Beraye nau'in jinsi ne wanda beraye ke wakilta na gidan linzamin kwamfuta, kuma ya haɗa da fiye da dozin shida. Irin wadannan beraye na ajin masu shayarwa suna da mahimmancin gaske a rayuwar dan adam, ana ajiye su a matsayin dabbobi na ado, kuma ana amfani dasu a gwaje-gwajen halittu da kuma binciken likitoci iri daban-daban.
Bayanin beraye
Wakilan ƙananan ƙananan linzamin kwamfuta kusan mafi yawan dabbobi ne a duniyarmu.... Beraye suna da manyan bambance-bambance daga beraye cikin halayya da bayyanarsu. Sun fi girman girma, sun fi tsoka da dumburi a tsarin mulki, tare da sanyewar hancin saniya da hanci mai tsawa. Idanun bera sun kasance ƙananan.
A farkon alamun hatsari, beraye na dangin Mouse suna ɓoye wani ruwa mai ƙamshi mai ƙarfi, godiya ga abin da aka gargaɗi sauran membobin jinsin. Saboda bambance-bambancen tsarin jikinsu, suna iya sauƙaƙa matsewa har ma da ƙananan ramuka, wanda diamita wanda bai wuce rubu'in girth na sandar kanta ba.
Bayyanar
Beraye suna da jiki mai alama, wanda yake halayyar mahimmin juzu'i ne, da kuma tsarin mulki mai ɗanɗano. Matsakaicin tsayin jikin baligi ya bambanta tsakanin 8-30 cm, kuma nauyin bera zai iya kaiwa daga 38 g zuwa 500 g.Wasu, a wasu lokutan sanannun bambance-bambancen waje suna dogara ne da halaye na halittu da mazauninsu na sandar dabbobi.
Hannun bera yana da tsayi da faɗi, da ƙananan idanu da kunnuwa. Wutsiyar yawancin jinsunan da ke wanzu a yau kusan kusan tsirara ce, an rufe ta da sikeli da ƙananan gashi. Bera baƙar fata tana da halarar kasancewar lokacin ɗumi mai kauri a wutsiya. Tsawon wutsiya, a matsayin doka, yayi daidai da girman jiki kuma galibi ma ya wuce su, amma kuma akwai abin da ake kira bera-gajeren bera.
A kan muƙamuƙin ɗan sandar dabbobi, akwai nau'i-nau'i biyu na sanadin haɗarin yaɗuwa. Molar yana tattare da tsari mai yawa na layuka, saboda abin da abinci yake da sauri kuma yankakke yankakke. Tsakanin molar da incisors ne diastema, wakiltar yankin muƙamuƙi ba tare da hakora ba. Duk da cewa irin wadannan beraye suna cikin nau'ikan masanan, amma an banbanta su da wakilan masu cutar da dabbobi ta hanyar rashin canines.
Abubuwan da ke cikin dabba na bukatar nika kai-a kai, wanda ke ba bera damar rufe bakinsa gaba daya. Wannan yanayin yana faruwa ne saboda rashin tushe, haka nan kuma ci gaba da ci gaba da aiki da incisors suke yi. An rufe ɓangaren gaba na incisors da enamel mai wuya, kuma a farfajiyar baya babu wannan layin enamel ɗin, saboda abin da nikawar incisors ke faruwa ba daidai ba, saboda haka haƙoran suna samun sifar ƙyalli mai siffar. Babu shakka dukkan hakora suna da ƙarfi sosai kuma suna iya cinyewa ta hanyar kankare da bulo, gami da kowane ƙarfe mai tauri, amma asalinsu bisa dabi'a an shirya su ne don cin abinci musamman na asalin tsirrai.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Gashi na beraye yana da yawa kuma yana da kauri sosai saboda gashi mai tsaro mai kyau. Launi na Jawo na iya zama launin toka-launin ruwan kasa ko launin toka mai duhu, wani lokacin tare da kasancewar launuka masu launin ja, orange da rawaya.
