Owls wakilai ne masu cin nama na ajin Tsuntsaye, na tsarin Owls (Latin Strigiformes, ko Striges). Wannan tsari yana da wakiltar sama da ɗari biyu manya da matsakaitan nau'in tsuntsaye, waɗanda galibi babu dare babu rana, kuma galibi suna da yawa a kusan duk kusurwar duniya.
Bayanin mujiya
Dangane da sifofin jikinsu, duk wakilan mujiya suna da manyan bambance-bambance daga masu farauta masu fuka-fuka da rana, saboda abin da suke cikin tsari mai zaman kansa.
Mafi mahimman fasali na kwarangwal na mujiya:
- kasancewar halaye na halaye akan manyan kasusuwa;
- kasancewar wani mahaɗar sau uku na kwanyar kansa tare da ƙananan muƙamuƙi;
- kasancewar gajere mai tsayi na yatsa na uku;
- kasancewar motsin motsi na yatsun waje, wadanda suke iya lankwasawa baya;
- kasantuwa a cikin wani muhimmin bangare na nau'ikan sanannen sanannen hali wanda yake gefen gefen gefen sternum.
Owl kai na iya juyawa 270 °... An bayyana wannan fasalin ta hanyar kasancewar wasu jijiyoyi na musamman na jijiyoyin carotid a matakin ƙananan kashin muƙamuƙi, wanda ke haifar da ƙirƙirar samar da jini kuma yana ƙaruwa da ƙaramin ƙananan jijiyoyin jini waɗanda suke reshe daga manyan jijiyoyin. Hadin jijiyoyin jijiyoyin carotid suna da gadoji da baƙi, don haka hana matsi da yawa na tasoshin.
Bayyanar
An samar da haske mai haske a cikin layuka biyar na gashin tsuntsu masu kauri da sako-sako, wanda ake kira diskin fuska a cikin mujiya. Fuka-fukan saman tsuntsayen suna da zagaye da lankwasa zuwa ga jiki. Fringing ko sawtooth serration na ƙananan webs a kan farko gashin farko uku ne galibi lura, saboda abin da mujiya tashi kusan shiru. Fushin gashinsa na uku da na huɗu ana bayyana shi da tsawon faɗi. Fuka-fukan wutsiyoyi a kan yanka ko waɗanda aka zagaye da alama, galibi gajeren wutsiya kuma ana rarrabe su ta karkatarwa zuwa ƙasan. Legsafafu suna dafe kusan zuwa tushe.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Wani muhimmin bangare na jinsin na wakilan umarni Owls yana da launi mai laushi mai laushi, mai launin toka-toka tare da launuka masu duhu ko duhu, ratsi-ratsi da zane-zane, wanda ke sanya duwawun mujiya cikin jituwa da yanayin kewaye, musamman bayan magariba.
Hakanan ana rarrabe ƙafafun farce da na dogon mujiya da ƙarfi ta hanyar lanƙwasa, kuma bakin irin wannan ɓarnar mai farauta yana lankwasawa, yana farawa tun daga tushe, kuma ba shi da wata sanarwa a gefen gefuna. Ya ƙare tare da taƙaitaccen ƙugiya, ta hanyar da mujiya ke iya samar da ƙirar halayyar kirki. Gajeren ɗan waken an rufe shi da gashin fuka-fuki. Idanun mujiya na kowane nau'in suna da girma, suna kallon gaba, wanda aka bayyana ta wurin da kwandon ido yake a gaban kokon kai, kuma irin wannan mai farauta mai fuka-fukai yana ganin duniyar da ke kewaye da shi kaɗai cikin fari da fari.
Akasin ra'ayin da ya yadu amma ba daidai ba, mujiya na iya gani sosai a lokutan hasken rana, saboda idanun irin wannan tsuntsun ba shi da wata kulawa ta musamman ga hasken rana. Dalibin mujiya ya bambanta ta hanyar takaitaccen fadadawa da fadadawa, ba wai kawai a cikin yanayin canje-canje a matakin haske ba, har ma a lokacin shakar iska ko fitarda iska.... Jin mujiya na da siriri sosai, ya fi na kowane wakilin dangin Feline haske. Babban kunnen da ke waje yana yawan rufewa da fata da fata.
