An fahimci yanayin rayuwar halittar a matsayin dunkulewar dukkanin kwayoyin halittu masu rai a doron kasa. Suna zaune a kowane sasan duniya: daga zurfin tekuna, hanjin duniya har zuwa iska, saboda haka masana kimiyya da yawa suna kiran wannan harsashi yanayin rayuwa. 'Yan Adam ma kansu suna rayuwa a ciki.
Halittar Biosphere
Biosphere ana daukarta a matsayin mafi kyawun yanayin duniya a duniyar mu. Ya ƙunshi yankuna da yawa. Wannan ya hada da hydrosphere, ma’ana, duk albarkatun ruwa da kuma madatsun ruwa na Duniya. Wannan shine Tekun Duniya, ƙarƙashin ƙasa da kuma ruwan saman ƙasa. Ruwa duka sararin samaniya ne na halittu da yawa kuma abu ne mai mahimmanci ga rayuwa. Yana goyon bayan da yawa matakai.
Yanayin halitta ya ƙunshi yanayi. Akwai kwayoyin halittu daban-daban a ciki, kuma shi kansa yana cike da iskar gas iri-iri. Oxygen, wanda ya zama dole don rayuwa ga dukkan kwayoyin halitta, yana da ƙimar musamman. Hakanan, yanayin yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin zagayen ruwa a yanayi, yana shafar yanayi da yanayi.
Lithosphere, watau saman da ke cikin ɓawon burodi na ƙasa, wani ɓangare ne na biosphere. Yana rayuwa ne da kwayoyin halitta. Don haka, kwari, beraye da sauran dabbobi suna rayuwa cikin kaurin Duniya, shuke-shuke suna girma, kuma mutane suna rayuwa a saman duniya.
Duniyar flora da fauna sune mahimman mahimmancin mazaunan biosphere. Sun mamaye babbar sarari ba kawai a cikin ƙasa ba, amma kuma ba su da zurfin zurfafawa, suna zaune cikin ruwa kuma ana samun su a cikin sararin samaniya. Siffofin tsire-tsire sun bambanta daga mosses, lichens da ciyawa zuwa shrubs da bishiyoyi. Game da dabbobi, mafi ƙarancin wakilai sune microbes da ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma mafi girma sune halittun ƙasa da na teku (giwaye, beyar, karkanda, whales). Dukkansu suna da banbanci kuma kowane jinsi yana da mahimmanci ga duniyar tamu.
Ofimar biosphere
Masana kimiyya daban-daban sunyi nazarin biosphere a duk zamanin tarihi. V.I. Vernadsky. Yayi imani cewa iyakokin halittar suna rayuwa ne ta hanyar iyakokin da kwayar halitta take rayuwa. Yana da kyau a lura cewa duk abubuwanda ke tattare da su suna haɗuwa, kuma canje-canje a cikin yanki ɗaya zai haifar da canje-canje a cikin dukkanin bawo. Yanayin sararin samaniya yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rabar da tasirin makamashin duniya.
Don haka, sararin samaniya shine wurin zama na mutane, dabbobi da tsirrai. Ya ƙunshi mahimman abubuwa da albarkatun ƙasa kamar ruwa, oxygen, ƙasa da sauransu. Mutane suna tasiri sosai. A cikin biosphere akwai zagaye na abubuwa a cikin yanayi, rayuwa tana cikin juyawa kuma ana aiwatar da mahimman matakai.
Tasirin ɗan adam akan yanayin rayuwa
Tasirin ɗan adam a kan biosphere yana da rikici. Tare da kowane karni, aikin anthropogenic yana kara tsanantawa, mai lalacewa da girma, saboda haka mutane suna ba da gudummawa ga bayyanar ba kawai matsalolin muhalli na cikin gida ba, har ma da na duniya.
Ofaya daga cikin sakamakon tasirin ɗan adam akan yanayin rayuwa shine raguwar yawan fure da fauna a doron ƙasa, tare da ɓacewar nau'ikan da yawa daga doron ƙasa. Misali, wuraren shuka suna raguwa saboda ayyukan noma da sare bishiyoyi. Yawancin bishiyoyi, shrubs, ciyawa sune na biyu, ma'ana, sabbin shuka aka dasa maimakon asalin ciyawar. Hakanan, mafarauta ne ke hallaka yawan dabbobin ba kawai don abinci ba, har ma da nufin sayar da fata masu tamani, kasusuwa, ƙoshin kifin na shark, hauren giwa, ƙahonin rhino, da sassan jikinsu daban a kasuwar baƙar fata.
