Sake farawa ɗayan tsuntsayen da ba za a taɓa mantawa da su ba da ke zaune a wuraren shakatawa, lambuna da shimfidar ƙasa ta Rasha. Don wutsiya mai haske, wacce ake gani daga nesa, tsuntsun ya sami sunan - sake farawa. Bambancin launi ya fi zama sananne a cikin maza, yayin da mata da ƙananan tsuntsaye ke da launuka na baya. Koyaya, fasalin sifa - haske mai haske ja wutsiya, yana nan a cikin dukkan tsuntsaye.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Redstart
Bayyanannen bayanin farko na jan aiki shine ɗan asalin ƙasar Sweden K. Linnaeus a cikin 1758 a cikin littafin Systema Naturae a ƙarƙashin sunan mai suna Motacilla phoenicurus. Sunan jinsin Phoenicurus wanda masanin ilimin Ingilishi Tomos Forster ya sanya masa suna a 1817. Jinsin da sunan jinsin phoenicurus ya fito ne daga tsoffin kalmomin Helenanci phoinix "ja" da -ouros - "wutsiyoyi".
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Redstarts wakilai ne na dangin Muscicapidae, wanda aka nuna daidai da asalin asalin sunan kimiyya, wanda aka haifa sakamakon haɗakar kalmomin Latin biyu "musca" = tashi da "capere" = kama.
Mafi kusancin dangin kwayar halittar da aka fi sani da redstart redstart, kodayake zaɓin jinsin ya ba da rashin tabbas game da wannan. Kakanninta na iya kasancewa farkon matakin farko da ya bazu a Turai. An yi imanin cewa sun ƙaura daga rukunin baƙar fata tun daga shekaru miliyan 3 da suka gabata a ƙarshen Pliocene.
Bidiyo: Redstart
A dabi'ance, na yau da kullun na ja baƙi suna da jituwa sosai kuma suna iya samar da ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda suka bayyana lafiya da ƙoshin lafiya. Koyaya, waɗannan rukunin tsuntsayen guda biyu sun rabu da halaye da halaye daban-daban, don haka matasan da yawa basu da yawa a yanayi. Maimaita jan hankali ya zama tsuntsuyen shekara a Rasha a cikin 2015.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Redstart tsuntsu
Redstart yayi kamanceceniya a cikin halaye da halaye ga maɓallin ja. Tana da tsayi na jiki iri ɗaya 13-14.5 cm, amma ɗan siririn siffa da ƙananan nauyi 11-23 g. Launin leda mai ruwan lemo-ja, wanda daga shi ne masu jajayen suna ke samun sunan su, sau da yawa yakan bambanta a cikin haɗin launuka. Daga cikin tsuntsayen Turai na yau da kullun, baƙar fata ne kawai (P. ochrurus) ke da wutsiya mai launi iri ɗaya.
Namiji yana da banbancin launi. A lokacin bazara, yana da kai mai ruwan toka-toka da na sama, banda gwatso da wutsiya, wanda, kamar bangarorin, abubuwan da ake yi wa aiki da hanun kafa, launuka ne na lemu-kirji. Gaban goshi fari ne, fuska a tarnaƙi kuma makogwaron baƙi ne. Fuka-fukai da gashin tsuntsaye na tsakiya guda biyu launin ruwan kasa ne, sauran gashin jelar wutsiyar suna da launin ruwan lemu mai haske. Hutun lemu mai haske a kan gefen ya yi fari kusan a ciki. Bakin-baki da kafafu baki ne. A lokacin kaka, fuka-fuken fuka-fukai a gefuna na jiki suna ɓoye, suna ba launi launi mara kyau.
Mata suna da launi kala-kala. Matsayi na sama yana da launin ruwan kasa. Ideasan jikin mutum haske ne mai haske tare da ruwan nono mai lemu mai haske, wani lokacin mai tsanani, wanda a fili yake raba daga launin toka zuwa launin toka mai toka da gefen wuya. Ottashin ƙasa, wanda ya bambanta sosai da gindin lemu. Fukafukai masu launin ruwan kasa ne, kamar na na miji, a ƙasan dai yana da ƙyalli tare da ruwan lemo mai ɗanɗano. Ba ta da launin fata da launin fata, kuma maƙogwaronta fari ne. Tare da shekaru, mata na iya kusanci launin maza kuma su zama masu bambanci.
A ina ne maɓallin ke farawa?
