Kyakkyawan tsuntsu mai gangarowa wanda ke shawagi a gandun dajin da kuma faɗaɗa steppe yana yawan rikicewa da irin wannan wakilan na fallen, dangin shaho. Mikiya mai tsinkaye tsuntsu ne ba kasa da jinsin da ke da alaka da komai ba.
Agwarewa, saurin fahimta suna ba da damar tsuntsaye su ziyarci titunan birane, su yi fim - mutane masu ƙwarewa suna da horo sosai, nuna haƙuri, ƙauna mai ban mamaki ga mutane.
Bayani da fasali
Tsuntsayen mikiya ce matsakaiciya - tsawon jiki 65 -74 cm, nauyin mutum 1.6 -3.2 kilogiram. A cikin jirgin, fikafikan gaggafa mai hangowa ya kai cm 180. Yana da wahala a rarrabe tsakanin mace da namiji - suna da launi iri ɗaya. Amma idan tsuntsayen jinsi daban-daban suna kusa, to za ka ga cewa karfin jikin mace ya fi girma, ya fi na namiji girma. Babu wasu alamun alamun lalata na jima'i.
Ta hanyar bayyana mikiya mai hangowa kusa da gaggafa mai tsayi, amma ya bambanta da siffar wutsiya - mai faɗi, gajarta, tare da gefen zagaye. Fukafukai, sabanin mazauniyar taguwar, ba sa taɓar iska. A cikin tashi, tashin sama, layin fikafikan yana a kwance, za a iya saukar da fikayen karshen ta dan tashi ko kuma a tashe su, su zama cikakkun sifofin "yatsunsu".
A cikin tsuntsu mai zaune, sukan kai tsayin wutsiyar wutsiya, wani lokacin sukan yi fice a kanta. Kafafun mafarautan sun isa sosai. Legsafafu masu ƙarfi suna da kyau, abin hawa har zuwa yatsun kafa yana ba su bayyanar "wando" mai walƙiya. Nails baƙi ne, mai kaifi.
Dokewa da hangen nesa na tsuntsun ya ha'inci ainihin mai farauta, wanda ke da halin saurin farauta mai farauta. Launin tsuntsayen ya dogara da shekaru. Yaran yara har zuwa shekaru uku launin ruwan kasa ne masu duhu tare da watsawar dige-dige iri-iri a baya, fuka-fuki.
Wani farin takalmin ado ya kawata jelar ta sama, tushen gashin tsuntsaye a ƙasan fikafikan. Matsakaicin launi na tsaka-tsakin tsuntsaye ya haɗa da ƙaramar haske - bambancin launi da fasali ya bayyana.
Wani fasali na musamman wanda zai yiwu a iya tantance abin da ya bayyana daidai mikiya mai hangowa a hoto, - wannan hancin hancin zagaye ne, ya bambanta da tsaguwa, kamar a sauran mikiya. Kusoshin babban bakin an raba, kusa da idanu.
Farkon balaga ya canza kaya zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai hade-hade, mai nape ne da karkashin kasa suna da launi mai haske fiye da jikin tsuntsu. Akwai daidaikun mutane wadanda launinsu mafi girma shine bambaro-mai gautsi, ja-ruwan kasa. Kakin zuma rawaya ne. Idanuwa sau da yawa launin ruwan kasa ne.
Sunan tsuntsaye na biyu shine gaggafa mai ihu saboda tsananin ihun da ake yi, hatsari na farko. Bushewar hutawa tana ƙara yawaita da ƙarfi - mai sauri - sauri, kuk - kuk, da dai sauransu.
Saurari muryar babban gaggafa
Saurari muryar ɗan ƙaramin gaggafa
Muryar Mikiya Mai Haske ya haɗa da sautunan raɗaɗi Girman yanayin damuwar tsuntsu, sai kara ihun da ihu yake yi. Musamman siginan kira mai daɗi ana jin su yayin lokacin kiwo: kiyik, kiyyik, kiyyik.