Ayyukan Anthropogenic yana da tasiri mai ƙarfi akan tsarin samuwar ƙasa. Don haka, sare bishiyoyi da gonakin noma suna haifar da iska da zaizayar ruwa. Canji a cikin abin da ke cikin murfin ciyawar yana haifar da gaskiyar cewa wasu nau'in suna shiga cikin aikin samar da ƙasa, kuma, sabili da haka, ana samun nau'in ƙasa daban. Saboda amfani da takin zamani daban-daban a harkar noma, fitowar shara mai danshi da ruwa cikin ƙasa, yanayin sinadarai na ƙasa yana canzawa.
Tsarin alƙaluma yana da mummunan tasiri akan yanayin halittar:
- yawan duniyar yana ƙaruwa, wanda ƙari da yawa ke cin albarkatun ƙasa;
- sikelin samar da masana'antu na karuwa;
- karin shara ya bayyana;
- yankin ƙasar noma yana ƙaruwa.
Ya kamata a lura cewa mutane suna ba da gudummawa ga gurɓata duk sassan duniya. Akwai manyan hanyoyin gurbatar yanayi a yau:
- shaye gas na motocin;
- barbashin da ake fitarwa yayin konewar mai;
- abubuwa masu rediyo;
- kayayyakin mai;
- watsi da mahaɗan sinadarai a cikin iska;
- sharar gari;
- magungunan kashe qwari, takin ma'adanai da sinadaran aikin gona;
- datti magudanar ruwa daga masana'antun masana'antu da na birni;
- na'urorin lantarki;
- makamashin nukiliya;
- ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta.
Duk wannan yana haifar da ba kawai ga canje-canje a cikin tsarin halittu da raguwar halittu daban-daban a duniya ba, har ma ga canjin yanayi. Saboda tasirin dan adam a cikin halittar, akwai tasirin greenhouse da samuwar ramuka na ozone, narkewar kankara da dumamar yanayi, canje-canje a matakin tekuna da tekuna, ruwan sama na ruwa, da sauransu.
Yawancin lokaci, yanayin rayuwa yana daɗa ƙarfi, wanda ke haifar da halakar da yawa daga cikin halittu masu rai. Yawancin masana kimiyya da masu fada a ji a cikin jama'a suna goyon bayan rage tasirin al'umman ɗan adam a kan yanayi don kiyaye keɓaɓɓiyar duniyar daga halaka.
Abubuwan da ke tattare da biosphere
Za'a iya kallon abubuwan da ke cikin biosphere daga ra'ayoyi daban daban. Idan mukayi magana game da kayan abu, to ya hada da bangarori daban daban guda bakwai:
- Abu mai rai shine jimlar rayayyun halittun da ke zaune a duniyarmu. Suna da abun farko, kuma idan aka kwatanta su da sauran bawo, suna da ƙaramin taro, suna ciyar da makamashin hasken rana, suna rarraba shi a cikin muhalli. Dukkanin kwayoyin halitta suna da karfi mai karfi, yana yaduwa ba daidai ba a fadin duniya.
- Kwayar halitta. Waɗannan su ne waɗancan ma'adanai-organican'adanai da tsayayyun ƙwayoyin halitta waɗanda abubuwa masu rai suka ƙirƙira su, ma'ana, ma'adinai masu ƙonewa.
- Inert abu. Waɗannan albarkatu marasa tsari waɗanda aka samar ba tare da ƙaddarar rayayyun halittu ba, da kansu, ma’ana, yashi quartz, yumɓu daban-daban, da kuma albarkatun ruwa.
- Bioinert abu da aka samo ta hanyar hulɗar rayayyun abubuwa da abubuwan inert. Waɗannan su ne ƙasa da duwatsu masu ƙarancin ruwa, yanayi, koguna, tabkuna da sauran yankuna masu ruwa.
- Abubuwa masu tasiri irin su uranium, radium, thorium.
