Black grouse tsuntsaye ne sananne tun yarinta. Akwai karin magana da yawa, maganganu da tatsuniyoyi game da wannan fuka-fukan mazaunin dajin, mafi mashahuri daga cikinsu shi ne "The Fox and the Black Grouse." A can an nuna shi mai wayo, mai hankali da kamewa, wanda hakan ke kare shi daga dabarun dabbobin. Kwararrun masanan da ke nazarin wannan tsuntsayen da mafarauta ne kawai, wadanda a cikinsu baƙaƙen fata ana ɗaukarsu wasa ne mai mahimmanci tun fil azal, kuma waɗanda, bisa ɗabi'un wannan tsuntsayen, suka samar da hanyoyi masu wayo da yawa na farautar wannan kyakkyawar dajin, sun san abu ɗaya, wanda baƙon baki yake da gaske.
Black grouse bayanin
Black grouse babban tsuntsu ne na dangi mai daɗi, wanda ke yaɗuwa kuma yana rayuwa a cikin dazuzzuka, dajin steppe kuma, a wani ɓangare, a cikin mashigar Eurasia, gami da Rasha. Ainihin, baƙar fata yana jagorantar salon rayuwa, ƙari ma, ya fi so ya zauna a gefunan dajin, kusa da gandun da kuma cikin kwarin kogi.
Bayyanar
Black grouse babban tsuntsu ne mai girman gaske, girmansa ya danganta da jinsi na iya zama daga 40 zuwa 58 cm, kuma nauyi - daga 0.7 zuwa 1.4 kg, bi da bi... Kansa karami ne, tare da gajarta baki. Jiki ya fi girma, amma ba da ƙarfi ba, wuyansa ya isa sosai, tare da lanƙwasa mai kyau. Legsafafu suna da ƙarfi, na gani, saboda yatsun da ke rufe su zuwa tushe, suna da kauri.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Halin halayyar baƙar fata shine muryar su. Yayin saduwa, maza suna yin sautuna waɗanda suke daidai da gurgunta da raɗaɗi. Kuma mata suna tayawa kamar kajin gama gari.
Groaƙƙarfan baki yana da yatsu huɗu a kowane ƙafa, uku daga cikinsu ana tura su gaba, na huɗu yana adawa da su. Theusoshin ƙafa suna da ƙarfi isa. Fukafukan suna da ƙarfi, an rufe su da fukafukai masu tsayi, waɗanda tsuntsu ba zai iya yin su ba yayin tashi.
Hali, salon rayuwa
Black grouse tsuntsaye ne masu aiki a cikin jama'a waɗanda suka fi so su kasance a cikin manyan garken kowane lokaci, ban da lokacin saduwa, ƙari ma, ana iya samun mutane 200-300 a cikin garken. Mafi yawan lokuta, ana hada garken garken dabbobi, ba kasafai ake samun irin su ba inda ake samun maza kawai, amma garken da ya kunshi na mata kaɗan ne kawai. Wadannan tsuntsayen suna tafe ne, kuma a lokacin bazara, lokacin da yake da zafi musamman da rana, suna aiki da safe da yamma a gabannin faduwar rana.
Da rana, sun gwammace su zauna a cikin bishiyoyi, daga cikin rukunnan rassan: a nan baƙin baƙar fata suna kwance a rana kuma a can suke tserewa daga yawancin masu farautar ƙasar... Mafi yawan kayan baƙar fata suna zaune. A lokacin awannin aiki, suna tafiya a ƙasa na dogon lokaci, har ma za su iya kwana a can, a cikin tarin dazuzzuka masu yawa ko cikin gulbi a kan dutsen. Kodayake, galibi, an fi son bishiyoyi a matsayin wuraren bacci: ya fi nutsuwa da aminci a wurin fiye da ƙasa.