Halin tsuntsu yana da lumana, mai hankali. Ba daidaituwa ba ne cewa tun da daɗewa mutane sun yiwa samari horo waɗanda ba su da lokacin haɗuwa da garken, don ƙirƙirar wa kansu biyu. Akwai lokuta lokacin da tsuntsu da aka ji rauni ya zo wurin mutum, wanda bayan dawowa bai tashi ba, amma ya zauna tare da mai shi. Mai hankali, mai iya horo, gaggafa da aka hango har yanzu suna aikin farauta tsakanin Mongollah.
Irin
Bincike na kimiyya ya nuna cewa magabatan farko na gaggafa gaggafa suna zaune ne a yankin Afghanistan ta zamani. Yawancin lokaci, jeriran tsuntsaye sun kasu zuwa rassa yamma da gabas. Masu lura da tsuntsaye suna yin rikodin bambance-bambance a cikin mazauninsu da nesting, muhalli, da halayyar gaggafa. A halin yanzu, ana bambanta nau'ikan masu zuwa:
Babban gaggafa Sunan yana nuna fasali na musamman – tsuntsu ya fi danginsa girma. Matsakaicin tsayin jiki ya kai 75 cm, nauyi har zuwa 4 kg. Jinsin ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a kasashen Turai - Poland, Hungary, Finland, Romania.
Wani wurin zama a Asiya - a kan yankin Mongolia, Pakistan, China. A cikin kasarmu, zaku iya haduwa da gaggafa gaggafa a Primorye, yankin Kaliningrad, yankin Siberia ta Yamma. Tsuntsu ba safai yake ko'ina ba, yana ɓacewa a wurare. Don lokacin hunturu yana tashi zuwa Indiya, Indochina, Iran.
Launi galibin launin ruwan kasa ne masu duhu, mutane masu haske da zinaren zinariya suna da wuya ƙwarai. Kamar sauran nau'ikan, samari tsuntsaye na Greater Spotted Eagle ana rarrabe su da digo-dige-dige a baya da fuka-fuki, waɗanda ke ɓacewa yayin da suke girma.
Eananan mikiya. Abu ne mai wahala ka rarrabe tsakanin mikiya mai girma da karami, akwai bambanci tsakanin su, amma ba yawa. Tsawon jiki na ƙananan jinsunan ya kai 65 cm, nauyin mace, wanda ya fi girma fiye da na namiji, ya fi 2 kilogiram. Sizearamin girma yana ba wa mai farauta fuka-fuki da babban motsi. A cikin farauta, tsuntsu mai saurin tashi da sauri ba zai rasa ganima ko dai a cikin daji ko a sararin samaniya ba.
Yankin rarraba tsuntsayen an rarraba shi cikin yanayi zuwa yankuna biyu. A cikin kasarmu, karamar gaggafa mai hango tana zaune hade dazuzzuka a kewayen Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Tula. A Turai, ana samun tsuntsun a tsakiya, yankunan gabas. Bayyanannen bayyanar nau'in a cikin Minananan Asiya an lura. An jera tsuntsu a cikin Littafin Ja.
Gaggafa ta hango Indiya. Ya banbanta a cikin ginin ƙasa, ƙarami kaɗan. Tsawon jiki bai wuce cm 65 ba. Fukafukai masu fadi, gajere wutsiya, launin ruwan kasa suna kasancewa a cikin ƙaramin tsuntsu mai saurin tashin hankali. Bugun da ya hango Ba'amurke ya sauka a Nepal, Cambodia, Indiya, Bangladesh.
Tsuntsayen da ke da alaƙa da gaggafa gaggafa sun haɗa da maƙabartar Mutanen Espanya, gaggafa mai tsayi. Bincike ya nuna cewa tsallakawa Eaglesananan tedananan Mikiya da Greatananan Eaglesananan Eagles za su iya samar da ingantattun ƙwayoyin cuta. Mazaunan jinsunan tsuntsaye daban-daban suna haɗuwa a Gabashin Turai, a arewacin Hindustan.