Beraye sun ɓullo da ƙira a ƙafafunsu, waɗanda suke da muhimmanci ga beraye su hanzarta hawa wurare daban-daban. Koyaya, irin wannan rashin ingancin aiki ana biyansa ta hanyar yatsun hannu masu motsi da motsi. Godiya ne ga wannan fasalin cewa beraye suna jagorancin rayuwa ta ƙasa da ta itace, suna iya hawa bishiyoyi kuma su shirya gidajanansu a manyan ramuka na sauran dabbobi ko tsuntsaye.
Salon rayuwa, hali
Beraye suna da saurin wuce gona da iri kuma dabbobi masu taurin kai.... Suna gudu da kyau, kuma a farkon alamar haɗari suna iya isa cikin sauri har zuwa 10 km / h kuma shawo kan manyan matsaloli. Motsa jiki na yau da kullun na irin waɗannan wakilan na ƙananan ƙananan linzamin kwamfuta, a matsayin mai mulkin, daga 8 zuwa 15-17 km. Beraye sun san yadda ake iyo da kuma nutsuwa sosai, suna iya kama kifin da ba shi da girma sosai kuma yana iya ci gaba da zama cikin ruwa sama da kwanaki uku ba tare da wata illa ga rayuwa ko kiwon lafiya ba.
Beraye suna amfani da ramuka waɗanda wasu dabbobi suka haƙa ko kuma suka watsar a matsayin mafaka, da kuma mahalli na asali da na wucin gadi, gidajen tsuntsaye daban-daban. Beraye suna iya rayuwa duka ɗaya daban-daban kuma suna ƙirƙirar al'ummomin yanki tare da lambobi daban-daban na mutane ko ƙungiyoyin dangi. A cikin mulkin mallaka ɗaya, galibi wanda ya ƙunshi mutane ɗari da yawa, an kirkiro tsarin sarauta mai rikitarwa tare da kasancewar babban namiji, da kuma mata masu yawa. Yankin kowane ɗayan waɗannan rukuni na iya kaiwa mita murabba'in dubu biyu.
Ganin bera be inganta ba kuma ya banbanta a cikin karamin hangen nesa wanda bai wuce digiri 16 ba. A saboda wannan dalili, dabba ana tilasta ta kusan juya kanta koyaushe a wurare daban-daban. Ana kewaye duniyar da ke kewaye da irin waɗannan beraye ne kawai cikin launuka masu launin toka, kuma tsananin duhu a gare su yana wakiltar ja.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Jin ƙamshi da ji a cikin wakilan jinsi suna aiki daidai, sabili da haka, waɗannan dabbobin suna iya fahimtar sautuna tare da mita a tsakanin 40 kHz.
Berayen suna iya ɗaukar kamshi a ɗan gajeren nesa, amma a lokaci guda, beraye suna haƙurin jurewar fitilar har zuwa 300 roentgens / hour ba tare da wata matsala ba.
Beraye nawa ke rayuwa
Jimillar rayuwar beraye a cikin yanayin halitta kai tsaye ya dogara da halayen jinsin. Misali, berayen masu launin toka na iya rayuwa na kimanin shekara daya da rabi, amma wasu samfurin sun rayu har zuwa shekaru biyu ko uku.
Tsaran rayuwar ƙananan berayen da ba su da yawa, a ƙa’ida, bai wuce shekara guda ba. A cikin yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje, beraye na iya rayuwa tsawon ninki biyu. Littafin Rubuce-rubuce na Guinness ya kunshi bayanai kan tsoho bera da ya yi rayuwa tsawon shekaru bakwai da watanni takwas.
Jima'i dimorphism
A cikin watannin wata daya da rabi, daga karshe an samar da al'aura a beraye, saboda haka, don sanin jima'i na babban dansanda, ya zama dole a bincika tsarin halittar al'aurar dabbar.
Bambanci tsakanin mata da maza:
- babban fasalin namiji baligi shine kasancewar manyan kwayaye, wadanda suke bayyane lokacin da aka daga jelar dabbar;
- ana gane mace ta layuka biyu na nonna a ciki;
- jima'i na rodent ana iya tantance shi a sauƙaƙe tazarar da ke tsakanin dubura da mafitsara;
- mata sun fi na maza ƙanƙan da yawa kuma suna da ƙarancin ƙarfi da ƙarfi a jiki;
- mata suna da banbanci ta jiki mai kyau, kuma maza suna da siffar pear;
- a cikin mata, fur din yana da santsi, siliki da laushi, kuma ana rarrabe maza da sutura mai ƙarfi da tauri;
- mata sun fi yin tashin hankali, saboda kariya ga zuriyarsu;
- a cikin maza, fitsari yana da yanayi mai kaifi da rashin wari.
