Babban wakili na wasan fuka-fukai masu fuka-fukai, kayan kwalliyar itace, an daɗe ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin babban ganimar mafarauta. Gaskiya ne, ba abu ne mai wahala a harbi tsuntsu na yanzu ba - cikin tsananin so, ya rasa duk faɗakarwa.
Bayanin kwandon itace
Tetrao Linnaeus shine sunan tsuntsun halittar jinsin da aka sanya a matsayin bishiyar bishiyar bishiya... Na dangin pheasants ne da kuma umarnin kaji, raba, bi da bi, zuwa nau'ikan 2 da ke da alaƙa da juna, wanda ya ƙunshi iri 16.
Bayyanar
Wannan shine ɗayan manyan tsuntsayen kaza kuma mafi girman gaba ɗaya (a kan asalin baƙar fata, kayan alatu, katako da kuma bishiyar) tsuntsayen wasan daji. Maza maza na babban katako suna girma zuwa 0.6-1.15 m tare da nauyin 2.7 zuwa 7 kilogiram (fikafikan 0.9-1.25 m), mata galibi suna ƙasa da ƙanana - sama da rabin mita mai nauyin 1, 7-2.3 kilogiram
Namiji yana da lanƙwasa mai ƙarfi (kamar tsuntsu mai farauta) bakin haske da doguwar jela mai zagaye. Mace (kopalukha) tana da ƙaramin baki mai duhu, wutsiya tana zagaye kuma ba ta da daraja. Gemu (dogon abin da ke karkashin gemu) a cikin maza kawai yake girma.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Tun daga nesa, capercaillie din kamar alama ce, amma rufe shi "ya watse" zuwa launuka masu hade: baki (kai da wutsiya), launin toka mai duhu (jiki), launin ruwan kasa (fuka-fuki), duhu mai haske (kirji) da ja mai haske (gira).
Ciki da bangarorin galibi duhu ne, amma wasu tsuntsaye suna da fararen launuka a gefen. Peasashe T. u. uralensis, wanda ke zaune a Kudancin Urals da Yammacin Siberia, ana rarrabe shi da farin gefe / ciki tare da duhu mai duhu. Farin yatsu suna gudana tare da murfin saman wutsiya, ana lura da farin farin a ƙasan reshen, kuma ana samun fararen farin a cikin gashin jelar. Kari akan haka, ana amfani da tsarin marmara mai launin fari a tsakiyar gashin gashin jela.
Harshen katako yana da alaƙa da plumage mai banƙyama tare da raƙuman raƙuman ruwa masu yawa (ocher da fari) da kuma jan bib, wanda babu shi ga wasu mutane. Dutsen capercaillie ya fi na da girma kuma bai girma fiye da 0.7 m tare da nauyin kilogiram 3.5-4. Babu takamaiman ƙugiya a kan bakinta, kuma wutsiyar ta ɗan fi tsayi. Namiji ya mamaye launuka masu baƙar fata tare da haɗa farin ɗigo a kan jela / fuka-fuki, mace mai launin rawaya-ja ce, wacce ke da launuka masu launin ruwan kasa da baki.
Hali da salon rayuwa
Capercaillie tsuntsu ne mai nutsuwa wanda ke haifar da ƙaurawar yanayi. Yana tashi da karfi, don haka ya guji jirage masu nisa, yana motsawa daga tsaunuka zuwa ƙasan ƙasa da baya.
Yana ciyarwa kuma yana kwana cikin bishiyoyi, yana sauka zuwa ƙasa da rana. A lokacin rani yana ƙoƙari ya kasance kusa da filayen bishiyar, magudanan ruwa da kuma wuraren tururuwa. Kusa da jikin ruwa, capercaillie yana ajiyewa akan ƙananan duwatsu, wanda ke taimakawa wajen niƙa abinci mara kyau (buds, ganye da harbe).
A lokacin hunturu, yakan kwana a cikin dusar ƙanƙara, yana zuwa can daga lokacin rani ko daga itace: ya ɗan ci gaba a cikin dusar ƙanƙara, capercaillie yana ɓoyewa sai ya yi bacci. A cikin tsananin sanyi da ƙanƙara yana zaune a cikin dusar ƙanƙara (inda ya fi ɗumi digiri 10 kuma babu iska) na kwanaki. Buyayyar wuri sau da yawa yakan rikide ya zama crypt. Wannan na faruwa ne yayin da aka maye gurbin narkewar sanyi kuma dusar kankara ta daskare a cikin kankara (ɓawon burodi), wanda a ƙarƙashinsa tsuntsayen galibi basa tserewa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Groaƙƙarfan katako ba shi da shiru, kuma yana nuna iya magana takamaiman ta halin yanzu. Wani ɗan gajeren serenade na yanzu yana ɗaukar secondsan seconds, amma a fili ya kasu kashi biyu.
