Dzeren

Dzeren (Procapra gutturosa) wata karamar dabba ce ta artiodactyl, tana zaune cikin garken dabbobi a matattakala. A wasu lokuta ana kiran dabbar daji mai ban sha'awa amma mai yawa akuya (goiter) barewa. Masanin kimiyyar halitta Peter Simon Pallas ne ya ba da bayanin farko a cikin 1777 bisa ga mutumin da aka kama a cikin Transbaikalia, a saman saman Kogin Mangut.

Asalin jinsin da bayanin

Hotuna: Dzeren

Akwai nau'ikan halittu guda uku na wadannan dabbobi masu shayarwa daga dangin bovine, da barewa:

• Przhevalsky;
• Tibet;
• Mongoliyanci

Sun bambanta kaɗan a cikin bayyanar su da salon su. A tsakiyar Asiya, jinsunan barewar da ke da kwatankwacin wannan dabbobin suna rayuwa har yanzu. An samo ragowar kayan maye na artiodactyl a cikin rigunan Upper Pliocene a kasar China.

Dzerens sun rabu daga layin da aka saba da shi a saman Upper Pleistocene, kafin jinsi Gazella ya bayyana, wanda ke nufin asalinsu na farko. Yawancin sifofin kwayoyin halitta sun nuna cewa kwayar halittar Procapra tana kusa da jinsi Madoqua dwarf antelopes.

Wadannan kayan fasahar sun yadu tun lokacin mammoths, kimanin shekaru dubu goma da suka gabata. Sun zauna a tundra-steppes na Arewacin Amurka, Turai da Asiya, tare da yanayi mai ɗumi, a hankali suka koma yankin Asiya masu tarko. Dzerens suna da tsananin wahala. Zasu iya yin yawo a manyan wurare don neman abinci ko ruwa.

Mazaunin wannan nau'in busassun steppes ne tare da low sod. A lokacin bazara, suna motsawa cikin sauƙi, yin ƙaura a cikin zangonsu na al'ada. A lokacin hunturu, dabbobi na iya shiga cikin matattarar daji da kuma rabin hamada. Suna shiga cikin yankunan daji a lokacin damuna, lokacin da wahalar samun abinci a cikin tudu.

Bidiyo: Dzeren

Waɗannan dabbobin da ke da hannu ba safai suke tsayawa wuri ɗaya ba fiye da kwana biyu, kuma idan suna motsi, za su iya kai wa gudu zuwa kilomita 80 a awa ɗaya. Sun sami nasarar shawo kan kilomita goma cikin sauri na kilomita 60 a kowace awa, suna wucewa da yawa a cikin juriya, kuma babu wani mafarauci da zai iya kwatanta su da wannan. A lokacin ƙaura, barewar ta fi ƙarfin 200 km a rana.

Tsawon rayuwar mata yana da shekaru 10, kuma na maza yana da shekaru hudu. Maza suna ciyar da ƙarfi sosai yayin rutsi, wanda ke faruwa a watan Disamba, lokacin mafi sanyi na shekara. Bayan wannan, yana da wahala a gare su su rayu cikin tsananin hunturu; zuwa lokacin bazara, raunin maza ya fi mutuwa fiye da mata. Maza sun isa balaga a cikin shekaru 2-3, bayan haka sai su wuce lokacin saduwa kusan sau uku kuma su mutu a cikin haƙoran masu farauta ko kuma a cikin mawuyacin yanayi na lokacin sanyi.

Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali

Photo: Dabbar dabba

Girmanta yayi kama da na barewar Siberia, amma tare da jiki mai ƙarfi, gajerun ƙafa da ɓangaren baya. Dabbar tana da siraran kafafu masu kunkuntar kofato da kan babba. Babban bakin yana da girma kuma yana da kunci tare da kananan kunnuwa - 8-13 cm Tsawon jelar yakai cm 10-15.Wadannan kere-keren na kere kere suna da kyakkyawan hangen nesa kuma suna hango hadari daga nesa, suma suna da kyakkyawan yanayin wari. Ji a matattakala, inda galibi akwai iska mai iska, ba shi da mahimmanci.