- Atoms da aka watse. An ƙirƙira su ne daga abubuwa na asalin duniya lokacin da raunin sararin samaniya ya shafe su.
- Cosmic al'amari. Jiki da abubuwan da aka kirkira a sararin samaniya sun faɗi akan duniya. Zai iya zama duka meteorites da tarkace tare da ƙurar sararin samaniya.
Biosphere yadudduka
Ya kamata a lura cewa duk baƙuwar halittu suna cikin ma'amala ne koyaushe, saboda haka wani lokacin yana da wahala a rarrabe iyakokin wani takamaiman layin. Daya daga cikin mahimman bawo shi ne sararin samaniya. Ya kai matakin kusan kilomita 22 sama da ƙasa, inda har yanzu akwai sauran abubuwa masu rai. Gabaɗaya, wannan sararin samaniya ne inda dukkanin ƙwayoyin halitta suke rayuwa. Wannan kwarin yana dauke da danshi, makamashi daga Rana da iskar gas:
- oxygen;
- lemar sararin samaniya;
- CO2;
- argon;
- nitrogen;
- tururin ruwa.
Adadin iskar gas da abubuwan da ke ciki ya dogara da tasirin rayayyun halittu.
Yanayin kasa wani bangare ne na halittar duniya; ya hada da jimillar halittu masu rai da ke sararin samaniya. Wannan filin ya hada da lithosphere, duniyar flora da fauna, ruwan karkashin kasa da ambulan na gas na duniya.
Wani muhimmin fili na biosphere shine hydrosphere, ma'ana, dukkan jikin ruwa ba tare da ruwan karkashin kasa ba. Wannan kwalliyar ta hada da Tekun Duniya, ruwan saman, danshi da kuma dusar kankara. Dukkanin abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa akwai abubuwa masu rai - daga kananan halittu zuwa algae, kifi da dabbobi.
Idan muka yi magana dalla-dalla game da kwasfa mai wuya ta Duniya, to ta ƙunshi ƙasa, duwatsu da ma'adanai. Dogaro da yanayin wurin, akwai nau'ikan ƙasa iri-iri, waɗanda suka bambanta a cikin sinadarai da ƙwayoyin halitta, ya dogara da abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli (ciyayi, jikin ruwa, namun daji, tasirin anthropogenic). Lithosphere ya ƙunshi ma'adanai da duwatsu masu yawa, waɗanda aka gabatar da su da yawa a duniya. A yanzu haka, an gano ma'adinai sama da dubu 6, amma nau'ikan 100-150 ne kaɗai suka fi yawa a duniya:
- ma'adini;
- feldspar;
- olivine;
- rashin kulawa;
- gypsum;
- carnallite;
- ƙira;
- phosphorites;
- sylvinite, da dai sauransu.
Dogaro da yawan duwatsu da amfani da tattalin arziƙin, wasu daga cikinsu suna da daraja, musamman burbushin halittu, ma'adanai na ƙarfe da duwatsu masu daraja.
Amma game da duniyar flora da fauna, wannan harsashi ne, wanda ya haɗa da, bisa ga majiyoyi daban-daban, daga nau'in miliyan 7 zuwa 10. Zai yiwu, kusan nau'in miliyan 2.2 suna rayuwa a cikin ruwan Tekun Duniya, kuma kusan miliyan 6.5 - a kan ƙasa. Wakilan duniyar dabbobi a doron duniya suna da kusan mutane miliyan 7.8, da kuma kusan tsirrai miliyan 1. Daga cikin dukkan nau'ikan halittu masu rai, ba a bayyana sama da 15% ba, don haka zai ɗauki ɗan adam ɗaruruwan shekaru don yin nazari da bayyana duk nau'ikan halittu da ke duniya.
Dangantakar sararin samaniya tare da sauran baƙuwar ƙasa
Duk sassan halittu masu rai suna da alaƙa da sauran bawo na Duniya. Ana iya ganin wannan bayyanar a cikin yanayin nazarin halittu, lokacin da dabbobi da mutane ke fitar da iskar carbon dioxide, shuke-shuke ne ke shafan shi, wanda ke sakin iskar oxygen yayin daukar hoto. Don haka, waɗannan gas guda biyu ana sarrafa su koyaushe a cikin sararin samaniya saboda haɗin kan fannoni daban-daban.