Abu ne mai matukar wahala a iya tantance jima'i na sabbin yaran bera, musamman idan beran bai cika kwana biyar da haihuwa ba. A matsayinka na mai mulki, samari da aka haifa suna da ƙananan duhu waɗanda ke tsakanin dubura da al'aura. Yayin da suke girma, kwayar halittar jini takan maye gurbin irin wadannan wuraren.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Ya kamata a sani cewa wasu beraye a cikin shekaru biyu zuwa uku na rayuwa suna haihuwar yara kusan dubu shida, wanda, yayin da ya kai ga balagar jima'i, kuma yana hayayyafa sosai.
Nau'in Bera
Rwararren Bera yana da wakiltar wasu dozin iri, waɗanda aka raba su cikin rukuni. Wasu nau'in a yau suna cikin dabbobin da suka shude a lokacin tarihi.
Duba ƙungiyoyi:
- Norvegicus;
- Rattus;
- Xanthurus;
- Leucopus;
- Fuscipes.
Mafi yawan jinsunan yau wadanda suke na jinsi:
- Gashin beran, ko Pasyuk (Rattus norvegicus) shine mafi girman nau'in da galibi ake samu a Rasha. Jinsin da aka gabatar cikin haɗari shine ainihin synanthropus. Matsakaicin tsayin jiki na baligi ya kai 18-25 cm tare da nauyin 150-400 g. Wutsiya ta fi ta jiki gajarta. Babban bakin bakin yana da ƙarshen ƙarewa. Coveredananan samfuran an lulluɓe su da furfura mai furfura, yayin da tsofaffin samfuran suna da kyakkyawan inuwa mai ja da irin agouti. Gashin waje yana sheki da tsawo. A cikin ciki, fararen gashi suna da tushe mai duhu;
- Bakar bera (Rattus rattus) - yana da ƙarancin girma zuwa bera mai ruwan toka kuma yana da ɗan ƙarami bakin ciki, manyan kunnuwa masu juyawa, wata doguwar wutsiya Girman babban beran bakar fata ya bambanta tsakanin zangon 16-22 cm tare da matsakaicin nauyin jiki na 130-300 g. An rufe jelar da gashi mai kauri. Launin gashi ana wakilta mafi yawancin lokuta ta baƙar fata mai launin ruwan kasa mai launin shuɗi, ruwan toka mai duhu ko ciki mai laushi da gefunan haske. Wasu mutane suna kama da launi zuwa bera mai ruwan toka, amma tare da haske, baya mai rawaya;
- Rataramin bera (Rattus exulans) shine nau'in bera na uku mafi yaduwa a duniya. Babban banbanci daga masu taruwa yana wakiltar ba manyan girman jiki ba. Matsakaicin tsayi ya kai 11.5-15.0 cm tare da nauyin 40-80 g.Wannan nau'in yana da karamin, gajartaccen jiki, kaifin bakin bakin, manyan kunnuwa da launin ruwan kasa;
- Bera mai gashi mai tsawo (Rattus villosissimus) - ɗan sanda ne mai gashi mai gashi mai tsawon haihuwa. Namiji da ya manyanta galibi yana da tsayin jiki a cikin zangon 185-187 mm tare da jelar tsawon 140-150 mm. Tsawon jikin mace baligi ya kai kimanin 165-167 mm, kuma tsawon jelar bai wuce mm 140-141 ba. Matsakaicin nauyin jikin namiji shine 155-156 g, na mace 110-112 g;
- Kinabuli bera (Rattus baluensis) - wani nau'in ne na musamman wanda yake da alaƙa da yanayin tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire masu zafi Nepentes Raja. Babban wakili mai cin nama na flora yana jan bera ta hanyar ɓoye ɓoyayyen ɓoye, kuma beraye suna ba wannan tsiron da najasar su;