A zamanin da akwai farin gaggafa wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin tsuntsu mai tsarki ɗauke da yardar allahn. Bayanin da aka yi a zamanin da ya nuna irin farautar farauta da sarakuna ke yi tare da tsuntsayen da ke da laushi, wanda aka ɗauka alama ce ta alatu, da martabar mai shi. Tsuntsayen launuka masu haske sun zama gwaraza cikin tatsuniyoyi da almara na Sinawa. An damke gaggafa mai hangen nesa da aikin kare mutane, tsuntsayen tsuntsaye a bangon China.
Rayuwa da mazauni
Hawan sama sama na awanni da yawa a cikin iska a sararin samaniya yanayin halayyar gaggafa ce. Birdsananan tsuntsayen da ke bayyana a sararin samaniya galibi suna rikicewa da masoyan yanayi marasa ƙwarewa tare da tsuntsaye masu tarko na ganima.
Mikiya da aka hango sun fi son ambaliyar ruwa, gandun daji na tsibiri kuma ana samun su a cikin yankuna taiga tare da bishiyoyi masu daɗa da bishiyoyi. Mai farauta yana zaune a cikin yankuna masu tsaunuka, kwari na kwari, saboda haka, ana iya samun wannan tsuntsu mai ƙarancin gaske a cikin yankuna tare da Volga, Ob, Yenisei, Amur.
A kewayen ruwa, tabkuna, fadama, koguna, gaggafa mai dattako ta sami filayen farauta. Mazaunan yankunan galibi, amma suna iya bayyana a cikin tsaunuka a tsawo har zuwa 1000 m.
Tsuntsayen da ke yin ƙaura suna zuwa daga gundumomin Afirka zuwa yankunan kudu a ƙarshen Fabrairu, zuwa arewacin - a watan Afrilu. A lokacin kaka, ƙaura tana farawa ne a ƙarshen watan Agusta kuma tana nan har tsakiyar Satumba. Fuskar gaggafa mai hangowa tana faruwa a cikin ƙananan yanki na Asiya, yankunan arewa maso gabashin Afirka.
A da, yawan tsuntsayen da ake da su da kuma gandun daji da aka haɗu sun zama ba safai a yau. A cikin rabin karnin da ya gabata, lambar ta ragu sosai. Dalilin yana cikin ƙwazon ɗan adam. Yin sare dazuzzuka, magudanan ruwa na yankuna masu dausayi, yankan ciyawar dazuzzuka, mamayewa na namun daji na da illa ga raguwar yawan jama'a, musamman na Turai da na Gabas.
Akwai karancin shafukan yanar gizo. Yana da mahimmanci gaggafa masu hangowa su sami isasshen abinci kusa da gida. Zaluncin da ake wa tsuntsayen ya sa sun rasa gidajensu, suna barin wuraren zama da ma'aurata suka mamaye shekaru da yawa. Mafi yawan tsuntsayen, kusan nau'i-nau'i 120, har yanzu suna nan a Belarus.
Tsuntsaye suna nuna ayyuka yayin rana, suna ci gaba da bin sawun ganima. Mikiya mai hangowa tana canza dabarun farauta gwargwadon halayen yankin farautar. Walƙiya tana fiddawa daga tsayi kar a rasa idan aka hango wani motsi mai motsi yana shawagi.
Idan aka kwatanta shi da manyan gaggafa, gaggafa mai hango ta yi sama sosai, amma saurinsu, saurin nunawa bai gaza manyan dangi ba. Wata hanyar farauta ita ce a ƙasa. Wani mai farauta mai fuka-fukai na iya kama linzamin bera a yayin tafiya, bayan ya hango dabbar a cikin ciyawar ciyawar.