Hali da salon rayuwa
A halin yanzu babu wata amsa maras tabbas game da tambayar ko mujiya tsuntsu ne na ƙaura, amma galibi masu fuka-fukai masu cin gashin kansu na mujiya sun fi son salon zama, kuma sun fi so su zauna biyu kacal. Babban, mafi girman aikin mujiya yakan faru da daddare, don haka da rana irin waɗannan tsuntsayen suna zama a cikin gidajensu ko akan rassan bishiyoyi.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A zamanin da, ana jin tsoron mujiya sosai kuma yawanci ganawa da su alama ce mara kyau sosai, wanda ke da alaƙa da al'amuran sihiri marasa kyau, kuma wannan dalilin ne ya sa aka tsananta irin waɗannan tsuntsayen kusan ko'ina.
Banda shine mujiya masu dusar ƙanƙara, waɗanda suke iya nuna kusan ayyukan-agogo a cikin kwanakin polar. Maza da mata na mujiya sun haɗu biyu-biyu kuma suna tafiyar da rayuwarsu gaba ɗaya a cikin irin wannan auren, amma lokacin bayyananniyar zawarci ko wasannin mathe, wanda ke tattare da jinsunan tsuntsaye da yawa, kusan babu su gaba ɗaya a cikin masu farauta.
Mujiya nawa ke rayuwa
Matsakaicin rayuwar mujiya na iya bambanta daga shekaru biyar zuwa goma sha biyar kuma, kamar yadda lura ya nuna, kai tsaye ya dogara da yanayin rayuwa, halaye na jinsin da girman tsuntsu. Owls suna cikin masu riƙe rikodin don tsawon rai. An yi rikodin rikodin duniya a cikin Sweden, inda tsawon rayuwar ɗayan mujiya ya kai shekaru 24 da watanni tara.
Nau'o'in mujiya
Theungiyar ta haɗa da wasu iyalai, waɗanda owls, ko mujiya na ainihi suka wakilta, da kuma mujiya.
Mujiya owls na gaskiya (Striginae) ya haɗa da
- jinsi Kyauta (.Tus) - wadannan nau'ikan dozin ne guda biyar, wakilansu an rarrabe su ta fuskar diski ba cikakke ba, haka nan kuma manyan '' kunun gashin '', yatsunsu tsirara ko kuma da tsananin damuwa. Tsuntsaye suna da halaye masu launin ja, launin ruwan kasa ko launin toka mai launin furanni;
- jinsi MEGASCORS - wadannan nau'ikan tsuntsaye ne masu cin nama ashirin da biyar;
- jinsi Mujiya (Striх) - wannan jinsin ne guda ashirin da daya, wakilansu suna da tsayin jiki a tsakanin 30-70 cm.Wannan kwayar halittar bata da kunnuwa masu gashin tsuntsu, kuma faifan fuska suna dauke da kyakkyawar magana. Lumbin ya zama sako-sako, launin toka ko ja a launi tare da kasancewar launuka masu ruwan kasa;
- jinsi Mujiya Mikiya (Wubo) - wadannan nau'ikan goma sha tara ne, wakilai daga cikinsu tsuntsaye ne masu dare tare da launuka masu launin ja-ja-ja mai launuka sanannu. Gashin gashin "kunnuwa" suna gefen gefen kai. Matsakaicin tsayin jiki ya bambanta tsakanin 36-75 cm;
- jinsi Owur Neotropical (Satulsatrix) - wadannan nau'ikan tsuntsaye ne masu farauta;
- jinsi Mujiya kifi (Scotorelia) - wadannan nau'ikan tsuntsaye ne masu farauta;
- jinsi Mujiya kifi (Ketura) - wadannan nau'ikan jinsuna ne guda uku, wadanda yakamata a hada su a cikin jinsin Wubo mai yawa;
- jinsi Farar fatar da aka diba (Tsakar gida) - nau'ikan jinsuna, wakilansu wani lokacin suna cikin jinsin Otus;
- jinsi Duban Cuban (Gargаrobyаs) - wani jinsin jinsin da ya kebanta halittar Margarabyas kuma ya zama sanadin Cuba;
- jinsi Yammacin Amurka diba (Psilosсors) - nau'in jinsin tsuntsaye guda daya;
- jinsi Mujiya (Lorhostrich) Wani nau'in halitta ne wanda yake zaune a yankunan dajin kudu da tsakiyar Amurka;
- jinsi Mujiya Na Afirka (Jubula) Wani nau'in jinsin ne wanda yake kirkirar halittar Jubula mai kama da juna kuma tana da matukar damuwa ga Afirka.