Hotuna: Redstart a Rasha
Rarraba wannan nau'in yammacin da tsakiyar Palaearctic yana cikin yankin Eurasia mai yanayin zafi, gami da boreal, Rum da yankunan steppe. A yankunan kudanci yankin nest yana da iyaka ta tsaunuka. A arewacin Yankin Iberian, ba a samun jan aiki sau da yawa, galibi yana yankin kudu da yamma da shi. Akwai yanayin yaduwar gurbin wadannan tsuntsayen a Arewacin Afirka.
A cikin Tsibirin Birtaniyya, wannan yana faruwa a gabashin gabashin Ireland kuma babu shi a tsibirin Scottish. A cikin gabashin gabas, zangon ya fadada zuwa Siberia zuwa Lake Baikal. Wasu ƙananan al'umma ana iya samun su koda gabashin shi. A arewa, zangon ya fadada a Scandinavia zuwa 71 ° arewa latitude, ya hada da Kola Peninsula, sannan kuma gabas zuwa Yenisei a Rasha. a Italiya, jinsunan ba su nan a Sardinia da Corsica. A cikin Yankin Balkan, mazaunan sun fi warwatse kuma sun isa arewacin Girka.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Redstart raye raye a kudu da arewacin bakin Bahar Maliya da kuma kudu maso yammacin Caucasus kuma kusan 50 ° N. ta cikin Kazakhstan zuwa tsaunukan Saur kuma gaba gabas zuwa Altai na Mongoliya. Bugu da kari, rabarwar ta faro ne daga Kirimiya da gabashin Turkiya zuwa Caucasus da tsarin tsaunin Kopetdag da arewa maso gabashin Iran zuwa Pamirs, a kudu har zuwa tsaunukan Zagros. Ananan jama'a sun yi kiwo a Siriya.
Redstarts na yau da kullun sun fi son buɗe manyan gandun daji tare da bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi, waɗanda ke ba da kyakkyawar ra'ayi game da yankin da ke da 'yan shuke-shuke da ƙananan bishiyoyi, musamman ma inda bishiyoyin suka isa su sami ramuka masu dacewa da gida. Sun fi son yin gida a gefen dajin.
A cikin Turai, wannan ya haɗa da wuraren shakatawa da tsoffin lambuna a cikin birane. Suna gida a cikin ɓacin rai na itace, don haka matattun bishiyoyi, ko waɗanda suke da rassan da suka mutu, suna da amfani ga wannan nau'in. Sau da yawa sukan yi amfani da tsoffin dazuzzuka na buɗaɗɗen daji, musamman a arewacin yankin kewayonsu.
Menene sake fara ci?
Hotuna: Redstart mace
Sake farawa yana neman abinci galibi a ƙasa, a cikin ƙaramin layin shrubs da ciyawa. Idan akwai wadatar kwari masu yawa a saman saman daji ko bishiya, to tsuntsu lallai zai cinye su kuma. Abincin redstart ya ƙunshi ƙananan invertebrates, amma abincin shuke-shuke, musamman berries, suma suna taka rawa. Yankin ganima ya banbanta, ya hada da dangin kwari sama da 50, arachnids daban-daban da sauran mazauna ƙasa.
Abincin redstart ya hada da:
- gizo-gizo;
- kudaje;
- Zhukov;
- tururuwa:
- kwari;
- tsutsa;
- malam buɗe ido;
- masu kafaɗɗu;
- tsutsotsi;
- kwarkwata itace;
- katantanwa (ana amfani dashi azaman kari ga abinci).
Berries da sauran fruitsa fruitsan itace wasu lokuta ana ciyar dasu ga kajin, kuma bayan lokacin kiwo - ta dabbobin manya. Ba a amfani da kwari masu kariya kamar ƙudan zuma da mayuka don abinci. Girman ganimar yana tsakanin milimita biyu zuwa takwas. Manyan ganima ta yanke kafin a ciyar. Redstart galibi yana jiran abin farautarsa, yana ɓoye a wurare maɗaukaka kamar duwatsu, ginshiƙai ko rufi, dazuzzuka ko bishiyoyi.
