Menene kama? alpaca kuma yaya ya bambanta da lama? Alpaca (wanda aka ba da fifikon salo na karshe) dabba ce mai tsayin mita daya da tsawon wuya daga dangin rakumi. Byasashen Indiyawa na gida, fiye da shekaru dubu biyu da suka gabata a Kudancin Amurka, wato a cikin tsaunuka. Nau'in wannan dabba, don mafi kyawun gashinta a duniya, ana yin kiwo da ƙari, musamman a Ostiraliya, inda yanayin ya dace da su.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Alpacas
Don nazarin wannan dabba da halayenta, masana kimiyya sun dau shekaru suna nazarin DNA na dabba kuma sun tabbatar da gaskiyar batun:
- suna cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa;
- ƙungiyar artiodactyls;
- ƙananan kira;
- dangin rakumi;
- jinsin vicuna.
Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan wadannan dabbobi a duniya, suna kamanceceniya da juna. Na farko sune mafi girman llamas, guanacos sunada karami kuma sun fi gunta, kuma vicuñas, wanda a waje ya banbanta da karamin girmansu da falalarsu, da kyau, kuma mafi yawan shaggy shine alpacas. Wadannan dabbobin sun wanzu tun zamanin da, amma a zahiri ba su canza ba. Babban mutum ya kai kilogram 70, kuma ya kai tsayi zuwa mita daya a tsayi.
Bidiyo: Alpaca
A cikin Kudancin Amurka, alpacas ana kiwo a yanayin yanayi, a cikin makiyaya. Don haka, in ji mazauna wurin, tsawon rayuwarsu ya fi tsayi, kuma suna kara nauyi cikin sauri. An kawo su zuwa yankin Turai kusan shekaru 20 da suka gabata, da nufin haɓaka a matsayin gidan dabbobi na ado. Kodayake wannan nau'in bashi da araha, wadanda suka ba wa kansu wannan "alatu" sun lura cewa dabbar da ke da kyakkyawar dabi'a tana ba da kanta kuma ana amfani da "sadarwa" tare da shi a magani.
Akwai nau'ikan alpaca guda biyu: Wakaya da Suri. Alamar rarrabe ita ce ulu.
- Ulu Sin Suri ya rataye a cikin aladun alaƙa zuwa ƙasa sosai kuma yana da taushi musamman mai ƙayatarwa. Wannan shine mafi kyawu kuma mafi girman alpaca.
- Huacaya, saboda tsananinsa har ma da gashinta, shine ainihin ainihin nau'in alpaca. Sun girma ne don samun albarkatun ƙasa waɗanda suka fi sauƙin sarrafawa fiye da na Suri.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Alpaca Dabba
Saboda karancin kofato, an sanya su zuwa subus callus. Wannan masarar ta maye gurbin ƙafa da kofato. Limafansu da yatsu biyu masu yatsu tare da kumburarrun hanu tare da mai lankwasa sura. A cikin daji, ana goge ƙusoshin a kan duwatsu da taurin filayen duwatsu, kuma idan an ajiye dabbar gidan a cikin murza, to dole ne a yanke ƙafafun lokaci-lokaci. Lokacin tafiya, suna hutawa a kan yatsun yatsun hannu, sakamakon haka ba a tattake makiyayan. A cikin paddocks, suna buƙatar laushi mai laushi-kamar bene.
Suna yaye ciyayi da leɓunansu kuma suna tauna abinci tare da taimakon ɓoye na gefe, tunda babu haƙoran sama. Tare da shekaru, incisors ɗin sun tsufa kuma a hankali suna girma. Suna da furci mai kauri, suna jin daɗi a cikin tsaunuka masu tsayin mita dubu 3, kuma suna iya shaƙar iska mai tsauni tare da ƙarancin iskar oxygen. Jikin dabba mai rai ya dace don sarrafa ciyayi mai yawa. Duk tsawon ranar suna tattara abinci a cikin kayansu na ban mamaki tare da bangarori uku (sauran dabbobin suna da huɗu), kuma da yamma suna sarrafa shi.
