Tsuntsun, wanda Mayakovsky ya daukaka, shine almara mai girman gaske, wacce dubunnan gawarwakin kasarmu ke shigowa kasashen waje duk shekara har zuwa shekaru 70 na karnin da ya gabata. Gourmets suna yaba farin nama mai ɗanɗano tare da ɗanɗano mai ɗaci da ƙamshi mai kanshi.
Bayanin hazel grouse
Bonasa bonasia (hazel grouse) na mallakar asalin tsarin umarnin kaji ne kuma ana ɗaukarsa watakila mafi shaharar tsuntsu da ke zaune a dazukan Turai. Girman hazel grouse galibi ana kwatanta shi da kurciya ko jackdaw, tunda mazan da suka manyanta ba su da nauyin nauyin kilogiram 0.4-0.5 a hunturu (mata sun ma fi ƙasa)... A lokacin bazara, kayan marmarin hazel suna rasa nauyi.
Bayyanar
Daga nesa da alama hazel yana da launin toka mai launin toka (wani lokacin ma da farin tagulla), duk da bambancin fuka-fukai, inda launin baki, fari, launin ruwan kasa da launin ja. A cikin gudu, raƙuman duhu kusa da gindin wutsiyar ya zama sananne. Wani jan iyaka yana gudana a kan ido, ana saka baki da idanu baƙar fata, ƙafafu duhu ne masu duhu. Ta yanayin sanyi, launin toka-toka a gefen gefunan fikafikan ya zama mai fadi, wannan shine dalilin da ya sa tsuntsu ya fi haske a lokacin rani.
Mafarautan koyaushe zasu rarrabe kayan hazel daga sauran wasannin daji saboda ƙarancin girmansa da bambancinsa. Ya fi wuya a rarrabe tsakanin mace da namiji - wannan yana yiwuwa ne kawai yayin nazarin tsuntsun da aka harba.
Mata koyaushe kanana ne kuma ana ɗaura su da ƙugu mara ƙaranci. Ba su da bakuna masu haske kewaye da idanunsu kamar na maza da maƙogwaron fari / toka. A cikin maza, kasan kai da makogwaro launin baƙi ne. Dangane da bangon jiki, shugaban hazel grouse ya zama ba shi da kyau sosai, baki mai lankwasa ne, mai ƙarfi ne, amma gajere ne (kimanin 1.5 cm). An daidaita gefenta masu kaifi don yankan harbe-harbe da reshe. Don hana ƙafafu zamewa daga rassan sanyi a cikin hunturu, tsuntsun yana da bakuna na musamman na jaraba waɗanda ke taimakawa tsayawa a kan itacen na dogon lokaci.
Hali da salon rayuwa
Daga shekara zuwa shekara, wasu tarin kayan masarufi suna zaune wuri ɗaya, suna barin sa ne kawai a lokacin faɗuwa, wanda ya faru ne saboda canjin abinci. Da zaran ya yi dusar ƙanƙara, tsuntsayen sukan yi ƙaura zuwa rafi / koguna inda birch da alder suke girma. Grouse yana tafiya da sauri, yana tafiya cikin sauri a cikin gandun daji. Idan ana gudu, sai ya dan sunkuya kadan, yana mikewa a wuya ya yi gaba. Zaƙƙarfan hazel grouse, cikin hayaniya da kuma buɗe fukafukinsa, yana tashi sama (kamar capercaillie da baƙin grouse) kuma bai tashi sama da tsakiyar bishiyoyi ba.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Hazel grouse, wanda ya tsorata da mutum, yana fitar da gajere, gurnani, trill, ya juya sosai kuma ya tashi daga mita 100 don ɓoyewa a cikin rawanin.
