Piraruku - babban kifi mai kyau ya dade yana ciyar da mutanen da ke zaune a cikin Amazon. Tana da nama mai ɗanɗano, banda akwai mai yawa - fiye da kilogram ɗari. Kaico, saboda yawaitar kamun kifi, yawanta yana raguwa a kowace shekara, kuma bayan haka, piraruku karamin nazari ne kuma tsohon kifi ne, shi yasa yake da matukar mahimmanci ga masana kimiyya.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Piraruku
Piraruku ana ɗaukarsa burbushin halittu. Mafi dadaddun ragowar wakilan gidan Arawan, wanda wannan kifin ya mallaka, an samo su a Maroko kuma suna da shekaru miliyan 140-145. Don haka, suna magana ne game da ƙarshen Jurassic ko farkon farkon Cretaceous. Wasu masana kimiyya ma sun yi imanin cewa jinsin piraruku ya tashi kadan bayan haka, kuma wakilansa da suka rayu a doron duniya kusan ba su da bambanci da na zamani. Amma wannan yana nuni ne kawai da dadadden ilimin kifin, amma babu wani kayan tarihi wanda ya tabbatar da wannan sigar har yanzu ba'a samu ba.
Bidiyo: Piraruku
Koyaya, wannan mai yuwuwa ne, tunda da taimakon nazarin halittu aka tabbatar gaba ɗaya cewa Araban sun rabu da umarnin Aravan tun da wuri, baya cikin zamanin Triassic, shekaru miliyan 220 da suka gabata. Sannan akwai rabuwa na Kudancin Amurka da Afirka nau'ikan (a tsakiyar zamanin Jurassic), kuma Asiya da Ostiraliya sun rabu a farkon Cretaceous. Sabili da haka, ana iya tabbatar da tabbaci cewa kakannin piraruku sun rayu a Duniya har ma a zamanin Mesozoic, amma yaya kamanceceniya da su bai tabbata ba. Ragowar kifin, wanda yayi kamanceceniya da wasu masana har ma sunyi imanin cewa wannan shine pyraruku, na Miocene ne.
A sakamakon haka, dole ne mu yarda da cewa ya zuwa yanzu akwai ratayoyi da yawa a cikin bayanan kan juyin halittar jinsuna daga dangin Aravan, wanda dole ne a cika su da zato. A sarari yake cewa ita kanta iyali ta dadaddiya ce, amma tsawon lokacin da ya gabata kowane jinsi ya samo asali daga gareshi har yanzu ba'a gani. Piraruku da kansa ya kasance kusan ba a bincika shi ba na dogon lokaci, kuma kawai a cikin fewan shekarun da suka gabata aikin da aka yi a cikin wannan shugabanci ya ƙarfafa lokacin da ya bayyana cewa wannan kifin yana da hanyoyi da yawa na musamman. Ba a tabbatar da abubuwa da yawa game da ita ba tukuna. R. Schintz ne ya bayyana shi a 1822, sunan a Latin shine Arapaima gigas.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hoto: Yaya piraruku yake?
Daga cikin kifin da ke cikin ruwa, piraruku shine ɗayan mafi girma. Manya yawanci suna girma har zuwa mita 2, kuma a yanayi mai kyau zasu iya kaiwa mita 3, manyan mutane ma zasu iya wuce mita 4. Nauyin kifin ya kai kilogiram 100-150, a mawuyacin yanayi zai iya kusan 200 kg.
Piraruka tana da dogon jiki, wanda aka lulluɓe shi da manyan manyan sikeli. Kan kifin yana da tsayi sosai, wanda yake ba shi kallo irin na farauta, kuma ba yaudara, saboda piraruku a zahiri yana mai saurin ɓarna da ɓarna. A bayyane, shima ya fito ne yadda yake nesa da kan dabbar dorsal - yana da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na jikin kifin a wutsiya.