Gina Jiki
Babu keɓancewa ta musamman a cikin abincin gaggafa. A cikin abincin mai farauta, babban abincin shine abincin dabbobi a cikin nau'ikan ruwa na ruwa, beraye masu yawa, dabbobi masu rarrafe, amphibians da ƙananan tsuntsaye. A bakin teku, gaggafa ta hango dirar mikiya akan kwadi da kifi mara-ruwa. Carrion baya sha'awar tsuntsaye, amma idan akwai yunwa mai tsanani dole ne suyi laakari da wannan abincin.
Rarelywararrun mafarauta ba sa kasancewa cikin ganima idan suna zaune a yankunan da ke da ciyayi da namun daji. Kama aaramar dabba mai shayarwa, kamar gofer, ƙaramin tsuntsu (kwarto, baƙar fata) ba kasuwancin wayo bane na gaggafa. Abun farauta galibi shine manyan dabbobi - hares, zomaye, turkeys, aladu matasa.
Rashin abinci na halitta ya sa mikiya ta hango gonaki - don satar kaji, agwagwa da sauran dabbobi. Yawancin ƙwaro, caterpillars, kadangaru, da macizai sun zama ƙananan kayan masarufi ga masu cin ganyayyaki a kan tafiya ta cikin shinge.
Tsuntsayen suna buƙatar jiki na ruwa don shayar da ƙishirwa da ninkaya. Mikiya da aka hango suna da dangantaka ta musamman da ruwa. A cikin dukkan gaggafa, shi kaɗai ne wakilin da zai iya yawo a cikin ruwa mai ƙarancin ruwa, ya cusa ƙafafunsa cikin ruwa, ya fantsama.
Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai
Mikiya da aka hango sune tsuntsaye masu aure daya tak wadanda suke haduwa sau daya. Lokacin kiwo yana budewa bayan shigowar bazara, sabunta mazaunin. Gurbin Mikiya ya kasance tsawan wasu shekaru, amma duk shekara sai tsuntsayen suka gama ginin shi suka maidashi da koren bishiyoyi, guntun bawonta. Isasan an yi layi da ciyawa, tsummoki, ƙasa, fuka-fukai.
Ma'aurata matasa galibi suna zaune a kan gine-ginen dawakai da ungulu. Yana da matukar wuya cewa akwai buƙatar gina sabon gida. Dalilin yakamata ya zama yana shiga cikin tsofaffin wurare, mummunan sakamakon guguwa.
Clutch yana bayyana a mafi yawan lokuta a watan Mayu, ya ƙunshi ƙwai ɗaya ko biyu - fari da ɗigon ruwan kasa. Qwai uku ba su da yawa. Mace tana tsunduma cikin kwaya daga farkon kwan, abokin tarayyar yana ba ta abinci. Lokacin shiryawa shine kwanaki 40.
Saboda kaho tsuntsaye masu gaggafa ya bayyana a lokuta daban-daban, ƙarami yana fuskantar tsanantawa daga tsoho, mai ƙarfi kaza, ya mutu a lokacin makonnin farko na rayuwa.
Samuwar yara kanana a reshe yana faruwa kusan daga tsakiyar watan Agusta, watau bayan makonni 7-9. A hankali a hankali ana samun horo kan shawagi da farauta. Wadanda suke son yiwa tsuntsayen tsuntsayen sai su dauke shi a wannan lokacin, har sai da samari, tare da manya tsuntsaye, suka tashi don hunturu.
Tsawon rayuwar tsuntsaye a dabi'a yakai kimanin shekaru 25. A cikin bauta, inda babu abin da ke barazana ga amincin gaggafa, masu shekaru ɗari-ɗari na iya yin bikin cikar su shekaru 30 da kafuwa.
Kyawawan tsuntsaye suna da dadadden tarihi, a cikin tatsuniyoyi an ba su matsayin gwaraza-masu kare mutum. A cikin duniyar zamani, akasin haka ke faruwa - ƙananan igiyoyin da mikiya ke hango suna buƙatar goyon bayan mutane - makomar tsuntsaye masu wayo da daraja ya dogara da su.
