Fulawa, ko dama-dama (Pleuronectidae) - wakilan dangi daga ajin kifi mai rai-rai wanda yake cikin umarnin masu ruwa. Abubuwan da ke cikin wannan iyali sun haɗa da nau'in dozin shida tare da sifa iri ɗaya.
Bayanin shimfidawa
Wani fasali na wakilan dangin Flounder shine wurin da idanun suke a gefen dama na kai, saboda irin wannan kifi ake kiransu da 'Yan Fata masu Fata. Koyaya, wani lokacin akan sami wasu abubuwa da ake kira masu juyawa ko na hagu-hagu.... Funƙun ƙugu suna da ma'ana kuma suna da matsattsun tushe.
Babban halaye na kowane nau'in iyali:
- lebur jiki;
- elongated dorsal da finafinai finafinai tare da haskoki da yawa;
- asymmetrical kai;
- kumburi da idanun da ke kusa, suna aiki daban da juna;
- kasancewar layin gefe tsakanin idanu;
- dunƙule baki da haƙora masu kaifi;
- taqaitaccen kwancen kafa;
- makafi, gefen haske wanda aka rufe da fata mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi.
Ana nuna ƙwai mara ƙyalli da rashin ɗigon mai, suna shawagi, kuma duk tsarin ci gaban yana faruwa a cikin layin ruwa ko a matakansa na sama. Dukkanin nau'ikan kwari biyar sun fidda kwai irin na kasa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Godiya ga kwaikwayon, wakilan dangin Kambalov suna iya ɓoye ɓarnatar da kansu cikin kowane irin rikitarwa, ba kaskantattu a cikin wannan ƙwarewar ba har ma da hawainiya.
Bayyanar
Ba tare da la'akari da harajin ba, duk masu fashin baki sun fi son salon benthic, suna rayuwa a cikin zurfin kuma suna da halaye da siririn jiki, na ado ko na lu'u lu'u.
Kogin da ke kwarara (Platichthys flesus) ya hada da Fatawoyi mai kama da Taurari, da Bahar Maliya kalkan da Arctic:
- Star yawo (Platichthys stellatus) - jinsin da ke hade da tsarin hagu-ido na idanuwa, launin kore mai duhu ko launin ruwan kasa, yadudduka masu fadi a baki da kuma faranti masu fadi a gefen ido. Matsakaicin tsayin jiki shine 50-60 cm tare da nauyin jiki na 3-4 kg;
- Black Sea Kalkan (Scophthalmidae) Wani nau'in ne wanda yake da yanayin yanayin hagu na hagu, siffar jiki zagaye, da kuma kashin baya masu tarin yawa wadanda suka bazu a saman gefen ganye mai-ruwan zaitun. Tsawon babban kifin ya fi mita da matsakaicin nauyin kilogiram 20;
- Iyakacin duniya flounder (Liopsetta gilashi) Shine nau'ikan juriya mai sanyi tare da tsawan jikin oval mai launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa mai dunƙule tare da fika-launuka masu launuka masu bulo.
Gudun teku yana jin daɗi a cikin ruwa mai gishiri. Irin waɗannan nau'ikan suna da nau'ikan bambancin girma, sifofin jiki, launi mai launi, wurin makafi da gefen gani:
- Teku yana yawo (Pleuronectes platessa) haraji ne na yau da kullun mai launin ruwan kasa-kore da launuka masu launin ja ko orange. Wakilan jinsunan sun girma zuwa kilogiram 6-7 tare da matsakaicin girman cikin mita. Jinsin shine mai mallakar kwaikwaiyo na ci gaba;
- Kudancin mai farin ciki kuma arewa flounder na cikin kifin da ke gindin teku, galibi suna girma har zuwa cm 50. Siffar bayyanar ita ce kasancewar wani layin da aka narkar da shi a gefe, launi mai ruwan madara na gefen makafi, gefen ido yana yin kasa-kasa ko alkamar-launin ruwan kasa;
- Yellowfin yawo (Limanda aspera) wani nau'in sanyi ne mai kaunar sanyi, wanda yake tattare da kasancewar sikeli tare da kashin baya da kuma jiki mai ruwan kasa mai zagaye, wanda aka shirya shi da fika-zinari. Matsakaicin girman kifin baligi ya kai kusan 45-50 cm tare da matsakaicin nauyin kilogiram 0.9-1.0;
- Halibut jinsuna biyar ne ke wakilta, mafi girman su ya kai mita 4.5 tare da matsakaicin nauyin 330-350 kg, kuma ƙaramin wakilin shine ƙashin haƙoron haƙoron hannu, wanda da kyar yake samun sama da kilogiram 8 tare da tsayin jiki na 70-80 cm.