Suna hawa bishiyoyi da kyau, don haka za'a iya kiran su tsuntsaye na duniya da na arboreal. Da alama abin birgewa ne, amma baƙar fata suna iya zaman amincewa har ma a kan ƙananan rassan da ba za su iya ɗaukar nauyinsu ba. Waɗannan halittun ne masu hankali da kyakkyawan ji da hangen nesa, yayin da mata ke yin hankali fiye da maza kuma idan akwai haɗari sune farkon waɗanda ke ba da siginar ƙararrawa, bayan haka sai a cire garken duka daga wurin kuma su tashi zuwa wani wuri mafi aminci.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Grouse, duk da girmansa, yana tashi da sauri sosai: gudun tashinsa na iya zama 100 km / h, kuma idan akwai haɗari, yana iya tashi sama da nisan kilomita da yawa.
A lokacin sanyi, wadannan tsuntsayen sukan gina matsuguni a karkashin dusar ƙanƙara, inda a cikin tsananin sanyi za su iya zama kusan kusan yini ɗaya. Don yin wannan, galibi galibi da fitowar magariba, baƙar baƙin fata daga reshen bishiya tana nitsewa cikin zurfin dusar ƙanƙara amma mai sassauƙa, kuma, ɗora kan dusar ƙanƙara, gami da matse shi da jikinsa, yana yin rami a ciki har zuwa zurfin 50 cm.
Wannan kwata-kwata abin dogaro ne, musamman tunda bakaken maganganu, kasancewar suna cikin raminsu, suna jin matakan matattakalar mai zuwa kuma, idan ya cancanta, sami lokacin barin matsugunansu kuma tashi sama kafin ya kusanci nesa mai hatsari.
Babbar matsala kawai da za ta iya jira don baƙar fata a cikin raminsa ita ce ɗumamar ɗan lokaci da samuwar kankara a kan dusar ƙanƙara, wanda ba aiki ne mai sauƙi ba ga tsuntsu ya keta ta. Da farkon bazara, garken suka watse, kuma mazan suka fara taruwa kan igiyar ruwa, inda, a cikin begen mata, suke kwantawa a cikin hasken rana ta bazara.
Da yawa baki grouse ke rayuwa
A cikin daji, matsakaicin rayuwar baƙar fata shine shekaru 11 zuwa 13; a cikin bauta, waɗannan tsuntsayen na iya rayuwa tsawon lokaci.
Jima'i dimorphism
An bayyana yanayin dimphism a cikin jima'i a cikin baƙar fata: mata ba kawai ƙanƙan da ƙanƙan da maza suke da shi ba, amma kuma sun bambanta ƙwarai da su a cikin launin layinsu. Lilin nashi na namiji baƙi ne mai kyalli, tare da ɗanɗano mai launin kore ko m inuwa a kai, wuya, maƙogwaro da kugu. Yana da girare masu ja ja saman idanunsa. Bayan bayan ciki ya yi launin ruwan kasa, tare da ruwan goshin fuka-fukai. Taarfin gwal fari ne, ya bambanta. Hakanan akwai ƙananan farin launuka da ake kira "madubai" a kan fukafukan jirgin masu duhu masu duhu. Babban gashin gashin jela na wutsiya yana da ƙarfi lanƙwasa zuwa ga tarnaƙi, saboda abin da siffar wutsiyar ta yi kama da lyre. Launinsu mai tsananin baƙi ne mai kalar shunayya a saman.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Launin samari tsuntsaye, ba tare da la’akari da jinsinsu ba, iri daya ne: duka maza da mata a lokacin da suke ƙuruciya suna da lada iri-iri wacce ta ƙunshi launuka masu launin baƙar fata, launin rawaya-rawaya da fari da launuka masu canzawa da juna.
Mace mai launin baƙar fata tana da launi fiye da taushi: tana da launin ja-ja-ja da launin rawaya mai launin rawaya, rawaya da baƙar fata. Har ila yau, tana da madubai a fukafukan jirgin, duk da haka, a kan wani haske mai jan launi, ba su da bambanci da na namiji. Mace tana da ƙaramar daraja a wutsiya, kuma, kamar na namiji, an fentin ƙasan ta fari.