Girman girma

Namiji ya kai 80 cm a bushe, kuma har zuwa 83 cm a cikin gindi.Mace sun fi ƙanƙanta, alamunsu ba su da inci 3-4. Tsawon jiki a cikin maza daga bakin daga har zuwa ƙarshen wutsiya shine 105-150 cm, a cikin mata - 100-120 cm. Maza suna da nauyin kilogram 30-35, suna kaiwa kg 47 a kaka. A mata, nauyin ya fara daga 23 zuwa 27 kilogiram, ya kai kilogiram 35 zuwa lokacin kaka.

Kaho

A lokacin da suka cika wata biyar, maza suna da kumburi a goshinsu, kuma a watan Janairu an riga an yi wa kawunan nasu ado da ƙaho wanda zai kai tsawon cm 7, wanda ke girma a tsawon rayuwarsu, ya kai cm 20-30. Siffar su kamar ta lyre ce, a tsakiya tare da lanƙwasa baya, kuma zuwa saman - a ciki. Saho daga sama suna da santsi, launin toka mai haske tare da ƙyallen rawaya. Kusa da tushe, sun zama duhu kuma suna da kauri a cikin hanyar rollers daga guda 20 zuwa 25. Mata ba su da ƙaho.

Goiter

Mazajen barewar Mongoliya suna da wani bambanci na daban - wuya mai kauri tare da babban maƙogwaro. Saboda fitowar sa gaba ta fuskar dunƙulen duwatsu, dabbar dawa ta sami sunan ta na tsakiya - goiter. Wannan wurin a cikin maza yayin rutsi ya zama launin toka mai duhu tare da shuɗi mai haske.

Ulu

A lokacin bazara, artiodactyl yana da launin ruwan kasa mai haske, yashi mai raɗaɗi a baya da gefuna. Partananan ɓangaren wuya, ciki, croup, ɓangarorin ƙafafu farare ne. Wannan launi yana sama da jela zuwa baya. A lokacin sanyi, rigar takan zama haske ba tare da an rasa inuwarta mai yashi ba, kuma da yanayin sanyi sai ta kara tsayi da kyau, wannan shine dalilin da ya sa kamannin dabbar Mongoliya ya canza. Dabbar ta zama ta gani sosai, ta fi kauri. Layin gashi mai tsayi ya bayyana a goshinsa, kambi da kunci. A saman leben sama da kuma gefen gashin, ƙarshen an lanƙwasa cikin ciki, yana ba da alamar gashin-baki da kumburi.

Gashi yana da taushi ga tabawa, babu bayyananniyar rabuwa ta rumfa da sutura. Arshen gashi suna da laushi. Dabbobi na narkarda sau biyu a shekara - a bazara da kaka. A watan Mayu-Yuni, hunturu mai tsayi (har zuwa 5 cm) da ulu mai laushi ya faɗi a cikin raƙuka, a ƙarƙashinsa sabuwar rigar bazara ta bayyana (1.5-2.5 cm). A watan Satumbar, matattarar ta sake yin girma tare da murfi mai kauri da dumi.

A ina barewa take rayuwa?

Hotuna: Dzeren dabbar daji

Gandun Mongoliya suna zaune ne a cikin gangaren ƙasar China, Mongolia. A lokacin ƙaura, suna shiga matakan Altai - kwarin Chuy, yankin Tyva da kuma kudancin gabashin Transbaikalia. A cikin Rasha, har zuwa yanzu akwai mazauni guda ɗaya don waɗannan kayan fasahar - yankin Daursky Reserve. Dzeren Tibetan ya ɗan fi ƙanƙanta da dangin Mongolia, amma tare da ƙaho tsayi da sirara. Wurin zama a China - Qinghai da Tibet, a Indiya - Jamma da Kashmir. Wannan nau'in ba ya taruwa a cikin garken shanu, yana zabar filayen duwatsu da filayen tsaunuka don rayuwa.