Misali ɗaya shine ƙasa - sakamakon ma'amala da yanayin rayuwa tare da sauran bawo. Wannan tsari ya shafi halittu masu rai (kwari, beraye, dabbobi masu rarrafe, kananan halittu), tsirrai, ruwa (ruwan karkashin kasa, hazo, gawarwakin ruwa), iska (iska), dutsen iyaye, hasken rana, yanayi. Duk waɗannan abubuwan haɗin suna hulɗa tare da juna sannu a hankali, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga samuwar ƙasa a ƙimar kusan milimita 2 a shekara.
Lokacin da abubuwan da ke cikin biosphere ke hulɗa tare da bawo mai rai, ana samun kankara. Sakamakon tasirin rayayyun halittu akan lithosphere, an samar da ajiyar kwal, alli, peat da farar ƙasa. Yayin tasirin tasirin rayayyun halittu, hydrosphere, gishiri da ma'adinai, a wani yanayi na zafin jiki, ana samun murjani, kuma daga garesu, biranen murjani da tsibirai suna bayyana. Hakanan yana ba ku damar tsara abubuwan gishirin ruwan Tekun Duniya.
Ire-iren taimako daban-daban sakamakon kai tsaye ne na alaƙar da ke tsakanin halittar duniya da sauran baƙuwar ƙasa: yanayin sararin samaniya, hydrosphere da lithosphere. Wani nau'i na taimako yana shafar tsarin ruwa na yankin da ruwan sama, da yanayin yawan iska, da hasken rana, da yanayin zafin jiki, da wane nau'in fure ke tsiro a nan, menene dabbobi ke zaune a wannan yankin.
Theimar biosphere a cikin yanayi
Ba za a iya yin la'akari da mahimmancin yanayin halittu a matsayin tsarin halittun duniya na duniya ba. Dangane da ayyukan harsashin dukkan abubuwa masu rai, mutum na iya fahimtar mahimmancin sa:
- Makamashi. Tsire-tsire masu tsaka-tsaki ne tsakanin Rana da Duniya, kuma, yayin karbar makamashi, ana rarraba sashinta tsakanin dukkanin abubuwan da ke rayuwa, kuma ana amfani da wani sashi don samar da kwayoyin halitta.
- Gas. Yana tsara adadin gas daban-daban a cikin biosphere, rarrabawarsu, canjinsu da ƙaurarsu.
- Mai da hankali. Dukkanin halittu suna zaban abubuwan gina jiki, don haka zasu iya zama masu amfani da masu hadari.
- Mai hallakarwa. Wannan shine lalata ma'adanai da duwatsu, abubuwan ƙira, waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga sabon jujjuyawar abubuwa a cikin ɗabi'a, yayin da sabbin abubuwa masu rai da marasa rai ke bayyana.
- Tsarin muhalli. Yana shafar yanayin muhalli, abubuwan da ke tattare da iskar gas, duwatsun asalin ƙasa da yanayin ƙasa, ingancin yanayin ruwa, da daidaituwar abubuwa a doron ƙasa.
Na dogon lokaci, an raina rawar da ke cikin halittar, tunda, idan aka kwatanta da sauran fannoni, yawan rayayyun kwayoyin halitta a doron duniya kaɗan ne. Duk da wannan, rayayyun halittu masu karfi ne na dabi'a, wanda idan babu wadannan aiyuka da yawa, da kuma rayuwar kanta, ba zai yiwu ba. Yayin aiwatar da ayyukanta na halittu masu rai, alakar su, tasiri akan abu mara rai, duniyar yanayi da kamannin duniya sun samu.
Matsayin Vernadsky a cikin nazarin halittu
A karo na farko, Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky ne ya inganta koyarwar halittu. Ya keɓe wannan harsashi daga sauran fannoni na duniya, ya fassara ma'anar sa kuma yayi tunanin cewa wannan yanki ne mai aiki sosai wanda ke canzawa kuma yana shafar dukkanin halittu. Masanin kimiyya ya zama wanda ya kirkiro wani sabon fannin - biogeochemistry, wanda akan hakan ne aka tabbatar da koyaswar halittar.