Nau'in kayan kwalliyar baki
A halin yanzu, nau'ikan nau'ikan kayan kwalliyar baki guda biyu sanannu ne waɗanda ke zaune a Turai: wannan shine baƙar fata, wanda kuma ake kira grouse na filin, da kuma baƙar fata na Caucasian. A lokaci guda, masana kimiyya sun rarrabe rabe rabe bakwai ko takwas na baƙar fata da ke zaune a yankuna daban-daban na mazaunin sa. A waje, waɗannan nau'ikan nau'ikan suna kama da juna, sai dai cewa blackan baƙar fata na Caucasian ya fi ƙanƙanci: girmansa bai wuce 50-55 cm ba, kuma nauyinsa ya kai kilogiram 1.1.
Bambancin launin launi na layin kuma ana iya gani: a cikin baƙar fata ta Caucasian ya zama mara kyau, kusan ba shi da haske, ba ma maganar launin launi, kuma babu "madubai" a fuka-fukan... Wutsiyar wannan nau'in ta ɗan bambanta a cikin sifa: yana da siffa-da-launi, amma a lokaci guda ana yin shi. Fuka-fukan jela sun fi kunkuntun, amma a lokaci guda sun fi na baƙar fata ƙarfi. Mata na kayan baƙar fata na Caucasian suna da launi a cikin motley, launuka masu launin ja-ja-ja, an yi musu ado da duhu-duhu.
Wannan nau'in yana zaune a cikin Caucasus a Rasha da Turkiyya. Hakanan an samo shi a Azerbaijan, Armenia da Georgia. Itsungiyoyin da aka fi so su ne bishiyoyin rhododendron da ƙyallen ƙugu, kuma wannan tsuntsun ma ya zauna a ƙananan ƙananan bishiyoyi, galibi ya cika da birch da juniper. Caucasian baƙar fata mai baƙar fata yana ciyar da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, 'ya'yan itace, kwari. A lokacin hunturu, suna cin buhunan birch da kyanwa, tsaba da 'ya'yan itace.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Black grouse na zaune ne a cikin dazuzzuka, gandun daji da tuddai na Eurasia, daga Alps da Tsibirin Birtaniyya da ke kan iyakar yamma da kewayonsa kuma ya ƙare da yankin Ussuri da Tsibirin Koriya a gabas.
A lokaci guda, iyakokin zangon suna da sharadi, tunda sun dogara sosai da adadin tsuntsaye da canjin al'adu a shimfidar wurare. Kuma a wasu yankuna inda baƙar fata ke yaduwa a baya, sun ɓace gaba ɗaya yanzu saboda ayyukan tattalin arziƙin ɗan adam, kamar yadda, alal misali, ya faru a Gabashin Sudetenland.
A yankin kasar Rasha, wannan tsuntsu yana rayuwa ne daga yankin Kola da yankin Arkhangelsk da ke arewa zuwa Kursk, Voronezh, Volgograd da kuma tsaunukan Altai da ke kudu. Black grouse sun fi so su zauna a cikin kurmi, ƙananan copses da dazuzzuka, inda akwai 'ya'yan itace da yawa. Hakanan ana samun sa a cikin kwarin kogi, tare da kan iyakoki na fadama, makiyaya masu ambaliyar ruwa ko ƙasashen noma. Suna ƙoƙari kada su zauna a cikin dazuzzuka masu yawa, amma suna iya zaɓar fadi ko kuma wurin da gobarar daji ta taɓa faruwa kuma bishiyoyin basu riga sun sami lokacin girma ba.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Wadannan tsuntsayen suna da matukar sha'awar zama a cikin dazukan Birch kuma sun fi son su duk sauran shimfidar wurare. Amma a Yammacin Turai, an zaɓi zaɓen baƙar fata a matsayin mazaunan yankin heathlands, kuma a cikin Ukraine da Kazakhstan - daskararrun shrub.
Bakar cin abinci mara nauyi
Black grouse tsuntsu ne mai cin ciyawa, aƙalla manya sun fi son cin kayan lambu. A lokacin watanni masu dumi, suna cin shudayen shuke-shuke, shuda-fure, cranberries ko lingonberries da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire kamar su clover ko shaho. Hakanan suna ciyarwa a cikin filayen da ake shuka amfanin gona, kuma musamman suna son hatsin alkama da gero.