Daga cikin tsoffin Indiyawa, ana ɗaukar ulu alpaca a matsayin kuɗin musaya, kuma taki ya kasance mai ƙimar gaske mai kyau. An yi amfani da fatar don ɗinki tufafi. Ana cin naman Alpaca, amma da wuya sosai. Zasu fi amfani yayin da suke raye.
A halin yanzu, ana ɗaukar ulu mafi inganci kuma mafi tsada. Don ƙirƙirar abubuwa masu zane tare da iyakar haske da laushi, ana amfani da ƙyallen alpaca matasa. Kuma don katifu da tufafi na waje, ulu na tsofaffin mutane ya dace.
A ina alpaca yake rayuwa?
Hotuna: Alpacas mai ban dariya
Wadannan dabbobin suna rayuwa galibi a yankuna na Kudancin Amurka ta Andes a cikin Altiplano (plateau, na biyu mafi girma) kuma a cikin ƙasashen tsaunukan Peru, suna kiwo a Ecuador da Argentina. Inda canjin yanayi yayi tsauri da sauyi, zaka iya samun garke. A kan iyakar dusar ƙanƙara mai dusar ƙanƙara, inda ciyayi ba su da yawa, amma gansakuka ne waɗanda ke jan hankalin mazaunan dabbobin Peruvian a can.
Chile da Argentina suna da garkunan daji waɗanda suke kama daga lokaci zuwa lokaci don tattara ulu. A wasu ƙasashe, kamar a Afirka, a cikin mahalli na asali, ba sa rayuwa kamar yadda mazaunin da aka saba shine filayen tudu. Kuma yanayin zafi mai yawa baya taimakawa ga kiwo mai amfani. A Ingila da New Zealand ana amfani da su cikin gida kuma ana ajiye su a cikin alkalami na musamman.
Akwai gonakin dabbobi da yawa a cikin Rasha, amma haɓaka alpaca cikakkiyar ƙwarewa ce. An sanye su da rufi don hana ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara. Ba sa buƙatar ɗaki mai dumi, amma suna bukatar a kiyaye su daga iska.
Menene alpaca ke ci?
Hotuna: Alpaca
A cikin muhallinsu na asali, basa son cin abinci kuma suna amfani da ƙananan harbe, gansakuka da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire har ma da ƙayoyi don saurin nika abinci. Kuma idan kun riƙe dabba a cikin alƙalami, to lallai ne ku bayar da abinci kwatankwacin abin da ya tsiro a mazauninsu na asali. Sauya wuya, ciyawar da ba ta da sako tare da ciyawar ciyawa mai wadata da ma'adanai. Don haka, yadda ƙasa ta bambanta da ƙasashen Kudancin Amurka. Tabbatar da lallashin kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itatuwa. Idan ana so, a ba da ɗan burodin baki.
Amma idan garken ya yi kiwo a cikin ciyawar, to manoma suna shuka shuke-shuke masu gina jiki kamar alfalfa da clover kan makiyaya. Shaye-shaye mara iyaka da kasancewar leken gishiri suna da mahimmanci don hana ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa da kyakkyawan narkewa. Mace masu shayarwa suna buƙatar abubuwan gina jiki.
Idan kun shirya corral, to ya kamata ku san cewa suna taunar bishiyoyi da tsire-tsire. Sabili da haka, dole ne a gina shinge nesa da bishiyar lilac, wanda zai iya cutar da dabbobi. Da kyau, ajiye itatuwan 'ya'yan itace, babban abincin. Haɗuwa da yanayin yanayi da abincin da ake ci yana shafar ingancin ulu. A gida, a cikin Andes, ciyawar tana tsiro - ichu, shine kawai abinci don alpacas na Peruvian. Saboda haka, a cikin Peru mafi kyawun nau'ikan waɗannan dabbobi.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Kyakkyawan alpaca
Tsabtace dabbobi da idanu masu kyau. A cikin ƙasashen Ajantina, zaku iya samun yaro yana wasa da jariri ko babba. Halittar da ba ta tashin hankali tana da kirki ga mutum. Idan ka doke dabba daya daga garke, to nan take sai ta fadi kasa ba ta tashi ba. A wannan matsayin, manoma yawanci sukan aske gashin kansu.
