, bushe kuma ingantacce.
Menene muskrat take ci?
Abun da ke cikin abincin muskrat yawanci asalin shuka ne. Ainihin, waɗannan tsire-tsire ne na ruwa, tushensu, tubers, da kuma shuke-shuken bakin teku da ciyawa. Anan zaka iya rarrabe reeds, dawakai, duckweed, sedge, da dai sauransu. Kada ku yi jinkirin yin muskrat da abincin dabbobi, kamar su ɓawon burodi, ƙaramin kifi, mollusks iri-iri, kwadi da ragowar dabbobin da suka mutu, kifi.
A lokacin hunturu, galibi suna cin tubers da tushen da ke zurfin ruwa. Muskrat ba ta yin tanadin abinci na musamman don lokacin hunturu, amma wani lokacin tana satar abinci daga ɗakunan ajiya na masu bautar. Ko gidan bukkarku ana iya cin sa cikin nasara a lokacin tsananin hunturu, to muskrat ɗin za ta gyara ta kuma gyara komai.
Yawancin masunta da yawa sun lura cewa a lokacin kamun kifi na hunturu tare da abin ɗamara, muskrats galibi suna fisge ƙugun kai tsaye daga ƙugiyoyin. A lokacin bazara, muskrats suna son yin liyafa a kan samari da ƙananan ganye mafi sabo, kuma a lokacin bazara, ana amfani da tsaba iri iri iri daban daban. Idan akwai filayen noma kusa da mazaunin bera, to muskrat zata ji daɗin hatsi da kayan lambu iri-iri tare da jin daɗi sosai.
Gabaɗaya, muskrat dabba ce mai ɗorewa, tana tattake hanyoyin da take samun abinci kuma tana tafiya tare dasu koyaushe. Idan aka samu abinci a cikin ruwa, to dabba da wuya dabba ta yi iyo fiye da mita goma sha biyar daga mazaunin ta na dindindin ba. Idan yanayin abinci gabaɗaya masifa ce, to muskrat har yanzu ba zata yi iyo fiye da mita 150 daga gidanta ba.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Muskrat yana da kuzari kuma yana aiki kusan kowane lokaci. Amma har yanzu, kololuwar aiki yana faruwa da yamma da kuma wayewar gari. A farkon lokacin bazara, namiji ya sami mace, su biyu suna aiki tuƙuru, suna gina gidansu.
Muskrats suna da aure guda ɗaya, suna rayuwa cikin umarnin iyali duka. Kowane irin wannan rukuni yana da yankin kansa, wanda namiji ya tsara shi tare da taimakon ƙwayoyin musk na inguinal. Girman irin waɗannan ƙasashe na muskrat kowane iyali na dabbobi ya kai kimanin mita 150. A lokacin bazara, ana tura yara da suka girma daga yankin don fara rayuwar manya.
Bugu da ƙari, a lokacin bazara, samari da suka balaga koyaushe suna cikin faɗa, sake kwato sabbin yankuna da mata. Wadannan yaƙe-yaƙe suna da matukar tashin hankali kuma galibi suna haifar da rauni. Waɗannan mutanen da aka bari su kaɗai, ba su sami abokiyar aure ba, dole su yi iyo mai nisa don nemo wa kansu sabon mazauni, har ma suna komawa wasu ruwayen.
A cikin ruwa da muskrat ji suke kamar kifi. Tana iyo sosai da sauri, na iya zama cikin zurfin na dogon lokaci, neman abinci. A kan ƙasa, dabbar tana da ɗan wahala kuma zai iya zama ganimar masu ƙyamar fata. Bugu da kari, gani da wari galibi suna kasa berayen miski, wadanda ba za a iya cewa game da ji ba, wanda ke da matukar damuwa.
Akwai sanannun lokuta na cin naman mutane a tsakanin muskrat. Wannan ya faru ne saboda yawaitar kowane yanki da kuma karancin abinci ga ɗaukacin mutane. Muskrats suna da ƙarfin zuciya da ƙarfi. Idan suka tsinci kansu cikin wani yanayi mara bege, lokacin da basa iya buya a karkashin ruwa, to sun shiga yakin ne ta hanyar amfani da duk wata himma, manyan fika da manyan hakora.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Tsawon rayuwar muskrat a cikin yanayin yanayi karami ne kuma shekaru uku ne kawai, kodayake a cikin yanayi na wucin gadi zasu iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru goma. Dabbobi suna rayuwa cikin rukunin iyayen manya da jarirai masu girma. Beavers na iya zama maƙwabtansu a cikin yankin wannan da wannan tafkin. Waɗannan jinsunan daban suna da kamanceceniya da yawa, duka a bayyane da kuma cikin ɗabi'a.
Rikice-rikice na jini akai-akai ne tsakanin wakilan jinsin muskrat. maza galibi suna raba ƙasa da mata. Yaran da aka saki zuwa cikin jirgin ruwa kyauta yana da wahalar samun matsayin su, fara iyali da zama. Dangane da dangi da zuriya, ya kamata a sani cewa muskrat tana da yawa. A wuraren da ke da yanayin sanyi, mace na samun zuriya sau biyu a shekara. Inda dumi yake, wannan na iya faruwa sau 3-4 a shekara. Lokacin haifuwa yana daukar kimanin wata daya.
