Zebra (lat. Zuwa ga Nirrotigris jakakan Burchell na (Еquus quаggа), Grevy's zebras (Еquus grеvyi) da jakunan dutsen (Еquus zеbrа).
Bayanin alfadari
A cewar masana kimiyya, kimanin shekaru miliyan 4.5 da suka gabata, an kirkiro layin Equus, wanda ya zama zuriya ga irin dabbobin zamani kamar dawakai, jakunan dawa da jakuna. Ana rarrabe jakankuna na manya ta wurin alherinsu na musamman da kuma sihiri mai sihiri.
Bayyanar, launi
Zebras suna cikin dabbobin da ke da matsakaiciyar jiki mai tsayin mita biyu... Matsakaicin nauyin babban zebra ya kai kimanin 310-350 kg. Wutsiyar tana da tsaka-tsaka matsakaiciya, a tsakanin cm 48-52. Alfadakan maza sun fi mata girma, saboda haka tsayin irin wannan dabba a bushe yakan zama mita ɗaya da rabi. Dabbar da ba ta da ƙafafu tana da nauyin jiki mai kyau, gami da gaɓoɓin gaɓoɓi, waɗanda ke ƙare da kofato masu ƙarfi. Mazaje suna da hazo na musamman waɗanda ke taimaka wa dabba a cikin yaƙin don amincin garken duka.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Wakilan dangin Equidae suna da gajere mai ƙarfi. Layin layi na tsakiya yana da alama ta hanyar wucewa a cikin yankin na baya tare da "burushi" yana gudana daga kai zuwa wutsiya.
Wuyan jakin dawa yana da tsoka, amma yana da kauri ga maza. Dabbar dawa mai girma ba ta da sauri sosai idan aka kwatanta ta da dawakai, amma idan ana so, irin wannan dabbar za ta iya zuwa saurin kilomita 70-80 a kowace awa. Zebras suna gudu daga masu bin su a cikin zigzag na musamman, saboda haka irin wannan artiodactyls kusan ba za a iya riskar su ga yawancin dabbobi masu farauta ba.
An rarrabe Zebras da gani mai rauni sosai, amma kyakkyawan ci gaban kamshi, wanda ke basu damar jin haxarin hadari koda da tazara mai yawa, tare da gargadin garken kan lokaci game da barazanar. Sautunan da artiodactyls ke yi na iya zama daban-daban: kwatankwacin haushin kare, abin da ke tuna makwancin doki ko kukan jaki.
Raunuka akan fatar dabbar a wuyansa da kai an tsarata a tsaye, kuma an yiwa jikin zebra ado da ratsi a wani kwana. A ƙafafun artiodactyl, akwai ratsi masu kwance. Dangane da juyin halitta, raunin da ke jikin alfadarin zebra wataƙila wata hanya ce ta kame dabbar da kyau daga kudajen tsetse da na doki. Dangane da wani, ba ƙaramin zato ba ne, ratsi raɗaɗi ne mai kyau daga dabbobi masu farauta da yawa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Raƙunan alfadarin alfadari yana da kwatankwacin abin misali ga kowane mutum, kuma ofa suchan irin wannan dabbobi masu shaƙuwa-kofato suna gane mahaifiyarsu kawai saboda launinta.
Hali da salon rayuwa
Zebras mutane ne masu ban sha'awa waɗanda ke da kofon dabbobi, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa suke wahala sau da yawa kuma suke zama ganima ga masu farauta. Dabbobi suna haɗuwa cikin garken dabbobi, waɗanda suka ƙunshi mutane da yawa. Ga kowane ɗa namiji akwai mares biyar zuwa shida da samari da yawa, waɗanda shugaban irin wannan dangi ke tsare da su sosai. Mafi sau da yawa, ba a sami mutane sama da hamsin a cikin garke ɗaya ba, amma kuma akwai garken da yawa.
A cikin dangin zebra, ana kiyaye tsattsauran matsayi, sabili da haka, yayin aiwatar da hutu, mutane da yawa sun yi aiki a matsayin masu aikawa, yayin da sauran dabbobin suka ji da lafiya gaba ɗaya.
Nawa zebra na zaune
Haɗuwa da halaye masu kyau sun ba zebra damar rayuwa a cikin daji tsawon rubu'in karni, kuma a cikin zaman talala na irin wannan dabbar ya kai shekaru arba'in, amma wataƙila kaɗan.