Dzeren Przewalski na rayuwa ne a cikin yanayin yanayi na gabashin hamadar Ordos ta kasar Sin, amma mafi yawan mazaunan suna ajiyar a gabar tafkin gishiri na Kukunor da ke kasar Sin. A cikin karni na 18. Tsuntsayen Mongoliya sun kasance a cikin Transbaikalia a duk yankin mai tsayi. A lokacin sanyi, dabbobin sun yi kaura zuwa arewa har zuwa Nerchinsk, suna shiga taiga a lokacin dusar kankara mai yawa, suna tsallaka gandun dajin da ke rufe daji. Za'a iya hukunta lokacin hunturu na yau da kullun a cikin waɗannan yankuna da sunayen da suka rayu tare da sunayen dabbobi (Zeren, Zerentui, a cikin Buryat dzeren - zeeren).

A cikin karni na XIX. wuraren zama da yawan dabbobin daji a Transbaikalia sun ragu sosai. Hakan ya sauƙaƙa ta hanyar wargaza taro yayin farauta da mutuwarsu a cikin sanyin hunturu. Rationsaura daga China da Mongolia sun ci gaba har zuwa tsakiyar ƙarni na 20. A lokacin yakin, a cikin shekaru arba'in, an girbe naman wadannan dabbobi masu shayarwa don bukatun sojoji. A cikin shekaru 20 masu zuwa, siyar da kayan farauta kyauta da kuma farauta sun lalata dabbobin gaba daya a Transbaikalia, Altai da Tyva.

Menene barewa ke ci?

Hotuna: Dzerens a cikin Transbaikalia

Babban abincin ɗan akuya shine ciyawar steppes, a wuraren matsuguni na yau da kullun. Abincin su ya ɗan bambanta kaɗan daga yanayin canjin yanayi na shekara.

A lokacin rani, waɗannan tsire-tsire ne na hatsi:

• siriri;
• firist;
• ciyawar fuka-fukai;
• ciyawar fuka-fukai;
• serpentine.

Forbs, cinquefoil, albasa da yawa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, tansy, hodgepodge, wormwood, legan legan wake iri daban-daban suna saurin cin su. Wani ɓangare na abincin ya ƙunshi harbe na caragan da prutnyak shrubs. A lokacin hunturu, ya danganta da mazaunin, babban kason da aka samu a menu na dabbar Mongoliya ya faɗi ne a kan ganyaye, ciyawar fuka-fukai ko itaciya. An fi son Wormwood, ya kasance ya fi na sauran ƙwayoyi masu wadata ta lokacin hunturu, kuma ya ƙunshi ƙarin furotin.

Duk da tarin dabbobi da yawa, babu wata damuwa game da ciyawar a cikin matattakalar, tunda garken ba ya tsayawa wuri ɗaya na dogon lokaci. A lokacin bazara, zata iya komawa gidan jiya bayan makonni 2-3, kuma a lokutan sanyi - bayan watanni da yawa ko ma shekaru. A wannan lokacin, murfin ciyawar yana da lokaci don murmurewa. Tsuntsayen kwari suna cizon saman ciyawa kawai, suna haifar da nitsuwa da ciyayi na biyu.

Wadannan dabbobi masu shayarwa suna shan kadan, wadatuwa da danshi daga ciyawa. Ko da mata a lokacin haihuwarsu basa zuwa wurin shayar tsawon sati daya zuwa biyu. Shan ruwa na yau da kullun ga waɗannan dabbobin masu ƙafafu ya zama dole a lokacin bazara-kaka, lokacin da babu dusar ƙanƙara, kuma tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire har yanzu sun bushe. A lokacin sanyi, tushen danshi shine kankara ko dusar ƙanƙara; a lokacin dumi, waɗannan rafuka ne, koguna har ma da tabkuna gishiri.

Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa

Hotuna: Siberian dzeren antelope

Mafi girman ayyukan wadannan dabbobin da rana suna faruwa da yamma, da sanyin safiya da farkon rabin yini. Suna bacci da rana, haka kuma a rabin rabin dare. Yana da wahala ga dabbobin daji su shawo kan yankunan dusar kankara, su yi tafiya a kan kankara. A kan kankara, ƙafafunsu wani ɓangare, can suna motsawa cikin gungu masu tarin yawa, suna tallafar juna. Dzerens ba sa samun abinci daga ƙarƙashin dusar ƙanƙara, idan murfin ya fi 10 cm kauri, suna matsawa zuwa wasu yankuna.

A ƙarshen Yuni - farkon watan Yuli jariran da nauyinsu yakai 3.5 - 4 kg sun bayyana a cikin garken. Suna tashi tsaye da sa'a daya bayan haifuwarsu, amma a cikin kwana ukun farko sun fi kwanciya a cikin inuwar manyan ciyawa. Mata a wannan lokacin suna kiwo daga nesa don kar su ja hankalin masu farautar, amma a koyaushe a shirye suke don tunkarar harin da aka yi wa dilo ko gaggafa. Yara suna tashi ne kawai yayin ciyarwa. Idan a irin wannan lokacin hari ya faru, to yaran da farko sun gudu daga mai bin su da mahaifiyarsu, sannan kuma su faɗi kuma su binne cikin ciyawa.

Kodayake maruƙa suna karɓar madarar uwa har zuwa watanni 3 - 5, suna gwada ciyawa bayan makon farko. Bayan kwana 10 - 12, dabbobin sun bar yankin calving tare da jarirai. A lokacin bazara, manyan garken tumaki tare da 'ya'ya masu girma suna motsawa ta ƙaramin yanki. Irin waɗannan motsi suna hana ƙarancin makiyaya. A lokacin rutting lokacin hunturu, wani ɓangare na yara sun riga sun rabu da uwaye, amma wasu suna ci gaba da kasancewa kusa da su har zuwa naƙuda ta gaba. Kuma dan lokaci kaɗan, mazan da suka manyanta ba sa barin su kusa da maboyar su.

Zuwa kaka, ƙaura tana samun ƙaruwa, wasu dabbobin suna zama a wuraren kiwo na bazara, sauran kuma suna ci gaba da ƙara gaba, suna kama babban yanki. Gudun hijirar Maris yana da hankali, garken tumaki suna taruwa a wuraren da ake haihuwar kowace shekara.

Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa

Photo: Mongolian barewa

Dzerens suna cikin babban garken mutane har zuwa mutane dubu uku, wannan lambar tana ɗaukar makonni da yawa. Kafin haifuwa da lokacin ƙaura, an haɗa garkunan dabbobi da yawa cikin manyan rukuni har zuwa raka'a dubu arba'in. Lokaci zuwa lokaci sukan rabu cikin kananan kungiyoyi. Misali, a lokacin hunturu, a lokacin rutu, da kuma bazara, a lokacin haihuwa, amma garken da kansa yakan taru bayan hunturu a kusa da irin wannan wurin.

Garkunan suna haɗuwa da jima'i da yanayin shekaru, amma a lokacin lokacin ƙaura na kaka, ƙungiyoyin da suka ƙunshi maza kawai suka bayyana. Yayin haihuwa, kananan garken mata da jarirai da garken maza suma sun bayyana. A lokacin lokutan ruttuwa, an rarraba al'umma zuwa zomaye, a saman wanda namiji yake, akwai masu neman aure guda ɗaya da garken daban waɗanda ba sa shiga cikin wasannin mating.

Kiwo a cikin manyan wuraren buɗe ido yana da halaye masu kyau:

• wajen amfani da wuraren kiwo;
• yayin hijira;
• yayin guduwa daga makiya;
• don amincin ciyarwa da hutawa;
• lokacin wucewa ta cikin zurfin dusar ƙanƙara da kankara.