Mata masu ciki suna nuna zalunci ga masu mallakar abin haushi. Suna iya tsunkulewa ko tofa.
Alpaca yana dacewa da dabbobi. Makiyayan makiyaya sun sha samun karfin gwiwa game da ikon kiwon garken tumaki, ta hanyar ceton garken. Tafiya tare da ciyawar, a hankali suna hango ciyawar bushewa, suna kawar da ciyawar ƙaya. Sautunan da suke bayarwa suna kama da abin da ake waƙa da waƙa. Tare da wannan sautin, suna nuna sha'awar su, damuwarsu ko haɗarin su.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Baby alpaca tare da mahaifiyarsa
Ta hanyar tsallake alpacas da llamas, suna samun zuriyar gida - Uarisos. Amma zuriyar ita kanta ba zata iya sake haifuwa ba. Llamas, alpacas, guanacos a sauƙaƙe suna haɗuwa da juna. Balaga da jima'i a cikin mata yana farawa daga watanni 18-24, kuma cikin maza daga watanni 24-30. Sun kasance a shirye don cikakkiyar ma'aurata da haihuwa bayan shekaru biyu.
Lokacin jima'i yana shekara-shekara. Kiwo a cikin daji "mai sarrafa kansa" ne daga namiji da kansa, baya barin "baƙi". Kuma idan garken kiwo biyu ko uku suka hade wuri guda, za a gwabza kazamin yakin neman hakkin farko a wuraren kiwo, kuma kowane shugaba ya tabbatar ba a gudanar da harka da maza ba. Kuma a cikin bauta, mutum yana yin iko kuma yana zaɓar mazan da suka fi dacewa da haihuwa. Zaka iya tantance takin mace ga halayen ta. Yawancin lokaci a shirye take ta sadu ko da kuwa bayan ta haihu, amma idan tana da ciki, to ba ta barin namiji ya matso kusa da ita.
Mata ba su da tauri musamman a lokacin daukar ciki kuma yawan zubar ciki na kowa ne. An dauke tayi har tsawon watanni goma sha ɗaya. Idan ɗiyan ya yi sa'a ya rayu, to an haife su nauyin kilogram 1 kuma a cikin awa ɗaya sun riga sun tashi da kansu. Yana girma sosai kuma ya kai kilo 35-40 cikin watanni 9. Asali, ɗa ɗaya, a cikin mawuyacin halin biyu, wanda daga baya duk suka mutu. A lokacin haihuwa, garken yana nan kusa, a matakin ilhami na dabi'a an wajabta masu kariya akan mace da haihuwa alpachon.
Abokan gaba na alpaca
Hotuna: Alpaca da kare 🙂
A cikin daji, makiya makiya ne, jaguar, da coyotes. Cougars da damisa suna zaune a waɗancan yankuna, kuma idan mutum ya kasance babba, to garken ba zai iya yin faɗa ba, kasancewar ya rasa ɗayan dangi. Wataƙila cougar ne kawai mai farauta wanda ke hawa cikin duwatsu. Amma yayin bin alpaca, da sauri yakan gaji, wanda ke ba da fa'ida ga garken duka.
