Farin kurege ko farin kurege mai yaduwa ne mai girman gaske daga halittar zomo da kuma tsarin Lagomorphs. Farin kurege wata dabba ce ta gama gari a arewacin yankin Eurasia, amma jinsin da ba shi da kamala don rayuwa a Antarctica da Ostiraliya.
Bayanin farin zomo
Farin kurege yana da girma babba. Matsakaicin tsayin jikin dabba baligi ya banbanta tsakanin 44-65 cm, amma wasu mutanen da suka balaga da jima'i sun kai 73-74 cm cikin girma tare da nauyin kilogiram 1.6-5.5. A lokaci guda, fararen kurege da ke zaune a yankin kudu maso gabashin zangon suna kanana idan aka kwatanta da dabbobin yankin arewa maso yamma.
Bayyanar, girma
Mafi girman farin kurege masu girman (har zuwa kilogiram 5.4-5.5) sune mazaunan tundra na Yammacin Siberia, kuma ƙananan wakilan jinsin (har zuwa kilogiram 2.8-3.0) suna zaune a Yakutia da yankin Gabas ta Gabas. Kunnen kurege ya fi tsayi (7.5-10.0 cm), amma an fi shi gajere fiye da na zomo. Wutsiyar farin kurege, a matsayinka na mai mulki, fari ne gabaɗaya, gajere kaɗan kuma mai fasali mai fasali, wanda tsawon sa ya fara daga 5.0-10.8 cm.
Dabba mai shayarwa tana da yatsun kafa da yawa, kuma goga mai kauri na layin gashi yana rufe ƙafafun da takalmin yatsun kafa. Kayan da ke kan kowane santimita santimita na yankin tafin kurege gram 8.5-12.0 ne kawai, wanda irin wannan dabbar daji ke iya tafiya cikin sauki kuma cikin sauri ko da da murfin dusar ƙanƙara. Kan farin kurege yawanci launinsa ya fi duhu fiye da baya, kuma a bayyane bangarorin suna da haske. Ciki fari ne. Kawai a wuraren da babu tsayayyen murfin dusar ƙanƙara ne fararen zomo ba su fari a lokacin sanyi.
Kurege na zubda wasu lokuta a shekara: a bazara da kaka. Tsarin narkewar yana da alaƙa da abubuwan waje, kuma farkon sa yana haifar da canji tsawon lokacin hasken rana. Tsarin zafin jiki na iska yana ƙayyade saurin kwararar molt. Lokacin bazara yakan fara ne a watan Fabrairu-Maris kuma yakan ɗauki kwanaki 75-80. A arewacin yankin, a cikin Gabas mai nisa da Siberia, narkakku yana farawa a watan Afrilu ko Mayu, yana jan hankali har zuwa farkon Disamba.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce tsarin narkar da kaka cikin fararen hares yana zuwa ta kishiyar shugabanci, don haka fur din yana canzawa daga bayan jiki zuwa yankin kai.
Salon rayuwa, hali
Farin kurege mafi yawanci yankuna ne da keɓantattu, yana ba da fifiko ga kowane makircin da ya kai girman daga kadada 3 zuwa 30. A kan wani babban yanki na kewayon sa, farin kurege dabba ce mai nutsuwa, kuma za a iya iyakanta motsin ta ta hanyar canjin yanayi na manyan filayen kiwo. A lokacin kaka da hunturu, ƙaurawar yanayi zuwa yankuna ginshiƙi ma iri ne. A lokacin bazara, irin wannan dabbar ta fi son wuraren da aka buɗe inda ciyawar ciyawar farko ta bayyana.
Hakanan ruwan sama yana daga dalilan ƙaura; sabili da haka, a cikin ruwan sama, fararen huluna suna ƙoƙarin barin filayen ƙasa, suna motsawa zuwa tuddai. A cikin yankuna masu tsaunuka, motsi na yanayi na nau'in tsaye yana faruwa. A lokacin bazara, a yankin arewacin kewayon, zomo na tserewa daga matsakaita ta hanyar yin ƙaura zuwa kogin da ke kwararar kogi ko don buɗe wuraren. Da farkon hunturu, fararen fata na iya yawo zuwa wuraren da babu murfin dusar ƙanƙara da yawa. Ana lura da duk yawan shigowar farin hares a cikin tundra, wanda galibi akan lura dashi lokacin da adadin mutane yayi yawa.
Kurege galibi dabbobin da suke da gaɓa da dabbobi, waɗanda suke aiki da sanyin safiya ko kuma da yamma. Ciyarwa ko kitse yana farawa ne bayan faɗuwar rana, amma a ranakun bazara, zomo yakan ciyar da safe. Hakanan, ana lura da fatten na rana a cikin fararen zomo yayin rutting mai aiki. Da rana, kanzon kurege bai wuce kilomita biyu ba, amma a wasu yankuna, zirga-zirgar yau da kullun zuwa wuraren ciyarwar na iya kaiwa kilomita goma. A lokacin dusar ƙanƙara, da dusar ƙanƙara, da kuma yanayin ruwan sama, fararen zomo da yawa sukan cika kuzari ta hanyar amfani da kwayar cutar.