- Beran Turkestan (Rattus pyctoris) mazaunin Afghanistan, Nepal, China, India, Pakistan da Iran, Uzbekistan da Kyrgyzstan. Matsakaicin matsakaicin baligi ya bambanta tsakanin 17-23 cm, tare da jela tsawon 16.5-21.5 cm. Yankin dorsal yana da launi mai launi-ja-ja-jaja, kuma an rufe ciki da fari mai launin rawaya;
- Bera mai-azurfa (Rattus argentiventer) nau'ikan jinsin gama gari ne, wanda ke dauke da kwalliyar launin ruwan ocher mai ƙananan gashin gashi. Yankin ciki launin ruwan toka ne, tarnaƙi haske ne, kuma jelar ruwan kasa ne. Tsawon babban bera 30-40 cm, tare da wutsiya tsawon 14-20 cm da nauyin 97-219 g;
- Zomo Fluffy wutsiyoyi, ko Baki bera wutsiya (Conilurus penicillatus) matsakaiciyar sanda ce wacce take da tsayi a jiki 15-22 cm kuma nauyinta yakai 180-190 g. Wutsiya ta fi jiki tsawo, ta kai 21-23 cm Akwai tarin gashi a karshen wutsiyar. Bayanin yana mamaye da launuka masu launin toka-shuɗi hade da baƙin gashi. Ciki da kafafuwan baya suna da fari fari. Gashi ba ta da kauri sosai kuma tana da wuya;
- Bera mai laushi (Millardia meltada) mazaunin mazaunan Nepal, Indiya da Sri Lanka, Bangladesh da Gabashin Pakistan. Tsawon jiki na beran baligi ya bambanta tsakanin 80-200 mm, tare da jelar tsawon 68-185 mm. Gashi na sandar sandar mai laushi ne mai laushi, mai launin ruwan kasa-kasa a baya, fari a cikin ciki. Wutsiyar da ke sama launi ce mai launin toka mai duhu.
- Ruwan Tanned (Rattus adustus) - kadai wakili kuma nau'in kwarai da aka samu sama da shekaru 70 da suka gabata. A cewar wasu majiyoyi, wannan ɗan sandar ya samo asali ne daga asalin launin sutturar.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Beraye suna sadarwa da juna ta amfani da duban dan tayi, kuma zuciyar irin wannan bera tana bugawa sau 300-500 a kowane minti daya.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Beraye, waɗanda sune wakilai masu yalwata na dangin Mouse, sun bayyana a matsayin jinsin tun kafin mutane. Wakilan jinsi da yawa na Bera suna zaune kusan ko'ina. Ana samun jinsuna daban-daban a yankin Turai, suna zaune a ƙasashen Asiya, Kudu da Arewacin Amurka, suna zaune a cikin Oceania da Ostiraliya, a New Guinea da kuma kan tsibirin tsibirin Malay.
Koyaya, irin waɗannan berayen ba za a iya kiyaye su gaba ɗaya a cikin yankuna masu zagaye da na iyakacin duniya ba. A yankin tsakiyar Rasha, galibi ana samun nau'in bera: launin toka da baƙi. Idan ya zama dole, da rana, beran da ya manyanta na iya ɗaukar babban tazara, ya kai kilomita hamsin.
Bera zai iya daidaitawa da yanayi mai wahalar gaske, wanda ba za a iya jure shi ba, don haka ana iya samun su koda a tashoshin kimiyya da aka watsar a Antarctica.
Rat rage cin abinci
Beraye na cikin nau'ikan berayen masu komai, amma abincin kowane nau'in kai tsaye ya dogara da halayen mazaunin, da kuma salon rayuwa. Kowane bera, a matsakaita, yana cin makullin abinci na 20-25 g kowace rana, amma yunwa tana da matukar wahala ga beraye, saboda haka, bayan kwana uku na yajin yunwa, dabba, a matsayin mai mulkin, ta mutu. Rashin ruwa yana shafar beraye har ma da mafi muni, kuma adadin ruwa ya zama kusan 25-35 ml kowace rana.