Finfin farji yana tsaye kai tsaye a samansa. Tare da gajeriyar wutsiyar wutsiya, suna samar da wata irin azaba: kifi na iya jujjuya su da karfi, da sauri samun hanzari, wanda yake da amfani musamman yayin farauta. Fikafikan sa ƙananan ƙananan kuma suna kusa da ciki. Gaban piraruku yana da launi mai laushi tare da ɗan zaitun, kuma galibi launin shuɗi-shuɗi ne. Na baya ya bambanta da shi sosai: ya fi duhu sosai, da farko haske ja ne, kuma a wutsiyarta sosai ja ne ja. Mata sun fi maza fadi, kuma launinsu yana da kyau.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Sikeli na piranha suna da ƙarfi ba kaɗan ba, wanda ke ceton shi daga kifayen da ke kusa kamar piranhas - kawai ba sa iya cizawa ta ciki, don haka suka zaɓi manufa mafi sauƙi.
Ina Piraruku yake zaune?
Hotuna: Piraruku a cikin Amazon
Piraruku yana zaune a Kudancin Amurka. A yankin ƙasashe kamar:
- Brazil;
- Peru;
- Guyana;
- Venezuela;
- Ecuador.
A duk waɗannan jihohin, rafuka suna gudana daga rafin Amazon, kuma wannan kifin yana rayuwa a cikinsu. Bugu da ƙari, akwai ƙananan piraruki da aka samo kai tsaye a cikin Amazon, saboda ya fi son koguna da tabkuna masu wadataccen ciyayi, mafi kyau tare da ruwa mai natsuwa, kuma Amazon yana da ɗan kamanni da irin wannan bayanin: yana da haɗari da cikakken kogi mai gudana. Piraruku yafi zama a cikin nutsuwa, ƙananan koguna ko tabkuna, wani lokacin ma cikin fadama. Yana son ruwan dumi, mafi kyawun yanayin zafin jiki shine 25-30 ° C. Bankunan da suka yi kaurin suna za su kasance masu mahimmanci. A lokacin rani, yana rayuwa ne a cikin rafuka da tabkuna, a lokacin damina yana motsawa zuwa dazuzzukan da ruwa ya mamaye.
Mazaunin Piraruku ya kasu kashi biyu ta Kogin Rio Negro: ruwan wannan babban kwari na Amazon na da ruwa, ba ta son su kuma ba ta rayuwa a wannan kogin, kuma ana samun mutane biyu daban-daban a yamma da gabashin shi. Kodayake wannan rarrabuwa ba ta da tsauri sosai, saboda bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin mazauna ƙananan ne: mai yiwuwa Piraruku yana iyo a ƙetaren Rio Negra. Wato, kifin da ke bangarorin biyu na wannan kogin ya haɗu, amma har yanzu ba haka yake ba.
Yiwuwar haɗuwa da piraruka a wani yanki na musamman ana iya tantance shi ta hanyar ciyayi: yawan tsire-tsire a cikin kogin, mafi girman shi. Mafi dacewa, ana iya ganin ciyayi mai yawa, wanda ake kira makiyaya mai iyo a kusa da gabar teku. Don haka, ana samun piraruku da yawa a cikin Rio Pacaya, inda wadatattun makiyaya na mimosas da hyacinth ke girma, ana samun wannan kifin a tsakanin Victoria regia da ferns. Tana zaune a ƙasan sosai, kuma ta fi son hakan ba daidai ba ne, mai cike da ramuka.
An gabatar da shi zuwa ga kogunan Thailand da Malesiya: yanayin can ya dace da shi sosai, don haka kifin ya sami nasarar kafu a wani sabon wuri, kuma yawan jama'arta yana ƙaruwa. A wasu sauran ƙasashe masu yanayi iri ɗaya, aikin kiwo shima yana gudana. Yanzu kun san inda aka samo piraruku Bari muga me zata ci.
Menene piraruku yake ci?