Nisa zuwa ganima yawanci mita biyu zuwa uku, amma zai iya wuce mita goma. A matsayin madadin farautar farauta, jaririn yana neman abinci kai tsaye a ƙasa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Don wannan, ƙafafun hannunta suna dacewa sosai don yin tsere kuma daidai yatsun ciki da na ciki. Mafi yawan lokuta, tana motsawa ta bouncing. Sabili da haka, sake farawa yana nuna babban sassauci a cikin zaɓar da kuma kama ganima.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Maza Redstart
Redstart yawanci yana zaune akan ƙananan rassan bishiyoyi ko ƙananan daji kuma yana yin motsi mai ban mamaki tare da jelarsa. Don neman abinci, tsuntsayen na ɗan tafiya zuwa ƙasa ko kuma kama ƙwari a ɗan gajeren tashi a sama. Winters a tsakiyar Afirka da Arabiya, kudu da hamadar Sahara, amma arewacin kerji da kuma daga gabashin Senegal zuwa Yemen. Tsuntsayen suna ƙaura zuwa yankunan da ke kusa da yanayin savannah. Hakanan ana ganin ƙarancin baƙuwar hunturu a cikin Sahara ko Yammacin Turai.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Yankin kudu maso gabas na damuna kudu da yankin kiwo, galibi a kudu na yankin Larabawa, Habasha da Sudan gabashin kogin Nilu. Sake farawa yana zuwa hunturu sosai da wuri. Ana yin ƙaura daga tsakiyar watan Yuli kuma yana ƙarewa a ƙarshen Satumba. Babban lokacin tashi shine a rabi na biyu na watan Agusta. Ana iya hango ƙarshen tsuntsaye har zuwa Oktoba, ba safai a cikin Nuwamba ba.
A cikin filayen kiwo, farkon tsuntsayen sun isa ƙarshen Maris, tare da babban lokacin zuwa daga tsakiyar Afrilu zuwa farkon Mayu. Yunkurin ƙaura na aikin sake farawa ya dogara da wadatar abinci. A cikin yanayin sanyi, babban ɓangaren abincin shine 'ya'yan itace. Bayan isowa, maza suna raira kusan kowace rana, waƙar su kawai ba ta da cikakkiyar ƙarshe. A watan Yuli, ba a ƙara jin ƙaramin haske ba.
Molting yana faruwa a watan Yuli - Agusta. Redstarts ba tsuntsaye bane masu ma'amala sosai, a wajan lokacin kiwo, kusan su kadai suke neman abinci. Sai kawai a wuraren tara ganima, alal misali, a gefen koguna, akwai ƙananan tsuntsaye masu yawa, amma har ma a lokacin akwai tazara mai girma tsakanin su.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Redstart
Redstart nests a cikin kogwanni ko kowane tsagi a cikin bishiyoyi, a cikin bishiyoyin bishiyoyi. Kada cikin ya zama gabaɗaya mai duhu, ya kamata a kunna shi da haske mara ƙarfi, kamar ƙofar faɗi ko buɗewa ta biyu. Sau da yawa wannan nau'in yakan hayayyafa a cikin kogon da ba shi da kyau, kamar su dutsen dutse, da shinge masu shinge. Sau da yawa ana samun gurbi a cikin gine-ginen mutum. Yawancin gidajan suna a tsawan mita ɗaya zuwa biyar. Idan an sanya mason a ƙasa, to lallai ne ya zama a cikin wuri mai kariya.
Redstart breeds suna da aure. Maza sun zo a ɗan lokaci kaɗan a wurin kiwo kuma su tafi neman wuraren ɓoye masu dacewa don yin gida. Mace ce za ta yanke hukunci na ƙarshe. Gida an gina kusan kusan na mata, wanda ke ɗaukar kwanaki 1.5 zuwa 8. Girman sau da yawa ana ƙaddara ta ƙarar ramin nesting.
Ana amfani da bambaro, ciyawa, gansakuka, ganye ko allurar Pine don shimfida wurin shimfidar. Amountsananan waɗansu, kayan da ba su da nauyi kamar su haushi, ƙananan igiyoyi, lichens ko willow na farji galibi ana samun su. Faɗin ginin yana daga 60 zuwa 65 mm, zurfin daga 25 zuwa 48 mm. An yi sashin ciki da kayan daidai da tushe, amma yana da siriri kuma ya fi dacewa sosai. An rufe shi da fuka-fukai, gansakuka, gashin dabbobi, ko makamancin haka.
Gaskiyar Nishaɗi: Idan brood ya ɓace, maiyuwa ne a sami ƙarshen maye gurbin. Farkon farkon kwanciyar shine ƙarshen watan Afrilu / farkon watan Mayu; ƙarshe na ƙarshe a farkon rabin watan Yuli.
Clutch ya ƙunshi 3-9, yawanci ƙwai 6 ko 7. Qwai ne m, zurfin greenish blue, dan haske mai haske. Albawa yana ɗaukar kwanaki 12 zuwa 14 kuma yana farawa jim kaɗan bayan an kafa ƙwai na ƙarshe. Zai iya daukar fiye da kwana guda kafin kaji su kyankyashe. Bayan kwana 14, samari tsuntsaye suka fara tashi. Birdsan tsuntsaye da sauri suna ƙaura zuwa ƙauyukan hunturu. Sun balaga ta hanyar jima'i a ƙarshen shekarar farko ta rayuwa.