Dabbobin Zebra
Akwai nau'ikan halittu guda uku na dabbobi masu shafar kofato zuwa halittar Zebra:
- Zebra Burchell ko savanna (lat .Quus quаggа ko E. burshelli. Wani fasali na zane akan fatar nau'in shine ikon canzawa dangane da mazaunin, sabili da haka, akwai ƙananan raƙuman ruwa guda shida. Characterizedananan rabe-raben arewacin suna da alamun da aka fi bayyana, kuma ana rarrabe rabe-raben kudanci ta hanyar zane mai laushi a ɓangaren ɓangaren jiki da kasancewar raƙuman launuka masu launin fata a kan farar fata. Girman babban mutum ya kai mita 2.0-2.4, tare da matsakaicin tsaka a tsakanin zangon 47-57 cm kuma tsayin dabba a bushe har zuwa mita 1.4 Matsakaicin nauyin zebra ya bambanta daga 290 zuwa 340 kg;
- Zebra Grevy ko yashe (lat E.grevyi), wanda aka lasafta shi bayan Shugaban Faransa, yana cikin rukunin manyan dabbobi daga dangin Equidae. Matsakaicin tsayin jikin zebra na Grevy ya kai mita uku kuma ya zarce kilogram 390-400. Wutsiyar alfadarin jeji yana da kusan rabin mita. Wani alama takamaimai takamaimai yana wakiltar mafi rinjaye na fari ko fari-rawaya-rawaya da kasancewar faffadan layin duhu mai gudana a tsakiyar yankin dorsal. Raunuka a fatar suna da siriri kuma suna kusa da juna;
- Dutsen zebra (lat E.zebra) ana nuna shi da launi mai duhu tare da fifikon ratsi-ratsi na bakin ciki da fari wanda ya isa gaɓarɓar hannu zuwa yankin kofato. Nauyin zebra mai girma na iya zama kilogiram 265-370, tare da tsayin jiki a cikin mita 2.2 kuma tsayin da bai wuce mita ɗaya da rabi ba.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Speciesananan jinsunan sun haɗa da ƙananan raƙuman dawa na Burchell - Quagga (lat.E Quagga quagga), wanda ke zaune a Afirka ta Kudu kuma an bambanta shi da launi mai laushi, wanda aka haɗa da launin dokin bay.
Ba a cika cika samun yawaitawa ba a cikin haɗuwa daga haye jakin da dawakai na gida ko jaki. Haɗa kai galibi yakan haɗa da amfani da zebra na maza da mata daga wasu iyalai. Zebroids a cikin bayyanar su sun fi kama da doki, amma suna da launi rabe-raben ɓangare. Hybrids, a matsayin mai mulkin, suna da rikici sosai, amma sun dace da horo, godiya ga abin da aka yi amfani da su azaman hawa da dabbobin ɗaukar kaya.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Babban yankin Burchella ko Savannah zebra yana wakiltar yankin kudu maso gabashin yankin Afirka. Dangane da binciken masana, mazaunin ƙananan filayen shine savannah na Gabashin Afirka, da ɓangaren kudancin babban yankin, Sudan da Habasha. Grevy ya yadu sosai a cikin yankin subequatorial a gabashin Afirka, gami da Kenya, Uganda, Habasha da Somalia, da kuma Meru. Zebra da ke zaune a tsaunukan Afirka ta Kudu da Namibia a tsawan da bai fi mita dubu biyu ba.
Yana da ban sha'awa!Dabbobin dawa da manyan dabbobi masu irin wannan kofato suna da ƙafafu suna matukar son kwanciya cikin ƙurar ƙasa.
Irin wannan wankan yana ba wakilan gidan Equidae damar sauƙaƙewa da sauri kawar da yawancin ectoparasites.
Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, "dawakai masu taguwar ruwa" suna jituwa da ƙaramin tsuntsu wanda ake kira ɗan itacen ɗan bijimin sa. Tsuntsayen suna zaune a kan jakin dawa kuma suna amfani da bakunansu don zaɓar kwari masu cutarwa daga fata. Artiodactyls suna iya nutsuwa cikin nutsuwa tare da sauran wasu ciyawar marasa lahani, waɗanda buffaloes, antelopes, barewa da rakumin daji, da kuma jimina ke wakilta.
Abincin Zebra
Zebras shuke-shuke ne masu yawan ci a yawancin tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, da ƙaiƙayi da shuke-shuke.... Babbar dabba mai kofato ta fi son cin abinci a gajere da koren ciyawa wanda ke tsiro kusa da ƙasa. Akwai wasu bambance-bambance a cikin abincin nau'ikan nau'ikan daban-daban da ƙananan raƙuman dawa. Dabbobin jejin jeji galibi suna ciyar da ciyayi masu dausayi, wanda kusan wasu dabbobin gidan Equidae basa narkar da shi. Hakanan, waɗannan nau'ikan suna da halin cin ciyawar fibrous tare da tsari mai tsauri, gami da Eleusis.
Jakin jeji, yawancin yankuna masu bushewa, suna cin kuzari da ganye, wanda hakan ya faru ne saboda rashin yanayin da ya dace da ci gaban ciyawar. Abincin da ake yi wa dutsen zebra yawanci ciyawa ne, gami da Themeda triandra da sauran nau'ikan mutane da yawa. Wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa na artiodactyl na iya cin burodi da harbe-harbe, 'ya'yan itatuwa da masarar masara, da kuma tushen shuke-shuke da yawa.