Gabaɗaya, wannan tsuntsu ne mai nutsuwa, lokaci-lokaci yana komawa cikin siririn siririn siriri... A lokacin rani, hazel grouse yana ci gaba da kasancewa a ƙasa (yana kwana a ƙarƙashin ƙananan rassan spruce ko a kansu), amma tare da bayyanar murfin dusar ƙanƙara yana motsawa zuwa bishiyoyi. Idan dusar ƙanƙara tana da zurfi, tsuntsayen suna kwana a ciki daidai ('yan mitoci daga juna), suna sauya masaukai kowace rana.
Dusar ƙanƙara tana karewa daga sanyi, kuma hazel grouse yana zaune a wurin har zuwa awanni 19 a rana (musamman a cikin Janairu / Fabrairu), yana tashi sama don neman abinci kawai .. Don tsabtace fuka-fukai da kawar da cututtukan kwari, hazel grouse, kamar sauran kayan wanka, “wanka” a ƙura da yashi, alternating bahon wanka tare da "tururuwa" (iyo a cikin gidan tururuwa).
Yaya yawancin kayan hazel suke rayuwa
Rananan wakilai daga jinsunan suna rayuwa har zuwa lokacin da suka ƙayyade (shekaru 8-10), wanda aka bayyana ba kawai ta hanyar farautar farauta ba, hare-hare daga masu farauta ko cututtuka.Yawancin ƙasashen dazuzzuka tare da kayan hazel, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin abinci, shima yana haifar da mutuwar mutane. Kaji yakan mutu saboda tsananin sanyi da wutar daji. A cewar masu ilimin tsubbu, a cikin Ussuri taiga, ya zuwa kashi daya bisa huɗu na sababbin kajin da aka haifa suna mutuwa, kuma wani lokacin ƙasa da rabi daga cikinsu suna rayuwa har zuwa watanni 2 na haihuwa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Hazel grouse yana da kyakkyawar nama, fari da taushi, mai ɗan bushewa, mai ɗan ɗaci da ba da ƙamshi mai ɗanɗano (ana ba shi ga ɓangaren litattafan almara ta fodder na kayan lambu, wanda ke ɗauke da mayukan halitta).
Nau'in hazel grouse
Yanzu an bayyana rabe-raben 11, kaɗan sun bambanta a launi, girma da mazauni:
- Bonasa bonasia bonasia (na al'ada) - yana zaune a cikin Finland, Scandinavia, yammacin Rasha da arewacin Baltic;
- B. b. volgensis - yankin a sarari yake daga sunan Latin, inda volgensis ke nufin "Volga";
- B. septentrionalis - yana zaune a arewa maso gabas na yankin Turai na Rasha, a Ural da Urals, a Siberia, haka kuma a bakin Amur;
- B. rhenana - yana zaune a arewa maso yammacin Turai, Jamus da Austria;
- B. rupestris rarraba - wanda aka samo galibi a kudu maso yammacin Jamus;
- B. styriacus - Alps da Carpathians;
- B. schiebeli - yana zaune a yankin Balkans. A arewa, tana iyaka da B. styriacus, iyakar tana gudana tare da tsaunukan Karavanke;
- B. kolymensis - yana zaune a arewa maso gabashin yankin, yana matsa kudu maso yamma zuwa tsakiyar Yakutia;
- B. yamashinai - yankin ya iyakance ga Sakhalin;
- B. amurensis - arewacin yankin Primorsky, yankin Koriya da arewa maso gabashin Manchuria;
- B. vicinitas - An rarraba shi kawai a tsibirin Hokkaido.
Tunda bambanci tsakanin na yau da kullun da sauran ƙananan ƙananan ba shi da mahimmanci, cikakken ƙaddarar kowannensu ba zai yiwu ba ba tare da cikakken bincike da kwatancen ba.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Dazuzzuka da taiga na babbar Eurasia - a nan ne wasan fuka-fukai masu fuka-fukai da ake kira hazel grouse ya fi son zama. Ya cika shimfidar gandun daji na Rasha daga yamma zuwa gabas, ban da Kamchatka da Anadyr. A arewacin ƙasar, zangonsa ya kai iyakar arewacin gandun daji masu tsire-tsire. A wajen sararin samaniya bayan Soviet, ana iya samun hazel grouse a Arewacin Japan, Koriya, Scandinavia, North Mongolia, da kuma a Yammacin Turai (gabashin Pyrenees).