Ya bambanta da 'yan uwansu da yawa na daji, duk farar fata tsundra ba ta barin kabarinsu idan akwai haɗari, amma sun fi son ɓoyewa har zuwa lokacin da barazanar rayuwa ta wuce.
Yaya tsawon fararen kurege yake rayuwa
Jimlar tsawon rayuwar zomo ya dogara ne da wasu abubuwa na waje. Babban dalilin da ya sa kaɗan ya ragu a cikin jimillar adadin hakoran furotin shine ɓarkewar cututtuka masu yawa - epizootics. A matsakaici, fararen fata ba su wuce shekaru 5-8 ba, amma an san masu tsawon rai a tsakanin irin waɗannan dabbobi, bayan sun rayu kimanin shekaru goma. Maza, a matsayin mai mulkin, suna rayuwa ƙasa da mata.
Jima'i dimorphism
A cikin kalar fur din farin kurege, akwai bayyanannen yanayi na dimorphism; saboda haka, a lokacin sanyi, irin wannan dabba mai shayarwa tana da farin farin fari, ban da tukwicin kunnuwan baki. Launi na furcin bazara a sassa daban-daban na kewayon na iya bambanta daga launin ja-toka zuwa launin ja-launin toka tare da ruwan kasa mai ruwan kasa. Tsarin jima'i ba ya kasancewa a cikin launin fatar kanzon kurege, kuma babban bambancin ana wakilta ne kawai da girman dabba. Hare-hauren fararen mata, a matsakaita, sun fi maza girma.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Ba a rarraba fata ba daidai ba a cikin kewayon su, amma suna karkata zuwa wuraren da zasu iya samar da wadataccen abinci da kuma amintaccen kariya. Ana lura da mafi mahimmancin sulhu a lokacin bazara, lokacin da wadatar abinci ta wadata, kuma banda babu dusar ƙanƙara, wanda ke sa wahalar motsi. A cikin shekarun da suke da adadi mai yawa, mazaunan farin kurege sun fi yawa. Mafi kyawun hare-haure shi ne yankuna dazuzzuka waɗanda ke da ciyayi da sarari da kwaruruka.
Farin kurege su ne mazaunan tundra, da kuma gandun daji da kuma wani yanki mai tsaka-tsakin arewacin Turai, gami da Scandinavia, arewacin Poland, Ireland, Scotland da Wales. Ana samun dabba mai shayarwa a Rasha, Kazakhstan, arewa maso yamma na Mongolia, arewa maso gabashin China da Japan, kuma ana yin sa a Kudancin Amurka, ciki har da Chile da Argentina. Hakanan, fararen zomomi yanzu suna da tsibirai da yawa na Arctic.
A kan yankin ƙasar Rasha, fararen kurege sun bazu a wani yanki mai mahimmanci na yankuna (a arewa har zuwa yankin tundra wanda ya haɗu). Iyakokin kudu na kewayon zomo na wakiltar kewayen yankunan daji. A yawancin burbushin halittu, irin wannan dabba mai shayarwa sananniya ce kuma ana yin nazari saboda tarin Pleistocene na babba Don, da kuma yankuna na tsakiyar Ural da yankin yammacin Transbaikalia, gami da yankunan Tologoi.
Don mazaunin kurege, dangane da yanayin yanayi da yanayin abinci, yankuna na tsakiya na Rasha suna da kyau, inda manyan gandun daji masu haɗuwa suke kusa da yankuna masu yanke hukunci da ƙasar noma.
Farin kurege abinci
White hawks dabbobi ne masu ɗanɗano waɗanda ke da bayyana a bayyane a cikin abincin su. A lokacin bazara da lokacin bazara, zomon yana cin ciyawar ganyayyaki, gami da kabeji, dandelion, peas na linzami, yarrow da goldrod, bedstraw, sedge, da ciyawa. Dabbar kuma da yardar ranta tana cin hatsi na gona, 'ya'yan itatuwa da harbe-harben shudaya, dawakai da wasu nau'ikan namomin kaza.
Da farkon kaka, yayin da ciyawar ciyawar ta bushe, sai kurege ya koma ciyarwa a kan kananan bishiyoyin shrubs. A lokacin hunturu, fararen kurege suna cin abinci a kan kananan harbe-harbe da bawon bishiyoyi da tsire-tsire. Kusan ko'ina, abincin ya haɗa da willow da aspen, itacen oak da maple, hazel. A wasu wurare, ana ba da abinci da toka ta dutse, ceri na tsuntsu, alder, junipers da kwankwaso. A cikin yankuna masu duwatsu na Gabas ta Tsakiya, zomo yana tono cones na pine daga ƙarƙashin ɓawon dusar ƙanƙara.