Shugabannin barewar mata ne na manya, akwai masu yawa daga cikinsu. Idan akwai matsala, garken ya rabu, kuma kowane shugaba yakan dauki wani bangare na danginsa. Mata na fara saduwa da su a shekara daya da rabi, kuma maza sun balaga da shekaru biyu da rabi. Maza tsofaffi ba koyaushe suke barin samari su shiga cikin wasannin mating ba. Ayyukan jima'i na maza suna fara bayyana kansu a rabi na biyu na Disamba kuma suna ci gaba har zuwa farkon Janairu.

Dzerens suna auren mata da yawa, maza suna haɗuwa da mutane da yawa. Mafi ƙarfi wakilai na iya kiyaye mata 20-30 a yankin su. A rana, lambar su na iya canzawa, wasu an doke su, wasu kuma sun bar ko sun zo da son ran su.

Dabbobin dabbobin akuya suna da yanayi ta hanyar komawa wuri guda na haihuwa. Farkon lokacin da mata suka haihu suna ɗan shekara biyu. Ciki yana dauke da kimanin kwanaki 190. Lokacin haihuwa a cikin garke ba zai wuce wata daya ba, mafi girmansa, idan har kashi 80% na mata suka kawo zuriya, yakan dauki sati guda.

Abokan gaba na barewa

Hotuna: Dzeren Red Book

Pallas 'cat, ferrets, foxes, mikiya suna da haɗari ga ƙananan maruƙa. A lokacin hunturu, gaggafa na zinariya na iya farautar manya, amma kerkeci shine babban makiyinsu. A lokacin bazara, kerkeci ba safai suke kai hari ga dabbar bunsuru ba, saboda waɗannan dabbobin na iya haɓaka saurin da ya fi ƙarfin masu farautar launin toka. A lokacin dumi, wani babban garken barewa na kasala ya rabu biyu, yana barin mai farautar ya wuce. A lokacin rani, samfurin mara lafiya ko rauni zai iya zama ganimar kerkeci.

Yayin haihuwa, kerkeci suma suna kula da zuriyarsu kuma basa matsawa nesa da kogon, wanda yake kusa da inda ake samun ruwa, yayin da dabbobin dawa ba sa zuwa ramin samun ruwa na wasu kwanaki. Yaran da aka haifa na iya zama cikin sauki ga kyarkeci idan gidan su yana kusa da yankin da garken ke kiwo. A wannan yanayin, iyali daya na iya cin abinci har biyar a kowace rana.

A lokacin kaka da bazara, masu fararen fata masu launin toka suna kwanto a ramuka na ruwa, waɗanda ba su da yawa a cikin matattarar dusar ƙanƙara. Maza na iya kamawa a cikin haƙoran kerkeci yayin rutsi, a watan Disamba, da raunanan mutane - a farkon bazara, a watan Maris. Mafarauta kuma suna amfani da farauta ta hanyar zagaye, lokacin da wasu dabbobin suka kora garken cikin kwanton bauna, inda dukkanin kerkitocin da ke jiran daddawa.

Wani fasali mai ban sha'awa na wannan nau'in artiodactyls: a lokacin da ake fuskantar haɗari, suna yin sautunan halayya tare da hanci, suna hura iska mai ƙarfi ta ciki. Hakanan, barewa suna tsalle sama don tsoratar da abokan gaba da buga ƙafafunsu, kuma juyawa zuwa gudu ne kawai lokacin da akwai barazanar gaske ga rayuwa.

Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin

Hotuna: Zabaikalsky barewa

Kimanin dubu goma dabbobin jinsin Tibet na waɗannan dabbobin. Dzeren Przewalski ba safai ba - kusan mutane dubu. Gazelle ta Mongoliya sun fi mutane 500,000, a cewar wasu kafofin - har zuwa miliyan. A cikin Transbaikalia, bayan ɓacewar wannan nau'in artiodactyls a cikin shekaru 70 na karnin da ya gabata, dawo da yawan mutane ya fara.