Mawaƙin yana farawa da bushewa sau biyu, ya rabu da ƙananan tazara, wanda da sauri ya zama babban abu mai faɗi. Dannawa, sauti kamar "tk ... tk ... tk - tk - tk-tk-tk-tk-tk-tktktktktktktk", ba tare da tsayawa ya kwarara zuwa kashi na biyu ba (sakan 3-4), wanda ake kira "juya", "nika" ko "karkatarwa" ".
Lokaci ne na "juyawa" cewa capercaillie ya daina amsawa ga motsawar waje, yana juya zuwa manufa mai sauƙi. A kowane lokaci, tsuntsun yana ji / yana gani daidai kuma yana yin hankali sosai. Lura da kare, katako yana kirari da “rashin ji daɗi, yana tserewa daga mutum a nitse, amma yana yin wani amo daban da fukafukinsa.
An gano cewa yawan bugawar da suke yi ya zarta karfin numfashin tsuntsu, ma'ana, dole ne kawai ya shanye daga rashin isashshen oxygen... Amma wannan baya faruwa saboda tsarin numfashi mai ƙarfi, wanda ya ƙunshi huhu da jakar iska guda 5. Nuance mai mahimmanci - yawancin iska suna ba da sanyaya a cikin jirgin, kuma ana amfani da ƙasa don numfashi.
Yaya yawancin katakon katako ke rayuwa
Matsakaicin rayuwa bai wuce shekaru 12 ba, amma akwai bayani game da maza waɗanda suka sadu da ranar haihuwar su 13. A cikin bauta, wasu samfuran sun rayu zuwa shekaru 18 ko fiye.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Gurasar itace ba su mamaye bishiyar da aka kashe dan uwansu a kanta ba. Babu wani bayani mai ma'ana da aka samo don wannan. Masana ilimin halitta sun lura cewa girkin katako ya kasance ba canzawa tsawon ƙarnuka, da kuma bishiyoyi na '' sirri '', waɗanda aka sanya wa tsuntsayen kowane ɗayan.
Baƙon abu ne cewa ba shaidun mutuwarta kaɗai ba, har ma da samari maza, waɗanda a kowace shekara suke cika halin yanzu, ba sa yin kama da bishiyar harbin capercaillie. Itace mai mutuwa har yanzu ta kasance kyauta tsawon shekaru 5 ko ma shekaru 10.
Wood grouse nau'in
Halin halittar Tetrao Linnaeus (bisa ga farkon rarrabuwa) ya haɗa da nau'in 12. Yawancin lokaci, an fara rarraba kayan itace zuwa nau'ikan 2 kawai:
- Tetrao urogallus - girkin katako na kowa;
- Tetrao parvirostris - dutse katako.
Bayan sun zauna a kusurwa daban-daban, tsuntsayen sun sami halayen su na murya.... Misali, kayan kwalliyar katako daga Yammacin Turai suna kwaikwayon audugar abin toshe kwalaba da ke tashi daga cikin kwalba. Ana fitar da wannan sautin ta hanyar ɗakunan katako waɗanda ke zaune a cikin yankin Baltics. Masana kimiyyar halittu suna kiran "waƙar" katako ta Kudu Ural na gargajiya na gargajiya.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Cibiyar Zoological Institute ta Rasha ta gamsu cewa katakon katako yana gida ne ga taiga na Kudancin Urals (Beloretsky, Zilairsky, Uchalinsky da Burzyansky yankuna). Duk da mummunan lalacewar dabbobi, har yanzu yawan kayan itace yana da fadi kuma ya mamaye arewacin yankin Turai, da kuma Tsakiyar / Yammacin Asiya.
Ana samun tsuntsayen a kasashen Finland, Sweden, Scotland, Jamus, Kola Peninsula, Karelia, Northern Portugal, Spain, Bulgaria, Estonia, Belarus da kuma kudu maso yammacin Ukraine. Babban katakon katako yana zaune a arewacin ɓangaren Turai na Rasha, yana yaɗuwa zuwa Yammacin Siberia (ya haɗa da shi). Nau'in na biyu kuma yana zaune a Siberia, dutsen capercaillie, wanda zangonsa yayi daidai da shiyyoyin larch taiga.
Dukkanin nau'ikan kayan kwalliyar bishiyar sun fi son manyan bishiyoyi masu hade-tsire / haɗe-haɗen daji (waɗanda ba sa yawan yanke hukunci), suna guje wa gandun daji na samari tare da ƙaramin yanki. Daga cikin wuraren da aka fi so akwai gulbin ganshin gandun daji, inda yawancin 'ya'yan itace ke girma.
Kayan cin abinci na katako
Mafi mahimmancin menu na capercaillie shine lokacin sanyi. A cikin sanyi mai daci, ya wadatu da pine da allurar itacen al'ul, yana fita neman abinci sau ɗaya a rana (galibi da tsakar rana). A rashi / rashi na pines da itacen al'ul, tsuntsaye suna canzawa zuwa allurar fir, itaciya, harbe da kuma bishiyar bishiyar bishiyar. Tare da farkon ɗumi, ɗakunan katako suna komawa zuwa abincin bazara, wanda ya haɗa da:
- blueberry mai tushe;
- overwintered da kuma ripening berries;
- tsaba da furanni;
- ciyawa da ganye;
- bishiyoyin bishiyoyi da harbe-harbe;
- invertebrates, ciki har da kwari.