A lokacin hunturu, baƙon grouse da ke zaune a cikin gandun daji birch yana ciyar da harbin birch, buds ko kyanwa. Kuma tsuntsayen da ke zaune a wuraren da birch baya girma dole ne su wadatu da sauran abinci: spruce da juniper needles, larch harbe, pine cones, da alder ko Willow buds.
Animalsananan dabbobin waɗannan tsuntsayen suna ciyarwa galibi akan ƙwari, amma daga baya, yayin da suka girma, sai suka canza zuwa shuka abinci.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Tun farkon bazara maza masu baƙar fata suna ta taruwa akan abin da ake kira igiyoyin ruwa, wanda suke zaɓar ciyawa, gefen fadama ko kuma farincikin gandun daji. A kan irin wannan gilashin, har zuwa maza dozin biyu na iya tarawa, wani lokacin kuma ƙari. Iyakar abin da ake samu a cikin baƙar fata yana cikin rabin rabin Afrilu - farkon Mayu. A wannan lokacin, kowane ɗayan maza yana ƙoƙari ya mamaye wani shafi a shafin da ke yanzu kusa da tsakiyar tsabtace filin, amma mafi kyawun shafuka, tabbas, suna zuwa mafi ƙarfi daga cikinsu.
Maza a hankali suna kiyaye waɗannan yankuna daga mamayewar abokan hamayya, wasu daga cikinsu na iya ma kwana a can can, a ƙasa, saboda tsoron cewa yayin da zai dawo daga daren, wani baƙin baƙon na iya mamaye wurin. Kimanin awa daya kafin fitowar alfijir, maza suka taru a kan igiyar ruwa suka fara fitar da busar kaɗawa sannan suka fara yin raɗaɗi don jan hankalin mata, waɗanda, bayan sun iso bayan ɗan lokaci, da farko sun fara kusantar gefen igiyar ruwan, sa'annan su tashi zuwa tsakiyar filin, inda suka zabi abokiyar zama.
A halin yanzu na baki grouse ne mai matukar ban sha'awa gani. Wasu mazan suna yin wani abu, suna lankwasa wuyansu kasa suna yada wutsiyoyinsu da fararen wutsiyoyi masu danshi. Wasu a wannan lokacin suna tsalle sama da ƙarfi suna kaɗa fikafikansu. Na ukunsu, ba raba mace mai sayarwa ko yanki ba, suna haɗuwa cikin duel, suna tsalle da gudu da juna. Koyaya, duk da cewa ana yawan faɗa a tsakanin maza, baƙon baƙin fata ba ya cutar da juna sosai.
Bayan saduwa, mazan baƙar fata basu shiga cikin makomar zuriyarsu ta gaba ba: mace ce ke gina gida kanta, ita da kanta tana ɗaukar ƙwai masu haske 5-13 masu launin ruwan kasa mai ruwan kasa da launin ruwan kasa. Kyankyasar yana fara ne a tsakiyar watan Mayu, kuma ita kanta gida wata karamar rami ce a cikin kasa, wacce aka yi mata fuka-fukai, ganye, siraran sirara da busasshiyar ciyawar bara.
Mace tana sanya zuriyarta tsawon kwanaki 24-25. 'Ya'yan Grouse an haife su gaba ɗaya an rufe su kuma bayan hoursan awanni zasu iya bin mahaifiyarsu. Kwanaki 10 na farkon rayuwarsu sune mafi haɗari: Bayan haka, har yanzu kaji basu san yadda ake juyewa ba sabili da haka a ƙasa zasu iya zama sauƙin ganima ga masu farauta.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Mace tana duk wannan lokacin kusa da ɗanta kuma, idan mafarauci ya bayyana a kusa, yayi ƙoƙari ya yaudare shi, yana yin kamar ya ji rauni. Tana jujjuyawa daga wuri zuwa wuri kamar ba zata iya cirewa ba kuma tana tsananin bugun fikafikanta, tana kuwwa da karfi a lokaci guda. Wannan cuwa-cuwa alama ce ga kajin su buya su buya har sai mahaifiyarsu ta dawo.