Ya kamata a sani cewa berayen launin toka an daidaita su da tsarin abinci don cin abinci mai yawan furotin, saboda haka, irin waɗannan beraye suna buƙatar abinci daga asalin dabbobi. Koyaya, berayen launin toka kusan basa adana abinci. Abincin yau da kullun na berayen baki ana wakilta galibi ta abinci na tsire-tsire:
- kwayoyi;
- kirjin kirji;
- hatsi;
- 'ya'yan itatuwa daban-daban;
- kore shuka taro.
Kusancin kusanci da mazaunin mutum, beraye suna iya ciyar da kowane abinci wadatacce. Berayen da ke nesa da mutane suna cin ƙananan beraye, molluscs da amphibians, gami da kwadi, toads, da sabo, kuma suna cin ƙwan tsuntsaye ko na kaji. Mazaunan yankunan bakin teku suna cin shara, wakilan dabbobin ruwa da na flora da aka jefa a bakin teku.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Ko bera mai tsananin yunwa bai taba cin abinci ba. Irin waɗannan beraye suna da kyakkyawar ma'anar ƙoshin lafiya.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Beraye na kowane nau'i suna hayayyafa sosai da sauƙi. Irin waɗannan beraye da sauri suna isa shekarun balaga, kuma suna ɗaukar theira offspringan su na ɗan gajeren lokaci. A cikin mace ta balaga, estrus yana faruwa duk bayan kwana biyar a cikin shekara, ban da matakin cikin ciki.
Kowace mace baligi tana da ikon haihuwar yara sama da dozin huɗu a cikin shekara guda. Lokacin haihuwa a cikin wakilan Rodents oda da dangin Mouse yana cikin kwanaki 21-23. Idan mace ta kai shekara ɗaya da rabi, a zahiri mata kan kusanci matakin jinin haila, don haka zagayen da farko ya zama ba bi da bi ba, sannan ya tsaya gaba ɗaya.
Nan da nan kafin haihuwar haihuwa, mahaifiya mai ciki zata fara shirya gida don zuriyarta. Wurin da aka zaɓa an riga an zana shi da ciyawa mai laushi. Sau da yawa ana haƙa sabon burrow, wanda mace ke inganta tare da kulawa ta musamman. Akwai lokuta idan gida ya shirya ya ƙunshi kayan abinci wanda zai iya ba da abinci ga mace na wasu kwanaki bayan ta haihu.
Dogaro da nau'in halittar rodent, jimlar adadin 'ya'yan da aka haifa a cikin zuriya ɗaya na iya bambanta daga mutane takwas zuwa goma sha biyar. Berayen bera an haife su tsirara ne kuma makafi, tare da hanyoyin rufe hanyoyin sauraro da tsarin thermoregulation wanda bai kammala ba.
Sabbin berayen bera basu da cikakken ikon cire kowane irin abinci daga jikinsu da kansu, don haka dole ne mace ta ringa lasar cikin su. Wannan tsari yana aiwatar da cikakken tsari na tsarin rayuwa. Kubiyoci suna ciyar da madara, yawan kayan mai ya kai 9%. Ana bayyana cin naman mutane a tsakanin beraye, don haka uwa koyaushe tana cinye mamatan ko jariran da ba za su iya wadatar su ba, kuma iyayen da ba su kula da rayuwar su galibi suna lalata duk 'ya'yan.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Berayen cikin gida (Rattus norvegicus) na iya yin aure ko da da berayen bera (Rattus rattus), amma tsintsiya ba ta da rai, kuma galibi akwai batun kin amsar amfrayo da kwayar haihuwa ko haihuwar ɗan zuriya.
A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, jikin jaririn an rufe shi da fur, kuma kimanin mako guda bayan haihuwa, idanuwa da kunnuwan yaran sun buɗe. Abun ciki na farko a jarirai ya bayyana kusan kwana tara. 'Ya'yan sati uku da haihuwa na iya zagayawa don bincika yankin sosai da kansu. Yaran bera duk wata sun riga sun shirya tsaf don rayuwa mai zaman kanta, amma sai sun kai wata goma sha biyu suna da girman cikakken mutum.