Litayan dabbobi ɗaya na iya samun pan 6 - 7. A lokacin haihuwa, ba su da gashi kwata-kwata kuma ba sa ganin komai, sun yi kankanta kuma nauyinsu bai wuce gram 25 ba. Mace na shayar da jariranta na kimanin kwanaki 35. Bayan 'yan watanni, sun riga sun zama masu zaman kansu, amma sun kasance cikin hunturu a gidan iyayensu.
Uba yana taka rawa sosai wajen tarbiyyar yara, yana yin tasiri mai yawa a kansu. A lokacin bazara, matasa zasu bar gida na asali don tsara rayuwar su. Muskrats sun cika yin watanni 7-12, saboda tsawon rayuwarsu gajere ne.
Abokan gaba na muskrat
Muskrat yana da makiya da yawa, a ƙasa da cikin ruwa. Dangane da gaskiyar cewa waɗannan dabbobi suna da yawa, suna aiki a matsayin babbar hanyar haɗi a cikin abincin masu farauta daban-daban.
A cikin ruwa, muskrat ba ta da rauni kamar ta gabar teku, amma har ma a can tana iya fuskantar haɗari. Babban abokin gaba da saurin tashin hankali shine mink, wanda shima ana sarrafa shi cikin dabara kuma yana ratsawa daga zurfin cikin burbushin maskrat dan kama yaranta. Ilka ko marten kifi shima yana yin barazana ga muskrat daga ruwan ruwa. A cikin ruwa, otter, kifi da kuma babban jirgi na iya kai hari ga muskrat.
Yana zuwa bakin teku, muskrat ya zama maras ma'ana, doguwar jela anan kawai tana ba shi damuwa kuma yana ƙara damuwa. Daga cikin masu fata marasa kyau na muskrat, zaku iya samun: raccoon, fox, kare bera, coyote har ma da kazamin kare. A cikin al'amuran da ba safai ba, kerkeci, dabbar daji da bear na iya kai hari ga muskrat.
Daga iska kuma, irin wadannan tsuntsayen masu cin nama kamar su mujiya, dako, da shaho. Ko da maita ceka ko hankaka na iya haifar da lalacewar yara masu girma.
Yawancin lokaci ana yin muskrat ta hanyar shiga cikin zurfin, ƙarƙashin ruwa, inda yake motsawa sosai, yana iyo cikin sauri kuma yana iya zama a zurfin kusan mintuna 17. Idan karo ba makawa, to muskrat ya yi fada mai tsanani, yana mai tsananin kare kansa da zuriyarsa, tunda farce da hakora suna taimakawa cikin gwagwarmaya mai wahala.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Yawan muskrat yana da yawa. Ya yadu a sassa daban-daban na duniya. Daga asalin mahaifarta a Arewacin Amurka, wannan dabba ta bayyana a wasu ƙasashe, inda take jin daɗi da ƙarfi. Muskrat na iya zama a cikin ƙasashe masu zafi da kuma a ƙasashe masu yanayi mai wuya.
Saboda rashin wayewarsu, suna sauƙin daidaitawa kuma suna ninka cikin sauri. Irin wannan lamari sananne ne, asalinsa wanda masana kimiyya basu iya bayyanawa ba: kowace shekara 6-10, yawan muskrat yana da mahimmanci kuma saurin walƙiya yana raguwa. Har yanzu ba a tabbatar da dalilin wannan kwangilar ba. Yana da kyau berayen ruwa suna da 'ya'ya sosai, saboda haka suna saurin dawo da lambobinsu na baya bayan irin wannan raguwar.
Muskrat ya dace sosai da sauya yanayin wurin zama kuma ya daidaita daidai ko'ina kusa da ruwa mai ɗabi'a mai yawa, waɗanda sune tushen tushen rayuwa ga waɗannan dabbobi masu ban sha'awa. Daya daga cikin mahimman yanayi na kasancewar berayen miski a jikin wani ruwa shi ne rashin daskarewa zuwa ƙasan lokacin sanyi da kuma wadatattun tsire-tsire na ruwa da na bakin ruwa waɗanda suka wajaba don ciyar da dabbobi.
A ƙarshe, yana da kyau a lura cewa irin wannan dabbar da ba a saba da ita ba kamar muskrat tana da tasirin gaske a kan yanayin tafkin da yake rayuwa. Hanyar haɗi ce mai mahimmanci a cikin layin eco-sarkar. Idan muskrat ta kyankyashe, madatsar ruwa za ta zama siliki mai nauyi sosai kuma ta yi girma, wanda zai yi mummunan tasiri ga mazaunin kifin, kuma sauro da yawa na iya yin kiwo. Don haka, muskrat yana aiki a matsayin wani nau'in jami'in tsafta na tafkin, wanda ta aikinsa mai mahimmanci yana tasiri yanayin yanayin muhallin da ke kewaye da dabbar.
Ranar bugawa: 23.01.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 17.09.2019 a 12:03