Fsiоninae na ƙaramar hukuma ya haɗa da
- jinsi Mujiya kunnuwa (Asio) - nau'i shida, wakilai daga cikinsu suna da fuskar fuska mai kyau, kazalika da iris mai launin rawaya ko lemu. Fukafukan suna da tsayi kuma kunkuntar, tare da apices a cikin nau'i na gashin tsuntsu na biyu da na uku. An rarrabe da jinsin ta manyan ramuka na kunnuwa waɗanda aka lulluɓe da ninkin fata na asymmetrical. Legsafafun tsuntsu suna abin hawa har zuwa ɓangaren ƙusa;
- jinsi Jamaica diba, ko Mujiya (.Sеudоsсорs) - nau'ikan da suka kai tsayin 28-35 cm kuma suna da jajajayen launuka da launin toka mai ruwan toka;
- jinsi Suleman ya ji kunci (Nesаsio) Wani jinsi ne da ke samar da wata irin halitta, wacce a da ta kasance daga jinsunan mujiya masu dogon kunne.
Nian gidan surniinae ya haɗa da
- jinsi Owls-kafa-kafa (Ninoh) - Nau'uka talatin da uku, wakilansu suna da gashin tsuntsaye masu kama da kanwa wadanda suke yin murfin yatsun. Tsawon tsuntsun ya bambanta daga 20 cm zuwa rabin mita. Edgeananan gefen baki yana bambanta da haƙori na musamman;
- jinsi Mujiya gwarare (Glаucidium) - nau'ikan dozin guda uku, wakilai daga cikinsu suna da girman jiki, gajerun fikafukai da doguwar jela. Halin diski na fuska yana tattare da rauni mai rauni, "kunnuwa" ba sa nan, idanu kanana ne;
- jinsi Owls (Аеgоlius) - nau'ikan guda biyar, wakilansu suna kama da na mujiya, amma suna da yatsu masu yalwatattun fuka-fukai, gajeriyar tarsus, lallen da ba shi da kyau, babban mutum da kuma fasalin fuska mai kyau;
- jinsi Mujiya (Еaya) - nau'ikan guda uku, wakilai daga cikinsu mazauna mafi kyaun shimfidar wurare ne, garuruwa, karkara, yankuna masu tudu, hamadar hamada da hamada, da kuma kowane yanki mai duwatsu;
- jinsi Mujiya (Heteroglaux) Wani nau'in ne wanda aka wakilta wakilansa da ƙananan ƙanana da doguwar jiki tsakanin rubu'in mita. Yankin fikafikan an rufe shi da ratsi mai fari. Babban bambance-bambancen jinsin suna wakiltar da yatsun ƙafa masu ƙarfi sosai waɗanda aka lulluɓe da farin abin hawa. Jima'i dimorphism mai sauki ne;
- jinsi Hawk Mujiya (SurniА) Jinsi ne wanda wakilansa suke da matsakaiciyar girma da doguwar wutsiya, kuma suma sun sha bamban a idanu da kuma launin rawaya mai rawaya idan babu halayen "kunnuwa". Matsakaicin tsuntsu shine 35-43 cm tare da fuka-fuki na 60-80 cm;
- jinsi Ell mujiya (Miсrathеne) - jinsin da aka bayyana wakilansa a shekarar 1861, kuma sun sha bamban a tsayin jiki tsakanin 12-14 cm, mai nauyin kusan gram 45. Saukowar jiki a cikin shugabanci na tsaye, tare da ɗan girma kaɗan da rashi "kunnuwa";
- jinsi Andean kunar bakin ciki (Xenoglaux) - jinsin da bai dace ba, wanda wakilansa ke siffanta shi da tsarin halittar kwaya daya;
- jinsi Mujiya Papuan (Urоglаux) Jinsi ne wanda wakilansa suke da halittar jini kuma sun banbanta a matsakaiciyar girma mai tsawon jiki daga 30-33 cm, karamin kai, da doguwar wutsiya. Fuka-fukan sun ragu, zagaye. Fuskar fuska fari ce, amma yara sun fi launi launi fiye da tsuntsayen da suka manyanta.