Photo: Piraruku kifi
Piraruku shine mai farauta, kuma asalin abincinsa shine sauran kifi. Mafi yawanci tana farauta a ƙasan, tana shan ganima tana nika shi daidai da harshenta: yana da wahala sosai, har ma mutanen yankin suna amfani da shi azaman takarda mai yashi. Baya ga ƙananan kifi, piraruku na manya wani lokaci na iya farautar manya, kuma hatta tsuntsayen ruwa sun isa.
Amphibians da beraye suna cikin haɗari kusa da ita lokacin da suke iyo a ƙetaren kogin yayin ƙaura na yanayi, da sauran ƙananan dabbobi da suka zo shan ruwa. Piraruku babban firgici ne mai lalata, mai iya jan ganima dama daga bakin teku kamar kifin shark. Manya suna zaɓar ganima kuma basa farautar kowa, amma manyan pyrukos suna buƙatar cin abinci koyaushe, don haka zasu iya ɗaukar duk wani abu da kawai yake da alamun ci.
Suna cin abinci:
- karamin kifi;
- jatan lande;
- maciji;
- tsuntsaye;
- dabbobi masu shayarwa;
- kwari;
- tsutsa;
- gawa.
Duk da haka sun fi son kifi, kuma musamman suna son piraruka - jinsin dangi. Amma Piraruck na kiwo ba zai ba sauran dukkan kananan dabbobi hutu ba, kuma idan lokacin damina ya fara kuma kogunan Amazon sun malala a dazuzzuka, shi ma yana farautar dabbobin daji.
Lyara, wannan kifin yana sana'ar kere-kere. A wannan yanayin, don saurin ci gaba, ana ciyar da shi tare da wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki, kamar kifi, kaji, amphibians, mollusks, naman shanu. Don piraruka kar su rasa fasalinsu, wani lokacin ya zama dole a ƙaddamar da kifin mai rai a cikin tafkin tare da su, wanda za su kama. Idan basa samun abinci mai gina jiki, zasu fara farautar dangi.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Tsohon kifin piraruku
Don girmanta, piraruku yana aiki sosai: yana motsawa sosai da sauri, koyaushe yana neman wanda zai ci. Wani lokaci yana iya daskarewa na wani kankanin lokaci: wannan yana nufin cewa kifin ya sami abin farauta kuma yanzu baya son tsoratar dashi, ko kuma yana hutawa ne kawai. Irin wannan gajeriyar hutun ta ishe ta: bayan ta kwashe kimanin motsi rabin motsi, sai ta sake fara iyo.
Yana farauta sau da yawa don ƙasan kifi, amma wani lokacin yana iya tashi zuwa saman ƙasa, har ma yayi tsalle daga cikin ruwa don karɓar ganima. Wannan abin kallo ne mai ban sha'awa, saboda baligi mai girma yana da girma sosai, yana tunkuɗa ruwan da taimakon wutsiyarsa mai ƙarfi kuma ya yi tsalle sama, wani lokacin ya fi mita 2.
Bayan irin wannan tsalle, sai ya sauka tare da babbar kara kuma ya watsa ruwa a kowane bangare, sannan, tare da abin farautar, ya koma kasan. Amma ta tashi daga gare shi ba kawai don farauta ba: kuma tana bukatar yin hakan don numfashi.
Farennx da mafitsara na ruwan tekun pyraruku an lulluɓe su da nama irin na huhu, godiya ga abin da yake karɓar iskar oxygen ba kawai daga ruwa ba, har ma kai tsaye daga yanayin. Wannan kyallen ya bunkasa saboda gaskiyar cewa ruwan koguna da tafkuna na Amazon na da karancin iskar oxygen ga irin wannan babban kifin.