Tsarin Gabas ta Tsakiya suna ne na gama gari wanda ke haɗa tazin dozin, abin da ake kira flat flat. Wannan jinsin ya hada da siffofin rawaya mai launin ja, mai launuka iri-iri da masu farin ciki, da kuma layi biyu, proboscis, dogon hancin, halibut, bel-belell, warty da sauran masu yawo.
Hali da salon rayuwa
Falon ƙasa yawanci shi kaɗai ne kuma benthic. Membersan uwa suna yin wayo sosai cikin ɓoye kamar shimfidar wuri mai kewaye (mimicry). Irin wannan kifin yana amfani da wani ɓangare na lokacin kwance a saman ruwa ko burge kansa har zuwa idanunsu a cikin wasu ƙasan ƙasa. Godiya ga wannan kamanni na ɗabi'a mai ma'ana, masu ba da izinin suna sarrafawa ba kawai don kama ganima daga wani nau'in kwanto ba, har ma don ɓoyewa daga manyan masu cin abincin ruwa.
Kodayake duk da wani jinkiri da alama mai rauni ne, ana amfani da lamuran ne kawai don motsawa a hankali tare da ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da motsi mara motsi. Koyaya, yawo yana zama kyakkyawan mai iyo lokacin da ake buƙata. Irin wannan kifin yana farawa kusan nan take, kuma a ɗan gajeren nisa zai iya haɓaka saurin sauri.
A cikin yanayi na tilas, mai jujjuya ruwa a zahiri "harbe" tare da dukkan jikinsa mai faɗin mita da yawa a lokaci ɗaya a inda ake buƙata, yana sakin jigon ruwa mai ƙarfi sosai zuwa cikin ƙasa tare da taimakon murfin gill wanda yake gefen makafin gefen kansa. Yayinda rashi mai kauri da yashi yake sauka, kifin mai kuzari yana da lokacin da zai kama abincinsa ko kuma ya ɓuya daga mai farauta.
Har yaushe rago zai rayu
Matsakaicin rayuwa na yin yawo a karkashin mafi kyawun yanayin waje shine kimanin shekaru talatin. Amma a rayuwa ta ainihi, wakilan da ba su da yawa a cikin dangi na iya rayuwa har zuwa wannan zamanin mai daraja kuma galibi suna mutuwa ne gaba ɗaya a cikin ragar kamun kifi.
Jima'i dimorphism
Mazajen masu jujjuyawar sun bambanta da na mata a cikin ƙaramin girmansu, tazarar tazara tsakanin idanu, haka kuma a cikin hasken farko da ya fara tsinkaye.
Nau'in shimfidar wuri
Sittin da ake da su a halin yanzu sanannu ana haɗuwa da su zuwa cikin manyan zuriya ashirin da uku:
- Prickly plaice (Acanthopsetta), gami da Prickly flounder (Acanthopsetta nadeshnyi) ko arsaruwa mara kyau;
- Arrowtooth halibuts (Atheresthes), gami da Asiya kibiya kibiya (Atheresthes evermanni) da kuma Amurka ta kibiya ta baka (Atheresthes stomias);
- Masu kaifin ruwa masu kaifi (Cleisthenes), gami da masu yawo da Herzenstein (Cleisthenes herzensteini) da Sharp mai shugabantar kai (Cleisthenes pinetorum);
- Warty flounder (Clidoderma), gami da Warty flounder (Clidoderma asperrimum);
- Eopsetta, gami da Eopsetta grigorjewi ko Far Eastern flounder, da Eopsetta jordani ko Californian eopsetta;
- Long flounder (Glyptocephalus), gami da Red flounder (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus), Dogon yankin Gabas mai nisa (Glyptocephalus stelleri), ko kuma ɗan ƙaramin abin hawa na Steller;
- Halibut flounder (Hippoglossoides), da suka hada da Jafananci flounder (Hippoglossoides dubius) ko ruff flounder na Japan, Northern halibut flounder (Hippoglossoides elassodon) da Turai flounder (Hippoglossoides a also platessoides)
- Halibuts (Hippoglossus), ko farin halibuts, gami da Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) da Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis);
- Bicolor flounder (Kareius) da Biline flounder (Lepidopsetta), wanda ya hada da masu ruwan farin-bel (Lepidopsetta mochigarei) da na Arewa (Lepidopsetta polyxystra);
- Limanda, gami da Limanda aspera, Limanda ferruginea da Limanda limanda, Limanda punctatissima, da Limanda sakhalinensis;
- Arctic flounders (Liopsetta), ciki har da Blackhead flounder (Liopsetta putnami);
- Oregon flounder (Lyopsetta);
- Floaramin yawo (Microstomus), gami da Microstomus achne, floaramar flounder (Microstomus kitt), Pacific flounder, da Microstomus shuntovi;
- Kogin ruwa (Platichthys), gami da Stellate flounder (Platichthys stellatus);
- Furewa (Pleuronectes), gami da masu ruwan rawaya (Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus);
- Masu taurin kai (Pleuronichthys), gami da Pleuronichthys coenosus, Kahon flounder (Pleuronichthys cornutus);
- Masu hango masu yawo (Psettichthys);
- Lokacin hunturu (Pseudopleuronectes), gami da masu launin rawaya mai launin rawaya (Pseudopleuronectes herzensteini), Schrenk flounder (Pseudopleuronectes schrenki), da Jafananci masu yawo (Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae).