Don haka, manyan fan gida-gida uku ne kawai, waɗanda suka haɗu da dozin uku, yawanci ana danganta su ne ga dangin Alade.
Yanki, rarraba
Nau'ikan karbar abincin sun bazu ko'ina cikin Turai da Asiya, har ma da Afirka da Amurka.... Wakilan jinsi na Splyushka sun yadu musamman a Turai. A cikin ƙasarmu, ban da ƙirar mujiya, a cikin Gabas ta Tsakiya, kwari na gabas da na kwalliya suma galibi ne, kuma a Asiya ta Tsakiya da kan yankin Kazakhstan, zaku iya lura da hamada.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Mujiya na gwarare wakilai ne na halittu daban-daban, ciki har da taiga, da hamada da yankuna dazuzzuka na wurare masu zafi, saboda haka, irin waɗannan mutane suna zaune kusan duk nahiyoyin duniya, ban da Australia.
Wakilan jinsin Megassor mazauna Arewacin, Kudanci da Amurka ta Tsakiya ne, kuma Toughs sun bazu a Turai, Arewacin Afirka, da Asiya da Amurka. Owls na Neotropical suna zaune a dazukan Kudancin Amurka da Amurka ta Tsakiya, yayin da Owls na Kifi ke rayuwa musamman a Asiya. Yawancin dangin farin da ke fuskantar fari sun yadu sosai a yau mazaunan Afirka, kuma Pseudoscors baƙi ne na musamman a tsibirin Jamaica.
Owl rage cin abinci
Mujiya tana zaune kusan duk duniya, saboda haka abincin irin waɗannan tsuntsaye masu farauta yawanci asalinsu na dabbobi ne, amma an banbanta su da manyan nau'ikan halittu. Mujiya na Mikiya, a matsayin babbar wakiliyar mujiya, suna ciyar da abinci ne kawai na jini mai dumi, kuma mutane da yawa da suke da ƙafafun allura sun fi son cin kwari.
Mujiya na iya yin watanni da yawa ba tare da ruwa ba, kuma isasshen matakin ruwa a jikin tsuntsun abin farauta ana samun sa da jinin sabo na abin farautar da yake ci. Owls suna farauta kuma, bisa ga haka, suna ciyarwa, galibi a cikin duhu.
Ganimar manyan wakilai na tsari Owls na iya wakiltar ta ba manyan dawakai, lemmings da beraye ba, har ma kusan kowane tsuntsu. Misali, mujiya masu dusar kankara da galibinsu ke farautar jinsunan beraye, hares kuma ba manya-manyan lalatattu ba, kuma mujiya na gida suna aiki sosai wajen cin nau'ikan kwari iri daban-daban, gami da kwayoyi.
Mahimmanci! Ya kamata a tuna cewa mujiya ba ta taɓa cin abinci a kan gawa ba, kuma don lokacin hunturu kayan abinci ta irin waɗannan fuka-fukan masu fuka-fuka ana yin su kai tsaye a cikin gidajen.