Don cikakkiyar rayuwa, jakunan jeji suna buƙatar isasshen ruwa kowace rana. Duk dangin Dawakin suna ciyar da wani muhimmin bangare na yini a kan kiwo na halitta.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Lokacin ƙarancin mace a cikin mata na zebra yana farawa ne daga farkon shekarun goman ƙarshe na bazara ko farkon lokacin bazara. A wannan lokacin, mata suna fara tsara yanayin ƙafafunsu na baya, haka kuma suna karkatar da jelarsu, wanda ke nuni da shirye-shiryen dabba mai ƙyallen kafa. Lokacin daukar ciki a cikin irin wannan dabba mai shayarwa yakan kai kimanin shekara guda, kuma tsarin haihuwa na iya dacewa da lokacin ɗaukar ciki. Kamar yadda lura ya nuna, bayan haihuwar 'ya'ya, zebra mace na iya sake daukar ciki bayan kimanin mako guda, amma ana haihuwar' ya'yan sau ɗaya kawai a shekara.
Manyan balagaggun mata na balaga suna haihuwar ɗa ɗaya, wanda, a ƙa'ida, bai wuce 80 cm ba tsayi, kuma yana da nauyin kusan 30-31 kg. Kimanin rabin sa'a ko sa'a ɗaya bayan haihuwa, foal ta hau kan ƙafafunta, kuma bayan weeksan makwanni, cuban kwiya ya fara haɓaka abincinsa da ƙaramin ciyawa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Jakin dawa na kowane jinsi da rabe-rabe sun balaga ta hanyar jima'i, a ka'ida, daga shekara uku, da mace - da kimanin shekaru biyu, amma ikon haihuwar zuriya ya kasance a cikin irin waɗannan dabbobi masu shaƙuwa ƙafafu har zuwa shekaru goma sha takwas.
Ana ciyar da matasa da madara na kimanin shekara guda. Ya kamata a lura cewa mata da ƙananan yara a wannan lokacin suna haɗuwa cikin garken daban.
Madarar wata zebra ta mata tana da matukar ban mamaki da launi mai ruwan hoda mai laushi, tana dauke da wadatattun kayan abinci, ma'adanai da bitamin don ci gaban aiki da kuma ci gaban da ya dace na dabbar. Saboda abubuwanda yake dashi na musamman, irin wannan abinci mai gina jiki yana bawa matasa masu kwayar halitta damar kiyaye daidaito mafi kyau a tsarin narkewar abinci, sannan kuma yana karfafa garkuwar jiki sosai.
Har zuwa shekara uku, jariran zebra sun fi son tsayawa kan rukuni ɗaya, wanda baya basu damar zama cikin sahun dabbobi masu farauta.... Daga shekara guda zuwa shekaru uku, ana fitar da samari daga cikin garken gama gari, saboda irin waɗannan artiodactyls suna iya ƙirƙirar danginsu. A cikin makonnin farko, mace tana mai da hankali sosai ga jaririnta kuma tana kiyaye shi sosai. Jakin dawa, wanda ya hango hatsarin da ke tattare da shi, sai ya yi ƙoƙarin ɓoye shi a cikin zurfin garken garken kuma ya yi amfani da babban taimakon duk danginsa da suka manyanta.
Makiya na halitta
Babban makiyin jakin giwa shi ne zaki, da sauran dabbobin Afirka masu farauta, gami da cheetah, damisa da damisa. A yanayin ramin ban ruwa, mayukai suna yi wa rayuwar artiodactyls barazana, kuma andan zebra na iya farautar kuraye. Daga cikin jariran da ba su balaga ba, akwai kaso mai yawa na mace-mace daga masu cin nama ko cututtuka, saboda haka, a ƙa'ida, rabin ƙwararan ne ke rayuwa har zuwa shekara guda.
Kariyar halitta ta zebra ana wakiltar ta ne ba kawai ta launinta na musamman ba, amma kuma ta hanyar hangen nesa mai kaifi da kuma ingantaccen ji, saboda haka irin wannan dabbar tana da hankali da tsoro. Gudu daga bin masu farauta, wakilan dangin Equidae suna iya yin amfani da iska mai sauri, wanda ke sa dabba mai sauri da mai da hankali ba ta da rauni.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Da yake kare karnukansa, babban zakarin da ya girma, ya cije, ya cije da ƙarfi, yana yaƙi da manya da manyan dabbobi.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Da farko, jakunan jeji sun yadu sosai a kusan dukkanin yankuna na nahiyar Afirka, amma a yau yawan adadin wannan ya ragu sosai. Misali, yawan alfadarin tsaunin Hartmann (lat. E. zebra hartmannae) ya ragu sau takwas kuma kusan mutane dubu goma sha biyar ne, kuma ana ba da kariya ga zebra na tsaunin Cape a matakin jiha.