A lokacin bazara, fararen zomo da ke tattare a cikin garken a kan ciyawar da rana zata dumama da ciyawa. A irin wannan lokacin, dabbobi wani lokacin suna da sha'awar ciyarwa har su sami damar yin taka tsantsan da dabi'a, suna zama masu saurin zama ganima ga masu farauta. Tare da sauran dabbobi masu ciyawar dabbobi, fararen zomo masu karancin ma'adanai, saboda haka lokaci-lokaci suna cin ƙasa kuma wani lokacin suna haɗiye ƙananan pebbles.
Farare da yardar rai suna ziyartar gishirin gishiri, kuma don sake cika hadaddun ma'adinai suna iya cizon kasusuwa na matattun dabbobi da ƙahonin da elks ya jefa.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Fararen fata dabbobi ne masu yawan gaske, amma a yankin Arctic, a arewacin Yakutia da Chukotka, mata suna samar da yara daya kacal a shekara a lokacin bazara. A cikin yankuna da yanayin yanayin yanayi ya fi dacewa, zomaye na iya yin kiwo sau biyu ko uku a shekara. Yaƙe-yaƙe galibi na faruwa tsakanin mazan da suka manyanta a lokacin rutting.
Lokacin haihuwa a cikin mata yana dauke da kwanaki 47-55, kuma ana haifar zomo daga tsakiyar Afrilu zuwa tsakiyar Mayu. A cikin yankuna na gandun daji a wannan lokacin, har yanzu akwai ƙarancin dusar ƙanƙara a wasu wurare, sabili da haka, ana kiran cuba litan farko na zuriyar dabbobi nestlings. Kusan nan da nan bayan haihuwa, zomayen sun sake yin aure, kuma an haife zuriyar ta biyu a ƙarshen Yuni ko Yuli. Babu fiye da kashi 40 cikin ɗari na matan da suka balaga da shiga cikin rutarwa ta uku, amma latedan matan da suka kamu da cutar sukan mutu.
Adadin ofan ƙwarya a cikin zuriyar dabbobi kai tsaye ya dogara da halaye na mazaunin, da yanayin yanayin ilimin ɗan adam da shekarun mace. Mafi yawan zomaye koyaushe ana haifuwa ne a cikin zinare na bazara na biyu. Raggon rago yawanci yana faruwa ne a kebabben wuri, amma a saman kasa. A cikin yanayin Yankin Arewa mai Nisa, zomayen suna iya hako rami mara zurfi, kuma ana haihuwar zomo da ganuwa kuma an rufe shi da furcin da ba shi da kauri.
Tuni a ranar farko ta rayuwarsu, zomaye suna iya motsa kansu da kyau sosai. Madarar zomo na da gina jiki da kuma wadataccen mai (12% sunadarai da kusan 15% mai kitse), don haka kubewa za su iya ciyar da su sau ɗaya kawai a rana. Lamura sanannu ne sosai lokacin da kurege mata suka ciyar da kureyen wasu mutane. Jarirai suna girma da sauri kuma suna fara ciyar da ciyawar sabo a rana ta takwas. Zomaye suna da 'yanci sosai tun suna makonni biyu da haihuwa, amma sun kai ga balagar jima'i a watanni goma.
Makiya na halitta
A cikin shekarun da ke tattare da yawan farar zomo, yawan dabbobin da ke farauta suna ƙaruwa sosai, gami da lynxes, kyarketai da kyarkyata, kwayoyi, gaggafa zinariya, mujiya da ungulu. Hakanan, karnuka da suka ɓata da kuliyoyin daji suna da haɗari ga zomo, amma mutane sune manyan abokan gaba na zomo.
Darajar kasuwanci
Farin kurege ya cancanci kasancewa daga rukunin shahararrun farauta da dabbobin farauta, kuma a wasu lokutan, ana gudanar da farautar wasanni irin wannan dabba kusan ko'ina. Yawan fararen zomo masu farauta ana farautar su don nama da fata masu tamani.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Gabaɗaya, fararen kurege jinsi ne na kowa, mai sauƙin dacewa da kasancewar mutane, amma jimlar irin wannan dabba ta bambanta sosai ko'ina a kowace shekara. Babban abin da ke haifar da damuwa a cikin lambobi ana wakiltar epizootics, tularemia da pseudotuberculosis. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, tsutsotsi masu parasitic, gami da cestodes da nematodes, waɗanda ke daidaitawa a cikin huhu, suna ba da gudummawa ga yawan mutuwar zomo. A lokaci guda, a yanzu haka babu wata barazanar hallaka fararen kurege gaba daya.