Owananan ƙwayoyin mujiya suna cin abinci ne kawai a kan kwari, kuma abincin mujiya yana da banbanci mai ban mamaki. Owls na Barn, tare da mujiya, sun gwammace su zauna kusa da mazaunin ɗan adam inda suke kashe adadi mai yawa na ɓarna.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Mujiya na nau'ikan daban-daban na iya hayayyafa ko sau daya ko sau da yawa a cikin shekara guda, kuma yawan zuriya na dogaro ne kai tsaye kan adadin abinci a mazaunan tsuntsayen dabbobi. Clutaya daga cikin ƙira za a iya wakilta ta ƙwai da yawa, amma galibi lambobin su kan bambanta tsakanin kewayon ƙwai 3-10. Mujiya ƙwai yawanci halaye ne masu launin fari fari, mai siffar zobe da ƙananan ƙananan girma.
Idan babu wadataccen abinci, tsofaffin mujiya na iya cin eatan ƙarami ko raunana a cikin gida. A ka’ida, mata ne ke daukar kwayayen, kuma maza suna da hannu kai tsaye wajen ciyar da ‘ya’yansu.
Mafi yawan lokuta, kajin na shekaru daban-daban suna jituwa da juna a cikin mujiya guda. Iyaye suna ciyar da dukkan zuriyar da aka haifa, amma wani ɓangare mai mahimmanci na lokaci da ƙoƙari an ba da shi ne ga tsofaffin mujiya.
Makiya na halitta
Babban abin da ke haifar da mutuwar mujiya shine rashin abinci mai gina jiki. A wasu shekaru, idan adadin beraye da sauran dabbobin da mujiya ke farauta basu da muhimmanci, kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na samari suna mutuwa. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, nau'ikan mujiya daban-daban galibi ana fuskantar su da hare-haren wuce gona da iri ta irin manyan tsuntsayen kamar shaho, mikiya da gaggafa zinariya.
Mahimmanci! Gidaran Arctic sun lalata gidajen mujiya na dusar ƙanƙara, waɗanda ke cin kajin da ƙwai, kuma skuas tare da baki mai ƙarfi da ƙwararrun ƙusoshin ƙira suna da haɗari na musamman ga zuriyar wannan nau'in.
Babban abokan gabar kajin mujiya da suka fado ko suka tashi daga gida ba tare da lokaci ba sune dabbobi masu cin nama, gami da rakora, ferrets da foxes. Amma babban makiyin mujiya a halin yanzu shine mutumin da yake da mummunar illa ga mazaunin tsuntsun ta hanyar sare bishiyoyi. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, mujiya yawanci batun batun farautar ɗan adam ne mara izini.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Duk da cewa yawancin mujiya na kawo fa'idodi ga mutane da lalata kwari da yawa masu cutarwa, gami da beraye, wasu membobin wannan dangi sun zama ba kasafai ake samunsu ba, wanda hakan ke haifar da taƙaitaccen yankin rarrabawa da kuma kaurarsu daga babban, wuraren zama na halitta. Zuwa yau, mujiya mai dusar ƙanƙara, da wasu nau'in, an sanya su cikin Littafin Ja da Shafi na II na CITES Convention.
Tattalin arziki
Owls a cikin yanayin yanayi shine kawai mahimmancin gaske. Irin waɗannan masu farautar fuka-fukan suna ba da izinin iyakance yawan adadin beraye, kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga hallaka marasa lafiya ko tsuntsayen da ba su da ƙarfi, wanda ke da tasiri mai kyau a kan alamun gabaɗaya na ɗakunan jigilar halittu.
Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, irin wadannan tsuntsayen suna rarraba kowane irin 'ya'yan itace da kayan shuka iri daban-daban, suna ciyar da tsugunar da su. An rarraba jigon wakilan kowane nau'ikan mujiya kamar masu takin gargajiya masu mahimmanci.Mujiya tsuntsu kyakkyawa ne mai girman kai da alfahari, kuma yawancin dangi suna da hanyoyi don sauƙaƙe da sauri don zama tare da mutane, don haka sun cancanci kasancewa cikin rukunin buƙatun da shahararru, dabbobin gida.