Makiya na halitta
Abokan gaba na berayen sune karnuka na gida da na kuliyoyi da kuliyoyi, kuliyoyi, dawakai, aladu, shinge, da kuma tsuntsaye iri-iri, gami da mujiya, mujiya, gaggafa, shaho, kite da sauran manyan tsuntsaye masu farauta. A wasu kasashen, ana cin beraye.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
A cikin karnin da ya gabata, yankin rabon bakar beran ya ragu sosai kuma ya ragu sosai. An yi imanin cewa yawancin baƙar fata ne ke maye gurbinsa da Pasyuk mai ƙwarewa da ƙarfi. Koyaya, yawan beran daji bai fi yawan mutane ba, saboda akwai wasu fannoni masu matukar mahimmanci da tasiri waɗanda ke kiyaye yawan ɓoyayyiyar ƙarkon iko.
Ta bakin masu kula da bera, adadin irin wadannan dabbobi ya ragu matuka saboda rashin abinci da wurin kwana. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, yawan jama'a yana karkashin kulawar cututtuka da wasu mafarauta.
Yawancin jinsin bera a halin yanzu basa cikin hadari. Nau'in nau'ikan nau'ikan kariya da kariya sun hada da beran ruwa na Karya (Xeromys myoides Thomas). Raguwar yawan wannan nau'ikan da ba a yi nazarinsa sosai ba na iya dogara da ci gaban babban mahalli na ɗan adam.
Rat Housebuilder na cikin nau'ikan nau'in haɗari. Wannan nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke zaune a iyakantaccen yanki suna da wakiltar jimlar mutane dubu biyu da ke zaune a Tsibirin Franklin. An yi amannar cewa sare dazuzzuka da gobara a shekara-shekara na iya haifar da koma baya ga yawan berayen kangaroo, wanda ya samo sunan da ba a saba da shi ba kawai daga beran musk na kangaroo.
Hadari ga mutane
An Adam sun daɗe suna yaƙin ta da ɓoyo, kuma irin wannan gwagwarmayar har ta kai ga samun suna na musamman - lalatawa. Koyaya, a gabas, beraye suna nuna hikima da wadata, haihuwa da ci gaba, saboda haka hoton beraye a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe tabbatacce ne. A cikin yankuna na yamma, ana wakilta irin waɗannan wakilan dangin na Mouse da ƙyama da kuma taka tsantsan. Don ƙirƙirar mummunan hoto, ya isa mutane su tuna da annoba da yawa da ke haɗuwa da mai ɗaukar ƙwayar cuta - bera.
Yana da ban sha'awa!Nau'in beran Synanthropic na haifar da babbar illa ga tattalin arziki. Babban asara shine sakamakon ci da lalata abinci da kayayyakin abinci, lalacewar hanyoyin sadarwar lantarki, wanda ke haifar da gobara da yawa.
Hakanan, wasu nau'ikan beraye suna haifar da babbar illa ga ayyukan noma. Beraye suna cin amfanin gona. A sakamakon haka, yanzu an samar da hanyoyi daban-daban na gwagwarmaya kuma ana ci gaba da bunkasa, gami da tsoratarwa da lalacewa. Beraye a halin yanzu suna ɗaya daga cikin maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu haɗari na yawancin cututtukan anthropozoonotic da zoonotic.
Irin wadannan beraye suna dauke da cututtukan kamuwa da cutar tularemia, annoba, rabies, toxoplasmosis, typhus, leptospirosis, da rickettsioses, sodoku da sauran cututtuka da dama masu hadari ga mutane da dabbobin gida. Ba tare da fahimta ba ga mutane, wakilan dangin Mouse suna iya shiga cikin ɓoyayyen ɓoye na gidan mutum, ta amfani da magudanar ruwa da kuma iska don wannan dalili.
Gabaɗaya an yarda da cewa ba shi yiwuwa a lalata kowane ɓoyi, gami da beraye, ɗari bisa ɗari.... Shekaru huɗu na karni da suka gabata, an gabatar da manyan ƙa'idodi don lalatawa, kuma an nuna mafi kyawun izinin yankunan da aka 'yantar da ƙwayoyi
- 80% - sakamako mai gamsarwa;
- 90% - sakamakon yana da kyau;
- 95% - sakamakon yana da kyau sosai.
Don haka, babban burin lalata abubuwa shi ne kafa da kuma kula da alamun inganci na matakin da aka yarda da shi na adadin beraye, wanda ba za a samu korafi daga mutane ba.