A tsakiyar watan Satumba, tsuntsaye suna tashi zuwa yashi da launin ruwan goro, allurar da capercaillie ke son ciyarwa a lokacin kaka.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Capercaillie na yanzu yana faɗuwa ne a watan Maris - Afrilu... Maza suna tashi zuwa kusa da magariba, suna washe fikafikansu da gangan yayin gabatowa. Yawancin lokaci daga "masu neman" 2 zuwa 10 "masu neman aure" suna taruwa a wuri ɗaya, amma a cikin zurfin akwai zurfin yanzu (1-1.5 km2), inda yawancin masu nema ke raira waƙa.
Koyaya, suna girmama sararin mallakar wani, suna nesa da maƙwabtansu fiye da m 150-500 kuma suna fara yankan har wayewar gari. Tare da hasken farko, mawaƙa sun sauko ƙasa suna ci gaba da waƙa, wani lokaci suna katsewa don yin hoto da tsalle tare da fuka fuka-fukan da amo. Ya faru cewa katako na katako suna haduwa yayin juyawa sannan su fara faɗa, suna manne a wuyansu da bakunansu kuma suna taɓa juna da fikafikansu.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A tsakiyar lokacin saduwa, gurnani na katako sun isa na yanzu, sun shagaltu da ginin gidajan gida (a cikin ciyawa, a ƙarƙashin daji, har ma a sarari). Kopalukha ya ba da rahoton shirye-shiryensa na saduwa tare da taimakon masu tsuguno, suna yin hakan har sai namiji ya ƙasƙantar da kansa ga yin kwazo. Tsarin katako yana da aure fiye da daya kuma da safe yana iya yin aure tare da wasu katako uku na katako.
Curling ya kare da zaran sabon ganye ya bayyana. Mace tana zaune akan ƙwai (daga 4 zuwa 14), tana shafe su tsawon wata ɗaya. Kajin suna da 'yanci sosai kuma daga ranar farko sun ciyar da kansu, da farko suna cin kwari, kuma kadan daga baya' ya'yan itace da sauran ciyayi. Yayin da suke da kwana 8, suna iya tashi sama akan rassan da basu fi mita 1 ba, kuma wata ɗaya suna iya tashi. Maza masu tasowa sun fara yin aure daga shekara 2. Mata na fara haihuwa tun daga shekara 3, kamar yadda ƙananan mutane ba su da fa'ida - sun rasa ƙwai ko barin nest.
Makiya na halitta
Gidajen katako suna da isassun makiya a tsakanin tsuntsaye da masu farautar ƙasa waɗanda ke barazanar ba manya da yawa kamar 'ya'yansu ba. An san cewa sparrowhawk yana son yin biki a kan kajin, sauran dabbobin masu cin nama suna lalata gidajen capercaillie da sha'awa.
Abokan gaba na katako suna:
- fox da badger;
- kare raccoon;
- weasel da marten;
- bushiya da bushewa;
- hankaka da hankaka;
- goshawk da peregrine falcon;
- farin mujiya da na mikiya.
Inara yawan jama'a na kowane nau'i na masu farauta babu makawa yana haifar da raguwar adadin katako. Don haka ya kasance lokacin da dawakai suka yi kiwo a cikin dazuzzuka. An lura da irin wannan yanayin tare da karuwar adadin karnukan raccoon.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Masu ra'ayin kiyayewa na Turai sunyi imanin cewa a halin yanzu kusan adadin capercaillie ya banbanta tsakanin zangon dubu 209-296.
Mahimmanci! Tsuntsayen suna cikin Shafi na 1 na Dokar Tarayyar Turai game da kiyaye tsuntsayen daji, inda ake samun nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke da rauni, masu alamar "mai hatsari". Hakanan ana ba da kariya ta katako ta Shafi II na Yarjejeniyar Berne.
Halin da ke tattare da hadari game da ci gaba da raguwar adadin katakon gidan katako ya bayyana ta wasu dalilai da dama:
- farautar kasuwanci;
- karuwa a yawan namun daji;
- sare dazuzzuka (musamman a hanyoyin ruwa da tashoshin ruwa);
- magudanan magudanan ruwa;
- mace-macen yara saboda kuskuren masu tsinkewar naman kaza / 'ya'yan itace.
Har ila yau, an haɗa katako a cikin matsayin nau'in haɗari mai haɗari a cikin Littattafan Bayanai na Red na Tarayyar Rasha, Belarus da Ukraine... Masana ilimin kimiyyar halittu na Belarus suna ba da shawarar wasu matakan don adana yawan mutanen da ke cikin capercaillie a cikin sararin Soviet bayan-Soviet. A ra'ayin Belarusians, ya kamata a mayar da manyan shafuka na yanzu zuwa kananan-ajiya tare da hana sarewa, da kuma farautar katako daga makamai masu bindiga.