Mahimmanci! Itsungiyoyin da suka fi so su ne spruce da spruce-deciduous taiga da gandun daji, inda ya ratsa, yana bin kwarin kogi.
Grouse yana zaune a cikin dazuzzuka da ke daƙƙun duwatsu, waɗanda ke haɗe da ƙananan nau'ikan (ciki har da birch, ash ash, alder da Willow), haka kuma a cikin kwazazzabai inda hadadden gandun daji mai tsiro ke tsirowa.
A cikin yankunan kudu maso yamma na kewayonsa, tsuntsun yana rayuwa ne shekara-shekara a cikin wani tsohon daji mai daɗaɗɗu, amma a wasu yankuna yana matsawa zuwa gandun daji mara yankewa na musamman a bazara / rani.
Grouse tana zaɓar ƙasashen dazuzzuka tare da ƙasan damshi, waɗanda ke cike da ciyayi masu daɗi, suna kaurace wa busassun dazuzzuka da kuma gandun daji na gansakuka tare da dazuzzuka dazuzzuka. Hakanan an lura da hazel grouse a tsaunuka a tsawan sama da mita dubu 2 sama da matakin teku.
Hazel babban abinci
Abincin ya bambanta dangane da yanayi, amma babban abincin babban abincin manya shine tsire-tsire, tsire-tsire lokaci-lokaci kwari suna narkar da shi.... Abincin ya fi wadata a lokacin bazara (har zuwa nau'in 60) kuma yana raguwa a lokacin sanyi (kimanin 20). A watan Afrilu-Mayu, hazel grouse yana cin kyanwa da furannin furanni a kan birch / willows, willow da ganyen aspen, 'ya'yan itace da' ya'yan da aka bari a ƙasa, furanni / ganyen tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, da kwari, tururuwa, slugs da gizo-gizo.
A lokacin rani, tsuntsayen suna ba da kansu da tsaba, sassan kore na shuke-shuke, kwari kuma, nan gaba kaɗan, 'ya'yan itacen da suka nuna (blueberries, strawberries and raspberries). A watan Satumba, tsarin abincin ya ɗan canza kama kuma yana kama da haka:
- lingonberry;
- rowan / mineberry berries;
- meadowsweet da mariannik tsaba;
- blueberries da currants;
- 'ya'yan itacen pine;
- alder 'yan kunne / buds;
- aspen / ganye mai tsami.
A watan Oktoba, hazel grouse ya sauya zuwa roughage (catkins, buds, rassan Birch, alder da sauran bishiyoyi / shrubs). Ruwan tsakuwa, wanda ke aiki kamar dutsen niƙa a ciki, yana taimakawa wajen niƙa fiber mai ƙanshi. A cikin abincin ƙananan dabbobi, akwai ƙarin abinci mai gina jiki (ƙwari) kuma abubuwan da ke cikin shuka sun fi ban sha'awa.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Lokacin lokacin saduwa ya dogara da yanayin yanayi da yanayin bazara. Kayan Hazel suna da aminci ga abokan haɗin gwiwa kuma suna yin nau'i-nau'i tun daga kaka, suna zaune kusa da juna. Zamanin bazara ya dace da farawar dumi da tsafta, ranakun da ba ruwa. Gidajen hazel (ba kamar ɗakunan katako ba) ba su da rukuni na yanzu: ana magana da zawarci ga abokin tarayya guda ɗaya kuma yana faruwa a shafin yanar gizon mutum.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Hazel grouse yana gudana bayan mace, wutsiyar sa ta kumbura, ta kumbura tana jan fikafikanta, tana juyawa da sauri tana busawa. Mace ba ta jinkiri a bayan namiji ba, tana amsa shi da busa ƙaho.