A cikin Daursky Reserve, sun fara kiwon waɗannan dabbobi masu shayarwa tun daga 1992. A cikin 1994, yankin da aka kare "Dauria" an ƙirƙira shi, tare da yanki sama da kadada miliyan 1.7. A tsakiyar shekarun casa'in, an sami ci gaba sosai a cikin yawan gorar tumaki a Tsakiya da Yammacin Mongolia. Sun fara komawa tsoffin yankunansu kuma sun faɗaɗa yankin ƙaurarsu zuwa Transbaikalia. Wani bincike na bayanan da aka samu daga lura da wadannan dabbobi masu shayarwa a gabashin Mongolia ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke wurin sun ragu sosai a cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata.

Dalilin wannan lamarin shine:

• aiki hakar albarkatun karkashin kasa;
• gina hanyoyi a yankunan ƙaura na artiodactyls;
• aikin ɗan adam;
• barkewar cuta lokaci zuwa lokaci saboda raguwar makiya na halitta.

Yanayi mai wahala a farkon shekarun 2000 ya haifar da ƙaura mai yawa na tsibirin Mongoliya zuwa Rasha. Wasu daga cikinsu sun ci gaba da zama a cikin masarautar Trans-Baikal, a yankin tabkin Torey. Yanzu mazaunin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a cikin waɗannan wuraren ya fi 5.5 dubu m2. Lambar su kusan dubu 8 ne, kuma yayin ƙaura daga Mongolia ya kai dubu 70.

Dzeren mai gadi

Hotuna: Dzeren

Dangane da alkaluman da aka kiyasta na Red List na IUCN, yanayin kiyayewar barewar Mongoliya a cikin yankin Rasha yana cikin rukunin farko na Littafin Ja a matsayin nau'in haɗari. Hakanan, wannan dabba tana cikin Littattafan Bayanai na Red data na Tyva, Buryatia, Altai da Transbaikalia. An gabatar da dabbar dabbar don shiga cikin sabon littafin Red Book na Rasha. A Mongolia, dabbar tana rayuwa ne a wani yanki mai fadi sosai, saboda haka, tana da matsayin jinsi a cikin Lissafin IUCN wanda ke haifar da karamar damuwa.

Haramcin farautar wannan artiodactyl a cikin kasarmu ya samu karbuwa ne a cikin shekaru 30 na karnin da ya gabata, amma rashin kiyayewa ya haifar da bacewar jinsin gaba daya. Maido da yawan barewar da ke Transbaikalia ya fara ne tare da ƙarfafa kariya da kuma aikin ilimantarwa mai yawa a tsakanin jama'a. Sakamakon irin wannan matakan, ya yiwu a canza halayen mazaunan wurin game da dabbar daji, sun daina ɗauka a matsayin baƙin da suka shigo na ɗan lokaci daga wasu yankuna.

Yanayin yawan barewar a Rasha yana buƙatar kulawa ta musamman da sa ido a kai a kai, wanda zai ba da izinin gano canje-canje a cikin jama'a a kan lokaci. Saboda wannan, an riga an haɓaka shirye-shirye na musamman don saka idanu da sarrafa dabbobi.

Bakar akuya tana daya daga cikin tsoffin jinsunan dabbobi masu kofato; ba a fuskantar barazanar bacewar ta duniya har yanzu. Kasancewar wannan nau'in a doron kasa bai haifar da damuwa ba, amma barewa yana ƙarƙashin wasu yarjejeniyoyi da yarjejeniyoyi na duniya. Ci gaba da ayyukan ilimantarwa zai taimaka wajan dawo da yawan waɗannan dabbobin a yankunan da suke zaune a da a ƙasar Rasha.

Ranar bugawa: 21.01.2019

Ranar da aka sabunta: 17.09.2019 a 12:43

Kalli bidiyon: Zalim İstanbul - Ceren ve Cenk Tüm Sahneler (Nuwamba 2024).