Suna tsayayya da ƙananan masu cin nama ta hanyar harbawa da ƙafafunsu na gaba. Suna jin daidai mai farauta daga nesa kuma tare da babbar kara da gargaɗi game da haɗarin da ke gabatowa. Wannan rugugin, wanda ke ɗaukar garken garken, yana da ban tsoro kuma yana tsoratar da masu farautar. Gudun sauri yana ceton ku daga kerkeci masu kyan gani - masu kaɗaici da dawakai. Don kariya, ana amfani da tofawa, wanda shima yana da tasiri a kan masu cin naman. Shima tofa ana amfani dashi a cikin garken cikin gwagwarmayar abinci.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Alpacas
An kiyasta cewa akwai alpacas miliyan 3.5-4.5. An kirkiro yawan dabbobi a shekaru miliyan 2.5 da suka gabata. Guanacos da vicuñas koyaushe suna nesa, suna girma daji, yayin da llamas da alpacas suka zama gida kusan shekaru dubu 5-6 da suka wuce. Yawan alpaca ya daɗe an rage, tun daga lokacin majagaba a ƙasashe a Kudancin Amurka da kuma cikin daji, ba tare da kulawar mutum ba za a iya samun su kuma. ‘Yan mulkin mallaka, don kiwon dabbobinsu,“ sun kori ”garkunan shanun zuwa wuraren da ba za a iya wucewa ba na Andes, wannan ya rage yawan dabbobin da muhimmanci. Amma dole ne su saba da wuraren tsaunuka kuma su nemi wuraren da ke da makiyaya a kwance. Bayan duk wannan, ba za su iya tsallake kan duwatsu ba. Alamomin waje tsakanin alpaca da llama na iya rikicewa.
Amma akwai bambance-bambance tsakanin waɗannan dabbobi:
- kunnuwan llama da runtse masu kama da jinjirin wata. Kuma a cikin alpacas ana nuna su;
- fasali da girman fuskar alpaca zagaye ne kuma ƙarami. A cikin lama, yana da tsayi kuma kunkuntar;
- nauyin llama ya fi yawa, sau biyu;
- llamas masu jin kunya ne a rayuwa, alpaca maraba tana da jin daɗin girmamawa;
- ulu thear tsohon ya fi ƙarfi, yayin da na llamas.
Wadannan dabbobi ma sun banbanta da dabi'a da halayya. Alpacas ba su da ƙarfi, kuma llamas na iya yin shuɗa ko tofawa ba dalili. Masana'antar Birtaniyya don neman samfuran ƙasa sun gabatar da kayan da aka yi da ulu zuwa kasuwar masaku. Don haka, wannan nau'in dabbobi ya fito daga inuwa kuma ya sake fara girmamawa ga yawan jama'a. An hana farauta don wannan nau'in, har ma da vicuñas.
Masu kiyaye muhalli suna jayayya cewa alpaca ba ta fuskantar barazana, kuma babu wata bukatar gaggawa da za a jera su a cikin Littafin Ja. Amma, duk da haka, a cikin Peru akwai iko akan fitarwa da yanka dabbobi.
Yana da kyau a faɗi albarkatun alpaca fiber. Sun zo cikin launuka 16 zuwa 18. Daga fari zuwa launin toka mai launin ruwan hoda, daga rawaya zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. Kuna iya samun launuka baƙi, amma duk iri ɗaya, ana buƙatar farin sautin, shine mafi ƙarancin. A masana'antar kayan masaku, babu buƙatar rina ulu, ana amfani da ita a cikin sifar ta ta yanayi.
Alpaca ulun yana halin halaye masu zuwa:
- hana ruwa-ruwa da ruwa;
- nauyi mai sauƙi tare da laushi mai laushi;
- yafi ulu ulu ulu.
- samfurin ba ya yin kullun kuma baya haifar da rashin lafiyan;
- sawa kuma baya da datti na dogon lokaci, saboda rashin lanolin.
Alpaca yana ba da ulu mafi inganci kuma yana da ƙwarewa sosai daga sauran yadudduka na duniya. Ba za a iya samun ƙarin tufafi masu ɗorewa da kwanciyar hankali ba.
Ranar bugawa: 24.01.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 17.09.2019 a 9:29