Abokan gaba na redstarts
Hotuna: Redstart tsuntsu
Al'adar sake jan hankali don ɓoyewa na taimaka mata don rayuwa cikin ƙauyuka. Duk halinta yana nuna taka tsan-tsan, sirri da rashin yarda, musamman a lokacin kiwo, lokacin da fadakarwa da lura suke karuwa. Tsuntsayen na tsayawa na tsawon awanni a cikin buyayyar wuri a tsakanin ganyen karamin daji ko kuma kusan cikin duhu, a shirye take ta kare kanta da zarar ta ga hadari.
Asarar ƙwai da kajin ba su da yawa, tun da gidajan suna da kariya sosai kuma suna da wahalar masu farauta su samu. A karkashin yanayi na yau da kullun, kashi 90% na kwai sun samu nasarar, kuma har zuwa kashi 95% na kajin da aka kyankyashe sun tashi daga gida da kansu.
Hawan ƙwai yana shafar:
- a cikin birane, fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin uku na waɗannan lamuran suna da nasaba da sa hannun mutum.
- a yankuna masu tsaunuka, lokutan sanyi suna ƙara macewar kajin.
- karin asara ana haifar da shi ne ta hanyar ectoparasites da cuckoo, wanda ke sanya ƙwai a kai a kai a cikin gidan baƙar fata, musamman a yankin mai tsayi.
Mafi mahimmancin farauta ga manya tsuntsaye shine sparrowhawk da kuma mujiya barn. Latterarshen baya ba da izinin sake farawa don hutawa. Mujiya suna narkar da kwan su a kan rufin sannan kuma su sake yin jajayen karkashin rufin. Abin ban mamaki ne cewa sake farawa, ba kamar sauran tsuntsaye ba kamar tsuntsayen baƙar fata, gwarare ko finchi, da wuya su zama masu fama da zirga-zirga. Wannan na iya zama saboda tasirin motsi na abubuwa masu motsi, waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga matakin sake farawa a matsayin mafarauci.
Kari akan haka, makiyan jan kafa sune: kuli, squirrel, magpie, weasel, mutum. Dangane da tsarin shekarun yawan jama'a, bayanan lura da kuma tsinkaye sun nuna cewa kusan rabin tsuntsayen masu yin jima'i shekara-shekara ne. Wani kashi 40 kuma yana tsakanin shekara daya zuwa uku, kawai kusan kashi 3 ne ke da shekaru biyar da haihuwa. Matsakaicin shekarun da aka sani na farko don sake rayuwa mai rai shekaru goma ne.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Redstart a Rasha
Yawan jan kafa ya ragu sosai tun daga 1980s. Baya ga lalata muhalli a wuraren kiwo, babban dalilin hakan su ne canje-canje masu yawa a yankunan hunturu na tsuntsaye a Afirka, kamar ƙarar amfani da magungunan ƙwari + da magungunan kwari da kuma babban faɗaɗa Sahel.
Gaskiyar wasa: Yawan mutanen Turai sun kai kimanin miliyan hudu zuwa tara na kiwo. Duk da raguwar da aka samu a wasu wurare (Ingila, Faransa), yawan mutanen da ke kan gaba a Turai ya karu. Ta wannan fuskar, ba a sanya jinsunan a matsayin masu hadari kuma babu sanannun matakan kiyayewa ga jinsunan.
Wannan jinsin zai ci gajiyar tsohuwar, da daɗaɗɗun dazuzzuka da manyan bishiyoyi a cikin birane. A cikin gida, a cikin mazaunin da ya dace, yawan jama'a za su ci gajiyar samar da wuraren yin sheƙa. Ana ba da shawarar adana lambunan gargajiya tare da dogayen bishiyoyi da yankuna marasa ƙarancin ciyayi. Wajibi ne a ƙarfafa waɗannan ayyukan ta hanyar tsarin agri-ecological. Bugu da kari, kananan yankuna masu ciyayi masu yawa ya kamata a yankata a duk lokacin kiwo don kula da wuraren ciyarwar da suka dace.
Sake farawa yana da babbar iyaka kuma, sakamakon haka, bai kai ƙimar ƙofar Kogin forananan Ra'ayoyi dangane da girman zangon ba. Adadin da aka samu na adadin wadannan tsuntsayen ya zama a karshen yakin duniya na biyu a garuruwan da aka lalata. An biya diyya na ɗan lokaci na ɗan lokaci a cikin lokuta masu zuwa saboda fadada wuraren ginannun da wuraren zama.
Ranar bugawa: 22.06.2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 09/23/2019 da karfe 21:09