Hakanan wadanda aka fifita sune Dexistes da na Embassichthys, wadanda Embassichthys bathybius suka wakilta, halittar Hypsopsetta da Isopsetta, Verasper da Tanakius, Psammodiscus, Psamriella ) da kuma Black halibuts (Reinhardtius).
Yana da ban sha'awa! Halibut wakili ne na mafi girman balaguro a cikin girma kuma yana zaune a cikin zurfin Tekun Pacific da Tekun Atlantika, kuma tsawon rayuwar irin wannan kifin mai farautar na iya zama rabin karni.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Platichthys stellatus shine asalin mazaunan arewacin Tekun Fasifik, gami da Jafananci da Bering, Okhotsk da Tekun Chukchi. Sabobin ruwa suna zama cikin lagoons, ƙananan kogi da raƙuman ruwa. Ana samun wakilan jinsin Scophthalmidae a Arewacin Atlantika, haka kuma a cikin ruwan Bahar, Baltic da Bahar Rum. Baya ga yanayin ruwa, yawon shakatawa na wannan nau'in yana jin daɗi a ƙasan Kudancin Kwarin, Dnieper da Dniester.
Inara yawan gishirin ruwan Tekun Azov da kuma zurfin koguna da ke kwarara a ciki ya ba Bahar Maliya damar yawo-kalkan ya bazu a bakin Kogin Don. Wakilan wani nau'in Arctic mai jure yanayin sanyi yana zaune a Tekun Kara, Barents, White, Bering da Okhotsk, kuma suna ko'ina a cikin Yenisei, Ob, Kara da Tugur, inda irin waɗannan kifaye suka fi son ƙasa mai laushi mai laushi.
Mahimmin harajin da ke cikin ruwa yana rayuwa ne a cikin ruwa mai rauni da ƙarfi, yana ba da fifiko ga zurfin tsakanin 30-200 m. Wakilan jinsin sune mahimman abubuwan kamun kifi na kasuwanci, kuma suna zaune cikin ruwan Tekun Atlantika ta Gabas, Bahar Rum da Barents, Fari da Tekun Baltic, da wasu sauran tekuna. Kudancin farin mai dauke da farin ciki yana zaune a yankin gabar teku na Primorye kuma ana samunsa a Tekun Japan, kuma manya daga cikin kananan kabilun arewa sun fi son ruwan Okhotsk, Kamchatka da Bering Seas.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Saboda wadatattun nau'ikan jinsinsu da kuma sassaucin yanayin halittar su, duk kifin kifin mai laushi ya sami nasara sosai a yankunan da ke kusa da gabar tekun Eurasia da kuma cikin ruwan teku.
Yakin raƙuman ruwan raƙuman ruwa ya yadu a halin yanzu a cikin Jafananci, Okhotsk da tekun Bering. Irin waɗannan kifaye suna da yawa a cikin Sakhalin da gabar yamma na Kamchatka, inda suka fi so su zauna a zurfin mita 15-80 kuma su bi ƙasa mai yashi. Halibuts suna rayuwa a cikin Tekun Atlantika, suna zaune a cikin matsanancin ruwa na Arctic da Pacific Ocean, gami da Barents, Bering, Okhotsk da Japan.
Abincin abinci
Dogaro da nau'ikan nau'ikan harajin, kololuwar aikin abinci na iya faruwa a magriba, awannin dare ko lokutan hasken rana.... Abincin fatalwa yana wakiltar abincin asalin dabbobi. Matasan masu yawo suna cin abinci akan benthos, worms, amphipods, da larvae, crustaceans, da ƙwai. Tsoffin masu yawo sun gwammace su ciyar da ophiura da tsutsotsi, da sauran nau'ikan echinoderms, da ƙananan kifi, wasu masu juyawa da ɓawon burodi. Wakilan dangi suna ba da fifiko musamman ga jatan lande ba babba ba.