Don numfashi, karamin piraruku yana fitowa kowane minti 5-10, kuma babba kowane minti 15-20. Lokacin da ya tashi, guguwa na farko suna bayyana a saman ruwa, suna girma har zuwa lokacin da piraruku da kanta ya bayyana, yana buɗe bakinsa sosai yana jan iska - kallo mai ban sha'awa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Wannan kifin ma yana da wani suna - piraruku. Indiyawan ne suka ba da shi kuma aka fassara shi kawai - "jan kifi". An bayar da shi ne don jan ja a ƙifi da sikeli, kazalika ga launin naman.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Piraruku kifi
Hawan farko ya faru ne a shekara ta biyar ta rayuwa, lokacin da tsawon kifin ya kai cm 160-210. Piraruku ya fara daga watan Afrilu, ya zaɓi wannan ruwa mara ƙanƙan da ƙasa mai yashi, kuma a lokaci guda tare da ruwa mai tsafta kamar yadda zai yiwu. Kifayen suna shirya gida a gaba: suna yin rami mai faɗi har zuwa zurfin 20 cm, inda mace kuma take yin ƙwai.
Namiji ma yana da nauyi, ya kasance kusa da kama kuma ya kare ƙwai da farko, sannan soyayyen, wanda ya bayyana da sauri: kwanaki 1.5-2 bayan narkarwar. Mace kuma tana aiki a cikin kariya, amma, ba kamar na namiji ba, wanda ke zaune a daidai gida, tana yin hakan ne a hanyoyin da suka fi na nesa, tana tsoratar da duk wata dabba da za ta yi masa yawo da mita goma sha biyu.
Nan da nan bayan fitowan su, tsutsar tsutsar tana cin ragowar jakar kwai. Ana sakin wani abu daga glandon dake kan kan namiji, wanda yake jan hankalin su, saboda abin da suke ajiye a garkensa - a da anyi imanin cewa suna ciyar da wannan sinadarin, amma wannan ba gaskiya bane.
Soyayyar tana girma cikin kyakkyawar tafiya, kuma da sauri ta zama ƙaramar mahautan da kansu. Bayan kwanaki 7-10, a hankali suna farauta, suna cin plankton. Sannan suna canzawa zuwa kananan kifi, kuma a hankali abincinsu na karuwa da yawa.
Da sun kai wata 3, sun fara barin garken, wannan aikin na iya ɗaukar wasu watanni da yawa har sai ya ɓace gaba ɗaya. Lokacin da yara suka fara iyo kawai, haɓakar su ta ragu, amma suna ci gaba da ƙara 3-7 cm kowace wata don shekarar farko.
Abokan gaba na piraruk
Hotuna: Menene pyruku yayi kama?
Kusan babu dabbobi a cikin Amazon wadanda zasu iya nasarar farautar piraruka: sunada girma kuma suna da kariya ta ma'aunin karfi. Don haka, kifin balagagge bashi da abokan gaba na halitta, kodayake akwai shaidar cewa caimans suna cin ganimar ta.
Amma wannan ba a tabbatar da shi ba, kuma idan hakika haka ne, to ya faru ba safai ba, kuma mutane marasa lafiya ne kawai ke kama caimans. In ba haka ba, masana kimiyya sun riga sun sami damar lura da tsarin farautar, ko kuma sun sami ma'aunin pyraruca a cikin cikin cikin caimans. Sauran dabbobin ruwa da ke rayuwa a cikin Amazon, koda a ka'ida, ba za su iya jimre wa balagaggun piraruka ba.
Wannan ya sa ya zama babban makiyin mutum, saboda mutane sun daɗe suna farautar kifi. Ga Indiyawa, wannan kifi ne da aka fi so, wanda ba abin mamaki bane: yana da girma, don haka ɗayan da aka kama ya isa ga mutane da yawa, kuma yana da daɗi. Hakanan yana da sauƙin samu saboda gaskiyar cewa yana shawagi don numfashi, yayin yin hayaniya da yawa.
Suna kama wannan kifin tare da taimakon kayan kaɗa ko raga, ban da nama, ƙasusuwansa ma suna da kima: suna yin jita-jita daga garesu, ana amfani da su a maganin jama'a, kuma suna yin ƙusoshin ƙusa daga sikeli, waɗanda masu yawon buɗe ido musamman ke son saya. Saboda irin wannan darajar ga mutane, galibi yana hannun mutum ne yake halaka.