Nazarin kwayar halitta, Vernadsky ya kammala da cewa dukkan nau'ikan taimako, yanayi, yanayi, duwatsu na asalin ƙasa sakamakon ayyukan dukkan rayayyun halittu ne. Ofayan mahimmin matsayi a cikin wannan an sanya shi ne ga mutanen da ke da babban tasiri a kan tafiyar matakai da yawa na duniya, kasancewa wani ɓangaren da ke mallakar wani ƙarfin da zai iya canza fuskar duniya.
Vladimir Ivanovich ya gabatar da ka'idar dukkan abubuwa masu rai a cikin aikinsa "Biosphere" (1926), wanda ya ba da gudummawar haihuwar sabon reshe na kimiyya. Masanin ilimin a cikin aikinsa ya gabatar da biosphere a matsayin tsarin haɗe-haɗe, ya nuna abubuwan da ya ƙunsa da haɗuwarsu, da kuma matsayin mutum. Lokacin da kwayar halitta ke hulɗa da kwayar halitta, ana aiwatar da matakai da yawa:
- ilimin kimiyar halittu;
- nazarin halittu;
- biogenic;
- ilimin kasa;
- hijira na atoms.
Vernadsky ya nuna cewa iyakokin halittu sune fagen wanzuwar rayuwa. Ci gabanta yana shafar iskar oxygen da yawan zafin iska, abubuwan ruwa da ma'adinai, ƙasa da makamashin hasken rana. Hakanan, masanin ya gano manyan abubuwan da ke tattare da halittar, wanda aka tattauna a sama, ya kuma gano babban abu mai rai. Ya kuma tsara dukkan ayyukan halittar.
Daga cikin manyan tanade-tanaden koyarwar Vernadsky game da yanayin rayuwa, ana iya bambanta abubuwan da ke tattare da wadannan abubuwa:
- yanayin halittar ya mamaye dukkan yanayin ruwa har zuwa zurfin tekun, ya hada da shimfidar saman duniya har zuwa kilomita 3 da sararin samaniya har zuwa tudu;
- ya nuna banbanci tsakanin halittar ruwa da sauran bawo ta hanyar kwazo da aiki na dukkan kwayoyin halittu;
- takamaiman wannan harsashi ya ta'allaka ne ga ci gaba da yawo da abubuwa masu rai da marasa rai;
- ayyukan kwayar halitta ta haifar da canje-canje masu mahimmanci a duk faɗin duniya;
- wanzuwar sararin samaniya ya kasance ne saboda yanayin falaki na duniya (nesa da Rana, karkatarwar duniyar duniyar), wanda ke tabbatar da yanayi, tsarin tafiyar rayuwa a doron kasa;
- makamashin rana shine tushen rayuwa ga dukkan halittun halittu.
Wataƙila waɗannan sune mahimman ra'ayoyin game da yanayin rayuwa da Vernadsky ya sanya a cikin koyarwarsa, kodayake ayyukansa na duniya ne kuma suna buƙatar ƙarin fahimta, suna dacewa har zuwa yau. Sun zama tushen bincike daga wasu masana kimiyya.
Fitarwa
Idan aka takaita, ya kamata a sani cewa rayayyun halittu an rarraba su ta hanyoyi daban-daban kuma ba daidai ba. Adadin adadi mai yawa na rayayyun halittu suna rayuwa a saman duniya, walau na ruwa ko kuma busasshiyar kasa. Duk halittu suna cikin hulɗa da ruwa, ma'adanai da kuma yanayi, suna cikin ci gaba da sadarwa da su. Wannan shine ke samar da kyakkyawan yanayi na rayuwa (oxygen, ruwa, haske, zafi, abubuwan gina jiki). Mafi zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin ruwan teku ko na karkashin kasa, rayuwar da babu ruwanta itace.Har ila yau, rayayyun kwayoyin halitta sun bazu a yankin, kuma yana da kyau a lura da bambancin yanayin rayuwa a duk fadin duniya. Don fahimtar wannan rayuwar, za mu buƙaci sama da shekaru dozin, ko ma ɗarurruka, amma muna buƙatar yaba da yanayin rayuwa kuma mu kiyaye ta daga tasirinmu na cutarwa, ɗan adam, a yau.