Dangane da matsayin kai tsaye, masu saurin ɓarna da sauri sun fito daga cikin ƙananan mollusks da suke rayuwa a cikin kaurin teku ko ƙasan kogi. Arfin haƙoran masu yawo suna da girma ƙwarai da gaske cewa irin wannan kifin a sauƙaƙe kuma yana daidaita madaidaiciyar bawoƙuran da ke jikin daskararru, da kuma ƙwanan kadoji. Babban darajar wakilai na iyali shine yawanci aka ƙaddara ta daidaitaccen abinci mai gina jiki tare da abinci mai furotin.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Lokacin ɓata lokaci ga kowane haraji na mutum ne, kuma kai tsaye ya dogara da yankin zama, lokacin farawar lokacin bazara, ƙimar ruwan da ke ɗumi har zuwa alamun da suka fi dacewa. Lokacin kiwo na gama gari ga yawancin jinsuna daga farkon kwanaki goma na farkon Fabrairu zuwa Mayu. Akwai keɓaɓɓu, waɗanda suka haɗa da, misali, turbot ko Big Diamond.
Wakilan wannan jinsin suna zuwa diga a cikin ruwan Tekun Baltic da na Arewacin daga watan Afrilu zuwa Agusta, yayin da masu farautar polar suka fi son a barsu a cikin ruwan kankara da ke Tekun Kara da Barents daga Disamba zuwa Janairu.
Wakilan dangi, a ƙa'ida, sun balaga a shekara ta uku ko bakwai ta rayuwa. Ga mata mafi yawan nau'ikan halittu, yanayin haihuwa mai yawa halaye ne, saboda haka, ɗayan ɗayan zai iya ɗauke da ƙwayoyin ƙwai miliyan 0.5-2. Mafi sau da yawa, lokacin shiryawa ba zai wuce makonni biyu ba. Yankuna masu zurfin zurfin bakin teku tare da ƙasan rairayi an zaɓa su a matsayin wuraren da za a samar da isasshen ruwan sha.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Fulawa mai yawo suna da fasalin jiki na tsaye a tsaye tare da daidaitattun bangarorin biyu, kuma ana amfani da ƙananan benthos da adadi mai yawa na zooplankton a matsayin tushen abinci don soya.
Wasu nau'ikan suna da matukar nasarar iya haihuwa koda a zurfin mita hamsin, wanda hakan yana faruwa ne saboda tsananin dunkulewar kamawar da kuma rashin bukatar hada kwayaye da wani abu mai karfi.
Makiya na halitta
Tsarin ƙasa yana iya canza launin saman jirgin sama da sauri cikin sauƙi da sauƙi, wanda ke taimaka wa irin waɗannan kifayen su ɓoye kansu a ƙarƙashin kowane irin ƙasa kuma ya kare kariya daga mamayewar masu cin abincin ruwa. Koyaya, mafi haɗari ga membobin wannan dangi a cikin yanayin yanayi ana ɗaukarsu da ƙoshin lafiya da halibut, da mutane. Godiya ga dadi kuma mai dadi sosai, lafiyayyen nama mai nama, masunta suna kamawa sosai a kusan dukkan sassan duniya.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Batutuwa game da kamun kifi na wadatar da ake samu kuma mafi karancin nau'in a cikin yanayin kamun kifin na snurrevod wasu lamura ne na matsala mafi girma wacce ta bunkasa a yanayin kamun kifi iri daban-daban, kuma a halin yanzu ba su da ingantaccen bayani. Lokacin gano ainihin abubuwan asali waɗanda sune mahimmancin gaske a cikin samuwar jimillar yawan ɓawo, masu bincike sukan nuna yuwuwar yuwuwar yanayi cikin raguwa da ƙaruwa a cikin jama'a.
Hakanan zai zama mai ban sha'awa:
- Kifin kifi
- Kifin Mackerel
- Sterlet kifi
- Kifin Pollock
Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, wasu al'ummomin da ke kwararowa koyaushe ayyukan mutane ke shafar su ko kuma suna fuskantar matsin lamba na kamun kifi koyaushe. Misali, jinsunan Arnoglos Rum, ko Kessler masu yawo, a halin yanzu suna fuskantar barazanar bacewa baki daya, kuma yawan mutanen da ke irin wannan kifin mai farauta ba shi da yawa.
Darajar kasuwanci
Faren ƙasa kifi ne mai daraja na kasuwanci, wanda aka kama galibi a cikin Tekun Blackan Baƙi da Baltic. An kama Flounder-kalkan da turbot a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum ta hanyar kama kifi da aka saba. Fresh kifi yana da ɗan koren launi kaɗan da fari nama. Kusan dukkanin jita-jita suna jikin jikin mutum sosai, suna taimakawa hanzarta aiwatar da rayuwa kuma ana amfani dasu da abinci mai gina jiki.