A mafi ƙanƙanci, wannan ya shafi matasa kifayen: mahara daban-daban suna farautar sa, kodayake barazanar ta ragu sosai saboda gaskiyar cewa iyaye suna kula da ƙwai da soya, suna kiyaye su a tsanake. Matashi piraruku ya tafi yin iyo kyauta wanda ya riga ya girma kuma ya iya tsayawa don kansa, amma da farko manyan masu lalata ruwa zasu iya yi musu barazana.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Idan Namiji da ke da makarantar toya ya mutu, za su iya gida tare da wani yana yin haka, kuma zai kare soyayyen "karɓaɓɓe" a matsayin nasa.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Piraruku
Saboda kamun kifi mai aiki, yawan piraruku ya ragu, musamman, manyan mutane ba su da yawa. Don kare kifi, an hana kama kifi a wasu yankuna, kodayake ba a saka shi a cikin littafin Ja ba: kewayonsa ya isa sosai, kuma abin da yawansa yake ba a riga an tabbatar da shi ba.
Ba a ma san shi da tabbaci ko ya ragu ba: ana yin hukunci da gaskiyar cewa an kama ƙananan kifaye kaɗan. A sakamakon haka, idan mazaunan karkara suna cin piraruka koyaushe, yanzu sannu a hankali tana juyawa zuwa abinci mai kyau: har yanzu yana yiwuwa a kama shi a cikin yankuna da yawa, amma ba shi da sauƙin kama shi.
An yi imanin cewa babban lalacewar kifi ya samo asali ne ta hanyar haɓakar kamun kifi tare da raga a tsakiyar karni na ƙarshe: manyan mutane ne kawai aka kashe tare da harpoon, waɗanda kuma suka kasance ƙananan sun fi sauri da wuri, kuma duk kifin an kama shi da raga. Don magance wannan, an sanya takunkumi kan siyar da ɗan fashin teku ƙasa da tsayin mita ɗaya da rabi.
Wasu lokuta ana ajiye Piraruka a cikin manyan akwatunan ruwa - adadin su dole ne yakai aƙalla lita 1,000 don wannan kifin ya sami kwanciyar hankali. Hakanan ana sarrafa shi ta wucin gadi a cikin wuraren waha na musamman - yana girma cikin sauri, don haka ana ɗaukar wannan shugabanci a matsayin mai ba da tabbaci, musamman tunda ana iya haɓaka ta wannan hanyar har ma a cikin ƙasashe masu sanyi.
Amma a cikin Latin Amurka ya fi sauƙin yin wannan, saboda zaku iya yin piraruca a cikin tafkunan ruwa. Brazil ta tsunduma cikin wannan: ƙananan hukumomi suna fatan cewa ingantattun hanyoyin zasu dakatar da ƙarewar kifin daji kuma gaba ɗaya ya koma kifin da ake nomawa. Mafi sau da yawa suna tsunduma cikin kiwo a cikin tafkuna - sun fi dacewa da wannan.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Tunda piraruku na iya shan iska na yau da kullun, baya fuskantar matsala da yawa yayin fari - kawai yana buƙatar binne kansa a cikin danshi ko yashi, kuma yana iya ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo kamar haka. Amma kifin ya zama mai matukar rauni saboda gaskiyar cewa ana jin sautinsa daga nesa, kuma idan mutane suka same shi, to ba zai iya barin su kan yashi ba.
Wannan kifin na musamman piraruku, wanda ya rayu miliyoyin shekaru, saboda mutane sun fara haɗuwa sosai sau da yawa. Yana da kyau a ɗauki duk matakan da suka dace don hana ci gaba da raguwa a cikin jama'a - sa'a, an riga an aiwatar da su, sabili da haka akwai fatan cewa piraruku zai ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin yanayinta na asali da ƙari.
Ranar bugawa: 10/25/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 01.09.2019 a 19:58