Lokacin da grouse ya cika kwanaki 10 da haihuwa, sun san yadda za su juye, kuma bayan wata ɗaya sai su fara tashi... A watan Satumba, samari maza, waɗanda sun riga sun narke cikin baƙar fata, sun ware daga danginsu kuma suna rayuwa dabam, amma har yanzu mata mata suna ƙoƙari su kasance kusa da iyayensu mata. Sai lokacin sanyi ne kawai maza da mata za su fara taruwa a cikin garke-garke.
A ƙa'ida, tun suna da shekara ɗaya, har yanzu maza ba sa shiga cikin haihuwa, kodayake sun riga sun balaga: ba a ba su izinin yin hakan ta hanyar baƙar fata baƙar fata, suna bin samari daga yanzu, don haka abin da ya rage shi ne yin ɗuwaɗuwa a gefen gefen sharewa da kiyayewa, yadda manyansu da masu karfi suke yi. Maza 'yan shekaru 2-3 sun riga sun karɓi wani rukunin yanar gizo don kansu daga gefen yanzu kuma suna iya shiga cikin kiwo, idan, tabbas, ɗayan mata sun zaɓe su a matsayin abokan tarayya.
Makiya na halitta
A cikin mazauninsu na gargajiya, baƙar fata yana da abokan gaba da yawa, daga cikinsu ana iya kiran fox, martens, boars daji da goshawks. Don kajin kayan kwalliyar baki, sauran gashin baki, gami da sabulu, suma suna da hadari.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Abokan gaba na ɗabi'a, duk da cewa waɗannan tsuntsayen suna da yawa daga cikinsu, ba su da tasiri sosai game da adadin baƙar fata: ayyukan tattalin arziƙin ɗan adam da yanayin yanayi suna da mahimmancin gaske wajen rage yawansu.
Yana faruwa ne cewa a cikin watannin damina mai sanyi saboda sanyi, har zuwa kashi 40% na baƙar fata na lalacewa, idan aka kwatanta da adadin kajin da suka mutu daga haƙori da faratan masu farauta ba su da yawa.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
A halin yanzu, yawan baƙar fata yana da yawa, kuma yankin da waɗannan tsuntsayen suke zaune suna da yawa. Waɗannan yanayi ne suka ba da damar sanya matsayin "astarin Damuwa" ga wannan nau'in. Amma game da grouse na baƙar fata na Caucasian, azaman nau'in jinsin gargajiya, an sanya shi a matsayin nau'in "Kusa da wani yanayi mai rauni". Bugu da ƙari, babban haɗari a gare shi shi ne kiwon shanu da farauta. Dabbobin suna murkushe gida da kaji, amma karnukan makiyaya suna da haɗari musamman ga baƙar fata, waɗanda ba sa rasa damar farautar su.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A halin yanzu, ana ba da kariya ga baƙar fata ta Caucasian a kan yankin yawancin manyan tanadi, daga cikinsu ana iya kiran onesan Caucasian da Teberdinsky.
Grouse na kowa ne mazaunin bishiyoyin bishiyoyi da gandun daji na Eurasia. Bambancin da ke tsakanin maza, fentin baƙar fata tare da "madubin" fari da na ƙasa da na mata a cikin lamuransu na mata, masu launin ja-ja-ja, yana da ban mamaki ƙwarai da gaske cewa da wuya a yarda cewa tsuntsaye ne iri ɗaya. Wadannan tsuntsayen sun daɗe suna jan hankalin mutane ta hanyar halayensu kuma, musamman, ta hanyar saduwarsu.
Mutanen da suka ga yadda baƙar fata ke buɗewa a lokacin bazara a wayewar gari, suna da'awar cewa wannan abin gaskiya abin mantawa ne da kyan gani. Ba komai bane kawai cewa hoton wadannan tsuntsayen sun sami wani tunani mai fadi a cikin fasahar mutane: misali, a cikin rawan alpine, ana amfani da motsi wanda yayi kama da tsalle da ruku'u, halayyar bakaken kwalliyar da ke gudana.