Lokacin rani mafi kusa shine, yawancin tsuntsaye suna tafiya: suna bin juna, suna faɗa kuma suna aure. Mace ce ke yin gida, tana yin rami a ƙarƙashin daji / itacen katako inda dusar ƙanƙan ta riga ta narke. A cikin kama yawanci yawanci yakan kai 10, ba sau da yawa ƙwai 15, waɗanda suma mata ke sakawa, suna zaune sosai sai a iya ɗaukarsu.
Al’amarin yakai makonni 3, yana karewa ga kyankyasar kajin masu zaman kansu gaba daya, wanda a rana ta biyu ke gudana bayan mahaifiyarsu don ciyar da kansu kan kwari. Kaji suna girma cikin sauri kuma bayan wasu watanni sun kai girman mutum.
Makiya na halitta
Fiye da duka, wannan wasan mai fuka-fukai yana fama da sable, wanda ya fi son girkin hazel ga sauran tsuntsaye kuma ya ci kusan gawarsa 25 a lokacin hunturu.... Don haka, a cikin shafi "mutuwar hazel grouse ta halitta dalilai ”(na wasu yankuna na Siberia) ana iya samun kusan kashi 80%. Babban maƙiyi na biyu mai marten ne, wanda ke ƙirƙirar hannun jari lokaci-lokaci daga kayan masarufin da ta kashe. Har ila yau, barazanar ta fito ne daga boar daji: ba ta san yadda za a kama manyan hazel ba, amma tana cin ƙwai da yawa, suna samun kamala a wuraren da ba za a iya shiga ba.
Hakanan, irin waɗannan masu farautar farautar hazel grouse:
- fox;
- sha'awa;
- karamin ungulu;
- mikiya;
- mujiya;
- shaho;
- gaggafa ta zinariya;
- goshawk.
Ikon tsuntsayen ya shiga cikin dusar kankara yakan kubutar da shi daga tsuntsaye, amma ba daga masu cin kafa hudu ba. A cikin mafaka da dare na hazel grouse, ana samun sauƙin weasels, alal misali, ermine, weasel, ferret da wolverine. Gaskiya ne, wasu lokuta tsuntsu har yanzu yana iya tserewa daga dabbar ta hanyar doguwar hanyar dusar ƙanƙara, wanda ke ba da lokaci don fahimtar haɗarin da tserewa.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Lokaci-lokaci, ana samun raguwar yawan hazel grouse, yawanci yakan haifar da dawowar sanyi a cikin rabin rabin abin da aka shirya (amfrayo sun mutu daga hypothermia). Yin fiska shima yana haifar da raguwar dabbobi, idan sanyi ya biyo bayan narkewar da ba zato ba tsammani kuma an rufe dusar ƙanƙarar da kankara.... Gidajen hazel suna mutuwa gaba ɗaya, saboda ba za su iya ratsa ɓawon burodin da huɗa cikin dusar ƙanƙara ba. A cikin yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a, abubuwan anthropogenic su ne ke da alhakin asarar kayan abinci na hazel, gami da sare dazuzzuka da noman gandun daji a wuraren tsuntsaye na gargajiya.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A zamanin yau, wanzuwar nau'in ba ya haifar da tsoro, kuma a cikin Rasha (bayan rugujewar USSR) hazel grouses sun haɓaka lambobin su sosai. Babban dalili shine rashin kamun kifin kasuwanci: farauta (yanki) farautar bata shafar dabbobi.
A cewar Unionungiyar forungiyar Internationalasa ta Duniya don Adana Halitta, yawan adadin kayan hazel ya kai mutane miliyan 15-40, daga cikinsu miliyan 7.5-9.1 suna cikin Turai.Rashin da ya fi yawa a duniya na yawan kayan hazel yana cikin Rasha. An sanya nau'ikan a cikin littafin Red Book na kasa da kasa kasancewar suna cikin karamar barazana.
